MPEG-2
MPEG-2(a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by theITU) is a standard for "the genericcoding of moving picturesand associated audio information ".[1]It describes a combination oflossyvideo compressionandlossyaudio data compressionmethods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such asH.264/AVCandH.265/HEVC,backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-airdigital televisionbroadcasting and in theDVD-Videostandard.
Main characteristics[edit]
MPEG-2 is widely used as the format ofdigital televisionsignals that are broadcast byterrestrial(over-the-air),cable,anddirect broadcast satelliteTVsystems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed onDVDand similar discs.TV stations,TV receivers,DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard (ISO/IEC13818,titledInformation technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a collaboration withITU-T,and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series.
While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. SeeVideo profiles and levels.
Systems[edit]
MPEG-2 Part 1 (ISO/IEC 13818-1 and ITU-T Rec. H.222.0[2][3]), titledSystems,defines two distinct, but related,container formats.One is thetransport stream,a data packet format designed to transmit one data packet in fourATMdata packets for streaming digital video and audio over fixed or mobile transmission mediums, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such asradio frequency,cableand linear recording mediums, examples of which includeATSC/DVB/ISDB/SBTVDbroadcasting, andHDVrecording on tape. The other is theprogram stream,an extended version of theMPEG-1container format with less overhead thantransport stream.Program streamis designed for random access storage mediums such ashard disk drives,optical discsandflash memory.
Transport streamfile formats includeM2TS,which is used onBlu-raydiscs,AVCHDon re-writable DVDs andHDVoncompact flashcards.Program streamfiles includeVOBonDVDsandEnhanced VOBon the short livedHD DVD.The standard MPEG-2transport streamcontains packets of 188 bytes. M2TS prepends each packet with 4 bytes containing a 2-bit copy permission indicator and 30-bit timestamp.
ISOauthorized the "SMPTERegistration Authority, LLC "as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO/IEC 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.[4]
Video[edit]
MPEG-2 Part 2 (ISO/IEC 13818-2 and ITU-T Rec. H.262), titledVideo,is similar to the previousMPEG-1 Part 2standard, but adds support forinterlaced video,the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for lowbit rates,especially less than 1 Mbit/s atstandard-definitionresolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the constrained parameters bitstream (CPB) limits.
With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in someHDTVtransmission systems, and is the standard format for over-the-airATSCdigital television.[5]
Audio[edit]
MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:[6]
MPEG-2 Part 3[edit]
MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3), titledAudio,enhancesMPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than twochannels,up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible with MPEG-1, allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation.[7]This extension is calledMPEG Multichannelor MPEG-2 BC (backwards-compatible).[8][9][10][11]
MPEG-2 Part 3 also defines additional bit rates and sampling rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layers I, II, and III.[12]This extension is known as MPEG-2 LSF (low sampling frequencies), since the new sampling rates are one-half multiples (16, 22.05 and 24 kHz) of the sampling rates defined in MPEG-1 (32, 44.1 and 48 kHz).
MPEG-2 Part 7[edit]
MPEG-2 Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7), titledAdvanced Audio Coding (AAC)specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format.[10]This format is most commonly called Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), but was originally called MPEG-2 NBC (non-backwards-compatible).[8][9][13]
AAC is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor,MPEG-1 Part 3 Audio Layer 3,in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96 kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.[6]
AAC is also defined inMPEG-4 Part 3.[citation needed]
MPEG-2 Parts[edit]
MPEG-2 standards are published as "Parts". Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification.
