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Lyra

Coordinates:Sky map19h00m00s,+40° 00′ 00″
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For other uses, seeLyra (disambiguation).
Lyra
Constellation
Lyra
List of stars in Lyra
AbbreviationLyr
GenitiveLyrae
Pronunciation/ˈlaɪrə/,genitive/ˈlaɪriː/
SymbolismLyre, harp
Right ascension18h14mto19h28m
Declination25.66° to 47.71°
QuadrantNQ4
Area286 sq. deg. (52nd)
Main stars5
Bayer/Flamsteed
stars		25
Stars brighter than 3.00m1 (Vega)
Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)3[n 1]
Brightest starVega(α Lyr) (0.03m)
Messier objects2
Meteor showersLyrids
June Lyrids
Alpha Lyrids
Bordering
constellations		Draco
Hercules
Vulpecula
Cygnus
Visible at latitudes between +90° and −40°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month ofAugust.
[1]

Lyra(Latinfor 'lyre', fromAncient Greek:λύρα;pronounced:/ˈlaɪrə/LY-rə)[2]is a smallconstellation.It is one of the 48 listed by the 2nd century astronomerPtolemy,and is one of the modern 88 constellations recognized by theInternational Astronomical Union.Lyra was often represented on star maps as avultureor aneaglecarrying a lyre, and hence is sometimes referred to asVultur CadensorAquila Cadens( "Falling Vulture"[3]or "Falling Eagle" ), respectively. Beginning at the north, Lyra is bordered byDraco,Hercules,Vulpecula,andCygnus.Lyra is nearly overhead in temperate northern latitudes shortly after midnight at the start of summer. From the equator to about the40th parallel southit is visible low in the northern sky during the same (thus winter) months.

Vega,Lyra's brightest star, isone of the brightest stars in the night sky,and forms a corner of the famedSummer Triangleasterism.Beta Lyraeis the prototype of a class ofbinary starsknown asBeta Lyrae variables.These binary stars are so close to each other that they become egg-shaped and material flows from one to the other.Epsilon Lyrae,known informally as the Double Double, is a complex multiple star system. Lyra also hosts theRing Nebula,the second-discovered and best-knownplanetary nebula.

History

[edit]
Lyra can be seen on the right of this c. 1825 star map fromUrania's Mirror.

InGreek mythology,Lyra represents thelyreofOrpheus.Orpheus's music was said to be so great that even inanimate objects such asrockscould be charmed. JoiningJasonand theArgonauts,his music was able to quell the voices of the dangerousSirens,who sang tempting songs to the Argonauts.[4]

At one point, Orpheus marriedEurydice,anymph.While fleeing from an attack byAristaeus,she stepped on a snake that bit her, killing her. To reclaim her, Orpheus entered theUnderworld,where the music from his lyre charmedHades,the god of the Underworld. Hades relented and let Orpheus bring Eurydice back, on the condition that he never once look back until outside. Unfortunately, near the very end, Orpheus faltered and looked back, causing Eurydice to be left in the Underworld forever. Orpheus spent the rest of his life strumming his lyre while wandering aimlessly through the land, rejecting all marriage offers from women.[4]

There are two main competing myths relating to the death of Orpheus. According toEratosthenes,Orpheus failed to make a necessary sacrifice toDionysusdue to his regard forApolloas the supreme deity instead. Dionysus then sent his followers to rip Orpheus apart.Ovidtells a rather different story, saying that women, in retribution for Orpheus's rejection of marriage offers, ganged up and threw stones andspears.At first, his music charmed them as well, but eventually their numbers and clamor overwhelmed his music and he was hit by the spears. Both myths then state that his lyre was placed in the sky byZeusand Orpheus's bones were buried by themuses.[4]In a third myth, he was killed by the Thracian women because he looked on the rites ofFather Liber(Dionysus).[5]