| Part | Number | First public release date (first edition) | Latest public release date (last edition) | Latest amendment | Identical ITU-T Rec. | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part 1 | ISO/IEC 13818-1 | 1996 | 2015 | 2016[16] | H.222.0 | Systems | Synchronization and multiple xing of video and audio. SeeMPEG transport streamandMPEG program stream. |
| Part 2 | ISO/IEC 13818-2 | 1996 | 2013 | H.262 | Video | Video coding formatfor interlaced and non-interlaced video signals | |
| Part 3 | ISO/IEC 13818-3 | 1995 | 1998 | Audio | Audio coding formatfor perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. Backwards-compatible (BC) audio (backwards-compatible with MPEG-1). | ||
| Part 4 | ISO/IEC 13818-4 | 1998 | 2004 | 2009[17] | Conformance testing | ||
| Part 5 | ISO/IEC TR 13818-5 | 1997 | 2005 | Software simulation | |||
| Part 6 | ISO/IEC 13818-6 | 1998 | 1998 | 2001[18] | Extensions for DSM-CC | DSM-CC(digital storage media command and control)[19][20] | |
| Part 7 | ISO/IEC 13818-7 | 1997 | 2006 | 2007[21] | Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) | Advanced Audio Coding(AAC). Non-backwards-compatible (NBC) audio (not backwards-compatible with MPEG-1). | |
| Part 8 | Withdrawn | 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video, allowing artifact-free processing without giving up compression. Work began in 1995, but was terminated in 2007 because of insufficient industry interest.[22][23] | |||||
| Part 9 | ISO/IEC 13818-9 | 1996 | 1996 | Extension for real time interface for systems decoders | |||
| Part 10 | ISO/IEC 13818-10 | 1999 | 1999 | Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC) | |||
| Part 11 | ISO/IEC 13818-11 | 2004 | 2004 | IPMP on MPEG-2 systems | Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP).[24][25]XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-3.[26] |
History[edit]
MPEG-2 evolved out of the shortcomings of MPEG-1.
MPEG-1's known weaknesses:
- An audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo)
- No standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video
- Only one standardized "profile", constrained parameters bitstream (CBP), which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4K video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined.
- Support for only onechroma subsampling,4:2:0
Sakae Okubo ofNTTwas theITU-Tcoordinator for developing theH.262/MPEG-2 Part 2video coding standard and the requirements chairman inMPEGfor the MPEG-2 set of standards.[27]The majority of patents underlying MPEG-2 technology are owned by three companies:Sony(311 patents),Thomson(198 patents) andMitsubishi Electric(119 patents).[28]Hyundai Electronics(nowSK Hynix) developed the first MPEG-2 SAVI (System/Audio/Video) decoder in 1995.[29]
![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=vi){kind=small} | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(June 2008) |
Filename extensions[edit]
.mpg,.mpeg,.m2v,.mp2,.mp3are some of a number of filename extensions used forMPEG-1or MPEG-2 audio and video file formats.
File extensionMP3(formallyMPEG-1 Audio Layer IIIorMPEG-2 Audio Layer III) is acoding formatfordigital audiodeveloped largely by theFraunhofer Societyin Germany, with support from other digital scientists in the United States and elsewhere.
Applications[edit]
DVD-Video[edit]
TheDVD-Videostandard uses MPEG-2 video, but imposes some restrictions:
- Allowed Dimensions
- 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC)
- 720 × 576, 702 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL)
- AllowedAspect ratios(Display AR)
- 4:3 (forletterboxedwidescreen and non-widescreen frames)
- 16:9 (foranamorphic widescreen[dvdaspect 1])
- ^1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are wider film aspects with letterbox style padding to create a 16:9 image
- Allowed frame rates
- 29.97 interlaced frame/s (NTSC)
- 23.976 progressive frame/s (for NTSC 2:3 pull-down to 29.97[dvdrates 1])
- 25 interlaced frame/s (PAL)
- ^By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. Seetelecinefor more information on how this works.
- Audio + video bitrate
- Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s
- Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s
- Minimum 300 kbit/s
- YUV 4:2:0
- Additional subtitles possible
- Closed captioning(NTSC only)
- Audio
- Linear Pulse Code Modulation(LPCM): 48 kHz or 96 kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints)
- MPEG Layer 2 (MP2): 48 kHz, up to 5.1 channels (required in PAL players only)
- Dolby Digital(DD, also known as AC-3): 48 kHz, 32–448 kbit/s, up to 5.1 channels
- Digital Theater Systems(DTS): 754 kbit/s or 1510 kbit/s (not required for DVD player compliance)
- NTSC DVDs must contain at least one LPCM or Dolby Digital audio track.
- PAL DVDs must contain at least one MPEG Layer 2, LPCM, or Dolby Digital audio track.
- Players are not required to play back audio with more than two channels, but must be able todownmixmultichannel audio to two channels.
- GOP structure (Group Of Pictures)
- Sequence header must be present at the beginning of every GOP
- Maximum frames per GOP: 18 (NTSC) / 15 (PAL), i.e. 0.6 seconds both
- Closed GOP required for multi-angle DVDs
HDV[edit]
HDV is a format for recording and playback of high-definition MPEG-2 video on a DV cassette tape.