The Roman bookDe astronomia,attributed toHyginus,also records another myth about Lyra, which said that it belonged toTheseus"for he was skilful in all the arts and seems to have learned the lyre as well". The book reports that the neighbouring constellation now known asHerculeswas said to depict many different mythical figures, including Theseus, Orpheus, or the musicianThamyris.[5]The proximity of these two constellations andCorona Borealis(perhaps a symbol of Theseus' royalty) could indicate that the three constellations were invented as a group.[6]

Vega and its surrounding stars are also treated as a constellation in other cultures. The area corresponding to Lyra was seen by the Arabs as avultureor aneaglediving with folded wings.[4]InWales,Lyra is known as King Arthur's Harp (Talyn Arthur), and King David's harp. The PersianHafizcalled it the Lyre of Zurah. It has been called the Manger of the Infant Saviour, Praesepe Salvatoris.[7]In AustralianAboriginal astronomy,Lyra is known by theBoorongpeople inVictoriaas theMalleefowlconstellation.[8]Lyra was known asUrcuchillayby theIncasand was worshipped as an animal deity.[9][10]

Characteristics

[edit]

Lyra is bordered by Vulpecula to the south, Hercules to the west, Draco to the north, and Cygnus to the east. Covering 286.5square degrees,it ranks 52nd of the88 modern constellationsin size. It appears prominently in the northern sky during the Northern Hemisphere's summer, and the whole constellation is visible for at least part of the year to observers north of latitude 42°S.[11][n 2]Its mainasterismconsists of six stars,[n 3]and 73 stars in total are brighter than magnitude 6.5.[11]The constellation's boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomerEugène Delportein 1930, are defined by a 17-sided polygon. In theequatorial coordinate system,theright ascensioncoordinates of these borders lie between18h14mand19h28m,while thedeclinationcoordinates are between +25.66° and +47.71°.[12]TheInternational Astronomical Union(IAU) adopted the three-letter abbreviation "Lyr" for the constellation in 1922.[13]

Features

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The constellation Lyra as it can be seen by the naked eye.

Stars

[edit]
See also:List of stars in Lyra
The constellation Lyra, enhanced for color and contrast. Brightest five stars are labeled.

German cartographerJohann Bayerused the Greek lettersAlphathroughnuto label the most prominent stars in the constellation. English astronomerJohn Flamsteedobserved and labelled two stars each asdelta,epsilon,zetaand nu. He addedpiandrho,not usingxiandomicronas Bayer used these letters to denote Cygnus and Hercules on his map.[14]

The brightest star in the constellation is Vega (Alpha Lyrae), amain-sequencestar ofspectral typeA0Va.[15]Only 7.7 parsecs distant,[16]Vega is aDelta Scuti variable,varying betweenmagnitudes−0.02 and 0.07 over 0.2 days.[17]On average, it is the second-brightest star of the northern hemisphere (afterArcturus) and the fifth-brightest star in all, surpassed only by Arcturus,Alpha Centauri,Canopus,andSirius.Vega was thepole starin the year 12,000 BCE, and will again become the pole star around 14,000 CE.[18][19]

Vega is one of the most magnificent of all stars, and has been called "arguably the next most important star in the sky after theSun".[20]Vega was the first star other than the Sun to bephotographed,[21]as well as the first to have a clearspectrumrecorded, showingabsorption linesfor the first time.[22]The star was the first single main-sequence star other than the Sun to be known to emitX-rays,[23]and is surrounded by a circumstellardebris disk,similar to theKuiper Belt.[24]Vega forms one corner of the famousSummer Triangleasterism; along withAltairandDeneb,these three stars form a prominent triangle during the northern hemisphere summer.[25]

Vega also forms one vertex of a much smaller triangle, along with Epsilon andZeta Lyrae.Zeta forms a widebinary starvisible in binoculars, consisting of anAm starand anF-typesubgiant.The Am star has an additional close companion, bringing the total number of stars in the system to three.[26]Epsilon is a more famous wide binary that can even be separated by thenaked eyeunder excellent conditions.[27]Both components are themselves close binaries which can be seen with telescopes to consist ofA-and F-type stars, and a faint star was recently found to orbit component C as well, for a total of five stars.[26]

In contrast to Zeta and Epsilon Lyrae,Delta Lyraeis anoptical double,with the two stars simply lying along the same line of sight east of Zeta. The brighter and closer of the two,Delta2Lyrae,is a 4th-magnitude redbright giantthat variessemiregularlyby around 0.2 magnitudes[28]with a dominant period of 79 days,[29]while the fainterDelta1Lyraeis aspectroscopic binaryconsisting of aB-typeprimary and an unknown secondary.[26]Both systems, however, have very similarradial velocities,and are the two brightest members of a sparse open cluster known as theDelta Lyrae cluster.[30]

South of Delta is Sulafat (Gamma Lyrae), ablue giantand the second-brightest star in the constellation. Around 190 parsecs distant,[16]it has been referred to as a "superficially normal" star.[31]

The final star forming the lyre's figure is Sheliak (Beta Lyrae), also a binary composed of a blue bright giant and an early B-type star.[32][33][34]In this case, the stars are so close together that the larger giant is overflowing itsRoche lobeand transferring material to the secondary, forming asemidetachedsystem. The secondary, originally the less massive of the two, has accreted so much mass that it is now substantially more massive, albeit smaller, than the primary, and is surrounded by a thickaccretion disk.[35]The plane of the orbit is aligned with Earth and the system thus showseclipses,dropping nearly a full magnitude from its 3rd-magnitude baseline every 13 days,[36]although its period is increasing by around 19 seconds per year.[37]It is the prototype of theBeta Lyrae variables,eclipsing semidetached binaries of early spectral types in which there are no exact onsets of eclipses, but rather continuous changes in brightness.[38]

A long-exposure image of Lyra

Another easy-to-spot variable is the brightR Lyrae,north of the main asterism. Also known as 13 Lyrae, it is a 4th-magnitudered giantsemiregular variable that varies by several tenths of a magnitude.[39]Its periodicity is complex, with several different periods of varying lengths, most notably one of 46 days and one of 64 days.[40]Even further north isFL Lyrae,a much fainter 9th-magnitudeAlgol variablethat drops by half a magnitude every 2.18 days during the primary eclipse. Both components are main-sequence stars, the primary being late F-type and the secondary lateG-type.The system was one of the first main-sequence eclipsing binaries containing G-type star to have its properties known as well as the better-studied early-type eclipsing binaries.[41]

At the very northernmost edge of the constellation is the even fainterV361 Lyrae,an eclipsing binary that does not easily fall into one of the traditional classes, with features of Beta Lyrae,W Ursae Majoris,andcataclysmic variables.[42][43]It may be a representative of a very brief phase in which the system is transitioning into acontact binary.[44]It can be found less than a degree away from the naked-eye star16 Lyrae,a 5th-magnitudeA-typesubgiant[45]located around 37 parsecs distant.[16]

The brightest star not included in the asterism and the westernmost cataloged by Bayer or Flamsteed isKappa Lyrae,a typical red giant[46]around 73 parsecs distant.[16]Similar bright orange or red giants include the 4th-magnitudeTheta Lyrae,[47]Lambda Lyrae,[48]andHD 173780.[46]Lambda is located just south of Gamma, Theta is positioned in the east, and HD 173780, the brightest star in the constellation with no Bayer or Flamsteed designation, is more southernly. Just north of Theta and of almost exactly the same magnitude isEta Lyrae,a blue subgiant with a near-solar metal abundance.[49]Also nearby is the faintHP Lyrae,apost-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) starthat shows variability. The reason for its variability is still a mystery: first cataloged as an eclipsing binary, it was theorized to be anRV Tauri variablein 2002, but if so, it would be by far the hottest such variable discovered.[50]