MOD and TOD[edit]
MOD and TOD are recording formats for use in consumer digital file-based camcorders.
XDCAM[edit]
XDCAM is a professional file-based video recording format.
DVB[edit]
Application-specific restrictions on MPEG-2 video in theDVBstandard:
Allowed resolutions forSDTV:
- 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
- 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s
- 720, 702, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s
- 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s
For HDTV:
- 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50)
- 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50/720p50)
- 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode)
- 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50)
ATSC[edit]
The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level (MP@HL), with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.39 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0chroma subsamplingformat, and mandatory colorimetry information.
ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates:
- 1920 × 1080 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, 59.94i.
- 1280 × 720 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, or 23.976p
- 704 × 480 pixel (4:3 or 16:9, non-square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i
- 640 × 480 pixel (4:3, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i
ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50 Hz (PAL) signal.
The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24 Hz progressive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice.
The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process.
ATSC A/72 is the newest revision of ATSC standards for digital television, which allows the use of H.264/AVC video coding format and 1080p60 signal.
MPEG-2 audio was a contender for the ATSC standard during theDTV"Grand Alliance"shootout, but lost out toDolby AC-3.
ISDB-T[edit]
Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid forISDB-T,except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed inMPEG-4H.264 AVC for video andAAC-LC for audio, mainly known as1seg.
Blu-ray[edit]
MPEG-2 is one of the three supported video coding formats supported by Blu-ray Disc. Early Blu-ray releases typically used MPEG-2 video, but recent releases are almost always inH.264or occasionallyVC-1.Only MPEG-2 video (MPEG-2 part 2) is supported, Blu-ray does not support MPEG-2 audio (parts 3 and 7). Additionally, the container format used on Blu-ray discs is an MPEG-2 transport stream, regardless of which audio and video codecs are used.
Patent pool[edit]
As of January 3, 2024, MPEG-2patentshaveexpiredworldwide, with the exception of only Malaysia, where the last patent is expected to expire in 2035.[30]The last US patent expired on February 23, 2018.[31][32]
MPEG LA,a private patent licensing organization, had acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license apatent poolof approximately 640 worldwide patents, which it claimed were "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology. The patent holders includedSony,Mitsubishi Electric,Fujitsu,Panasonic,Scientific Atlanta,Columbia University,Philips,General Instrument,Canon,Hitachi,JVC Kenwood,LG Electronics,NTT,Samsung,Sanyo,SharpandToshiba.[33][34]WhereSoftware patentabilityis upheld and patents have not expired (only Malaysia), the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents were licensed by Audio MPEG, Inc.[35]The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations.[36]Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool was the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.[37]
According to the MPEG-2 licensing agreementanyuse of MPEG-2 technology in countries with active patents (Malaysia) is subject toroyalties.[38]MPEG-2 encoders and decoders are subject to $0.35 per unit.[38]Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast. The royalties were previously priced higher but were lowered at several points, most recently on January 1, 2018.[38] An earlier criticism of the MPEG-2 patent pool was that even though the number of patents had decreased from 1,048 to 416 by June 2013 the license fee had not decreased with the expiration rate of MPEG-2 patents.[39][40][41]
Patent holders[edit]
The following organizations have held patents for MPEG-2, as listed atMPEG LA.See alsoList of United States MPEG-2 patents.
| Organization | Patents[28] |
|---|---|
| Sony Corporation | 311 |
| ThomsonLicensing | 198 |
| Mitsubishi Electric | 119 |
| Philips | 99 |
| GETechnology Development, Inc. | 75 |
| Panasonic Corporation | 55 |
| CIF Licensing, LLC | 44 |
| JVC Kenwood | 39 |
| Samsung Electronics | 38 |
| Alcatel Lucent (including Multimedia Patent Trust) | 33 |
| Cisco Technology, Inc. | 13 |
| Toshiba Corporation | 9 |
| Columbia University | 9 |
| LG Electronics | 8 |
| Hitachi | 7 |
| Orange S.A. | 7 |
| Fujitsu | 6 |
| Robert Bosch GmbH | 5 |
| General Instrument | 4 |
| British Telecommunications | 3 |
| Canon Inc. | 2 |
| KDDI Corporation | 2 |
| Nippon Telegraph and Telephone(NTT) | 2 |
| ARRIS Technology, Inc. | 2 |
| Sanyo Electric | 1 |
| Sharp Corporation | 1 |
| Hewlett-PackardEnterprise Company | 1 |
See also[edit]
- MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2)
- MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3)
- DVD
- DVB-S2
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
- Moving Picture Experts Group
References[edit]
- ^"ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000 - Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems".iso.org.Archivedfrom the original on 20 May 2007.Retrieved4 May2018.