In the extreme east isRR Lyrae,the prototype of the large class of variables known asRR Lyrae variables,which are pulsating variables similar toCepheids,but are evolvedpopulation II starsof spectral types A and F. Such stars are usually not found in a galaxy'sthin disk,but rather in thegalactic halo.Such stars serve asstandard candles,and thus are a reliable way to calculate distances to the globular clusters in which they reside.[38]RR Lyrae itself varies between magnitudes 7 and 8 while exhibiting theBlazhko effect.[51]The easternmost star designated byFlamsteed,19 Lyrae,is also a small-amplitude variable, anAlpha2Canum Venaticorum variablewith a period of just over one day.[52]

Another evolved star is the naked-eye variableXY Lyrae,a red bright giant[46]just north of Vega that varies between 6th and 7th magnitudes over a period of 120 days.[53]Also just visible to the naked eye is the peculiarclassical CepheidV473 Lyrae.It is unique in that it is the only known Cepheid in theMilky Wayto undergo periodic phase and amplitude changes, analogous to the Blazhko effect in RR Lyrae stars.[54]At 1.5 days, its period was the shortest known for a classical Cepheid at the time of its discovery.[55]WandS Lyraeare two of the manyMira variablesin Lyra. W varies between 7th and 12th magnitudes over approximately 200 days,[56]while S, slightly fainter, is a silicatecarbon star,likely of theJ-type.[57]Another evolved star isEP Lyrae,a faint RV Tauri variable and an "extreme example" of a post-AGB star. It and a likely companion are surrounded by a circumstellar disk of material.[58]

Rather close to Earth at a distance of only 16 parsecs (52 ly) isGliese 758.The sunlike primary star has abrown dwarfcompanion, the coldest to have been imaged around a sunlike star in thermal light when it was discovered in 2009.[59]Only slightly farther away isV478 Lyrae,an eclipsing[60]RS Canum Venaticorum variablewhose primary star shows activestarspotactivity.[61]

One of the most peculiar systems in Lyra isMV Lyrae,anova-like starconsisting of ared dwarfand awhite dwarf.[62]Originally classified as aVY Sculptoris stardue to spending most time at maximum brightness, since around 1979 the system has been dominantly at minimum brightness, with periodic outbursts.[63]Its nature is still not fully understood.[64]Another outbursting star isAY Lyrae,anSU Ursae Majoris-typedwarf novathat has undergone severalsuperoutbursts.[65]Of the same type isV344 Lyrae,notable for an extremely short period between superoutbursts coupled with one of the highest amplitudes for such a period.[66]The truenovaHR Lyraeflared in 1919 to a maximum magnitude of 6.5, over 9.5 magnitudes higher than in quiescence. Some of its characteristics are similar to those ofrecurring novae.[67]

Deep-sky objects

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Messier 56is composed of a large number of stars, tightly bound to each other by gravity.[68]In Lyra are the objects M56, M57, and Kuiper 90.M56is a rather looseglobular clusterat a distance of approximately 32,900light-years,with a diameter of about 85 light-years. Its apparent brightness is 8.3m.

M57,also known as the "Ring Nebula" and NGC 6720,[69]at a distance of 2,000 light-years from Earth is one of the best knownplanetary nebulaeand the second to be discovered; its integrated magnitude is 8.8.[70]It was discovered in 1779 byAntoine Darquier,15 years afterCharles Messierdiscovered theDumbbell Nebula.[71]Astronomers have determined that it is between 6,000 and 8,000 years old;[70]it is approximately one light-year in diameter.[72]The outer part of the nebula appears red in photographs because of emission fromionized hydrogen.The middle region is colored green;doubly ionized oxygenemits greenish-blue light. The hottest region, closest to the central star, appears blue because of emission fromhelium.The central star itself is awhite dwarfwith a temperature of 120,000kelvins.In telescopes, the nebula appears as a visible ring with a green tinge; it is slightly elliptical because its three-dimensional shape is atorusorcylinderseen from a slight angle.[70]It can be found halfway betweenGamma Lyraeand Beta Lyrae.[72]

Another planetary nebula in Lyra isAbell 46.The central star,V477 Lyrae,is an eclipsingpost-common-envelope binary,consisting of a white dwarf primary and an oversized secondary component due to recent accretion. The nebula itself is of relatively low surface brightness compared to the central star,[73]and is undersized for the primary's mass for reasons not yet fully understood.[74]

NGC 6791 is a cluster of stars in Lyra. It contains three age groups of stars: 4 billion year-old white dwarfs, 6 billion year-old white dwarfs and 8 billion year-old normal stars.[75]

NGC 6745is an irregularspiral galaxyin Lyra that is at a distance of 208 million light-years. Several million years ago, itcollidedwith a smaller galaxy, which created a region filled with young, hot, blue stars. Astronomers do not know if the collision was simply a glancing blow or a prelude to a full-on merger, which would end with the two galaxies incorporated into one larger, probablyelliptical galaxy.[70]

A remarkable long-durationgamma-ray burstwasGRB 050525A,which flared in 2005. Theafterglowre-brightened at 33 minutes after the original burst, only the third found to exhibit such an effect in the timeframe,[76]and unable to be completely explained by known phenomena.[77]The light curve observed over the next 100 days was consistent with that of asupernovaor even ahypernova,dubbedSN 2005nc.[78]The host galaxy proved elusive to find at first,[79]although it was subsequently identified.[80]

Exoplanets

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In orbit around the orange subgiant starHD 177830is one of the earliestexoplanetsto be detected. A jovian-mass planet, it orbits in an eccentric orbit with a period of 390 days.[81]A second planet closer to the star was discovered in 2011.[82]Visible to the naked eye areHD 173416,ayellow gianthosting a planet over twice the mass of Jupiter discovered in 2009;[83]andHD 176051,a low-mass binary star containing another high-mass planet.[84]Just short of naked-eye visibility isHD 178911,a triple system consisting of a close binary and a visually separable sunlike star. The sunlike star has a planet with over 6 Jupiter masses discovered in 2001, the second found in a triple system after that of16 Cygni.[85]

One of the most-studied exoplanets in the night sky isTrES-1b,in orbit around the starGSC 02652-01324.Detected from atransitof its parent star, the planet has around 3/4 the mass of Jupiter, yet orbits its parent star in only three days.[86]The transits have been reported to have anomalies multiple times. Originally thought to be possibly due to the presence of an Earth-like planet, it is now accepted that the irregularities are due to a large starspot.[87]Also discovered by the transit method isWASP-3b,with 1.75 times the mass of Jupiter. At the time of its discovery, it was one of the hottest known exoplanets, in orbit around theF-type main-sequence starWASP-3.[88]Similar to TrES-1b, irregularities in the transits had left open the possibility of a second planet, although this now appears unlikely as well.[89]

Lyra is one of three constellations (along with neighboring Cygnus and Draco) to be in theKepler Mission's field of view, and as such it contains many more known exoplanets than most constellations. One of the first discovered by the mission isKepler-7b,an extremely low-density exoplanet with less than half the mass of Jupiter, yet nearly 1.5 times the radius.[90]Almost as sparse isKepler-8b,only slightly more massive and of a similar radius.[91]TheKepler-20system contains five known planets; three of them are only slightly smaller thanNeptune,[92]while the other two are some of the firstEarth-sized exoplanets to be discovered.[93]Kepler-37is another star with an exoplanet discovered by Kepler; the planet is the smallest knownextrasolar planetknown as of February 2013.

In April 2013, it was announced that of the five planets orbitingKepler-62,at least two—Kepler-62eandKepler-62f—are within the boundaries of thehabitable zoneof that star, where scientists think liquid water could exist, and are both candidates for being a solid, rocky, earth-like planet.[94][95]Theexoplanetsare 1.6 and 1.4 times the diameter ofEarthrespectively,[94]with their starKepler-62at a distance of 1,200 light-years.[96]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The nearby stars areVega,the red dwarf double star GJ 747, and the brown dwarf2MASS 1835+3259.
  2. ^While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 42°S and 64°S, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.
  3. ^Assuming the visual binaryEpsilonis counted as single stars, and only one ofDelta1andDelta2 Lyraeis counted as part of the pattern.

References

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