- ^ITU-T."H.222.0: Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems".Archivedfrom the original on 2012-09-03.Retrieved2010-06-03.
- ^ITU-T (May 2006)."H.222.0 Summary".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-19.Retrieved2010-06-03.
- ^SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC - registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiersArchived2010-01-28 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on 2009-07-06
- ^"MPEG Standards- Know what video format to choose".2022-07-21.Retrieved2024-06-28.
- ^abD. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (October 1998)."MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio".Archivedfrom the original on 2011-08-07.Retrieved2009-10-31.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Werner Oomen; Leon van de Kerkhof."MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II".chiariglione.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-04-30.Retrieved2009-12-29.
- ^abISO (October 1998)."MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC".ISO.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-02-18.Retrieved2009-10-28.
- ^abMPEG.ORG."AAC".Archived fromthe originalon 2007-08-31.Retrieved2009-10-28.
- ^abISO (2006-01-15),ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)(PDF),archived(PDF)from the original on 2009-03-06,retrieved2009-10-28
- ^ISO (2004-10-15),ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-13,retrieved2009-10-19
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- ^MPEG."MPEG standards".chiariglione.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-07-21.Retrieved2014-07-24.
- ^ISO."ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-30.Retrieved2017-08-30.
- ^ISO."ISO/IEC 13818-1:2015/Amd 6:2016, Carriage of Quality Metadata in MPEG-2 Systems".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-30.Retrieved2017-08-30.
- ^ISO."ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004/Amd 3:2009, Level for 1080@50p/60p conformance testing".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-30.Retrieved2017-08-30.
- ^ISO."ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998/Amd 3:2001, Transport buffer model in support of synchronized user-to-network download protocol".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-30.Retrieved2017-08-30.
- ^MPEG (1997-02-21)."DSM-CC FAQ Version 1.0".MPEG.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-05-11.Retrieved2010-08-01.
- ^IEEE (1996)."An Introduction to Digital Storage Media - Command and Control (DSM-CC)".MPEG.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-05-20.Retrieved2010-08-01.
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- ^ISO."ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008, Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 3: XML IPMP messages".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-30.Retrieved2009-10-29.
- ^"Sakae Okubo".ITU.Archivedfrom the original on 2005-03-02.Retrieved2017-01-27.
- ^ab"MPEG-2 Patent List"(PDF).MPEG LA.Retrieved7 July2019.
- ^"History: 1990s".SK Hynix.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2021.Retrieved6 July2019.
- ^"3 Malaysia MPEG-2 Patents left".Bryan Quigley.2024-01-03.
- ^"MPEG-2 Attachment 1"(PDF).MPEG LA.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 May 2019.Retrieved29 May2019.
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- ^"MPEG-2 Patent Portfolio License Program".MPEG LA.Archivedfrom the original on 29 May 2019.Retrieved29 May2019.
- ^"audioMPEG - - - US Patents".18 March 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 18 March 2004.Retrieved4 May2018.
- ^"Sisvel - We protect ideas - Home".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-01-02.
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External links[edit]
- A Beginners Guide for MPEG-2 Standard
- MPEG-2 Overview(figures are lost)
- MPEG-2 video compressionArchived2006-09-02 at theWayback Machine
- MIT 6.344Archived2005-11-05 at theWayback Machine- Slides from lectures on video compression at MIT.
- A Discrete Cosine Transform tutorialArchived2008-05-28 at theWayback Machine
- IPTV MPEG and Quality of Experience Testing
- OpenIPMP: Open Source DRM Project for MPEG-2
- ISO/IEC 13818- MPEG-2 at the ISO Store
- MPEG- A list of MPEG reference books
- Recommended Practice: Guide to the Use of the ATSC Digital Television Standard, including Corrigendum No. 1