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Ma Chu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chu
Sở
907–951
CapitalChangsha
Common languagesMiddle Chinese
GovernmentMonarchy
Prince/King
• 907–930
Ma Yin
• 950–951
Ma Xichong
Historical eraFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
• Became the State
907
• establishment of the Kingdom
927
• Ended bySouthern Tang
951
CurrencySilk,Cash coins(Iron)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Tang dynasty
Southern Tang
Today part ofChina

Chu(Chinese:Sở;pinyin:Chǔ), known in historiography asMa Chu(Mã sở) orSouthern Chu(Nam sở), was adynastic state of Chinathat existed from 907 to 951. It is counted as one of theTen Kingdomsduring theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periodof Chinese history.

Founding[edit]

Ma Yinwas named regional governor by theTangcourt in 896 after fighting against a rebel namedYang Xingmi.He declared himself as the Prince of Chu with the fall of theTang dynastyin 907. Ma's position as Prince of Chu was confirmed by theLater Tangin the north in 927 and was given the posthumous title of King Wumu of Chu.

Territories[edit]

The capital of the Chu Kingdom wasChangsha(Tanzhou).[1]The kingdom ruled over present-dayHunanand northeasternGuangxi.

Economy[edit]

Chu was peaceful and prosperous under Ma Yin's rule, exportinghorses,silkandtea.Silk and lead coinage were often used ascurrency,particularly with external communities which would not accept othercoinageof the land. Taxation was low for the peasantry and merchants.

Fall of Chu[edit]

AfterMa Yindied the leadership was subject to struggle and conflict which resulted in the fall of the kingdom. TheSouthern Tang,fresh from its conquest of theMin Kingdom,took advantage and conquered the kingdom in 951. The ruling family was removed to theSouthern Tangcapital ofJinling.However, the following year, Chu generals rose against Southern Tang and expelled the Southern Tang expeditionary force, leaving the former Chu territory to be ruled by several of those generals calledWupingJiedushi( võ bình quân tiết độ sứ ) in succession.

Zhou Xingfeng(Chu hành phùng) ruled the Jiedushi from 956-962. In 956, Zhou Xingfeng executed and beheadedPan Shusi(Phan thúc tự), a general of the Southern Chu.[2][3]

During these post-Chu years ofde factoindependence, the center of power was usually at Lang Prefecture ( lãng châu, in modernChangde,Hunan).

In 963, the Wuping Jiedushi ended and its territory was seized by theSong dynasty.

Rulers[edit]

Sovereigns in Chu Kingdom 907–951(+ Rulers of Formerly Chu Lands 951–963)
Temple Names (Miao HaoMiếu hiệu;miaò haò) Posthumous Names (Shi HaoThụy hào) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian HaoNiên hiệu) and their according range of years
Did not exist Wǔmù WángVõ mục vương Mǎ Yīn
Mã ân
907–930 Did not exist
Did not exist None (commonly known as Prince of Hengyang (Hành Dương vương;Héngyáng Wáng)) Mǎ Xīshēng
Mã hi thanh
930–932 Did not exist
Did not exist Wénzhāo WángVăn chiêu vương Mǎ Xīfàn
Mã hi phạm
932–947 Did not exist
Did not exist None (commonly known as Deposed Prince (Phế vương;Fèi Wáng)) Mǎ Xīguǎng
Mã hi quảng
947–951 Did not exist
Did not exist Gōngxìao WángCung hiếu vương Mǎ Xī'è
Mã hi ngạc
951 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist Mǎ Xīchóng
Mã hi sùng
951 Did not exist

Ma rulers family tree[edit]

Ma Chu rulers family tree
Ma Yin mã ân (b. 853–d. 930)
Wumu sở võ mục vương
r. 907–930
Ma Xizhen mã hi chấnMa Xisheng
Mã hi thanh899–932
r. 930–932
Ma Xifan mã hi phạm (899–947)
Wénzhāo văn chiêu
r. 932–947
Ma Xiwang
Mã hi vượngd. ~933
Ma Xigao
Mã hi cảod. 945
Mǎ Xī'è
Mã hi ngạc
r. 950–951
Mǎ Xīchóng
Mã hi sùngb.912
r. 950–951
Mǎ Xīguǎng
Mã hi quảngd.950
r. 947–950
Mǎ Guānghuì
Mã quang huệ


Notes[edit]

  1. ^New History of the Five Dynasties,vol. 66"Tân năm đời sử khảo thế gia phụ lục".Archived fromthe originalon 2007-10-11.Retrieved2007-04-20..
  2. ^《 mười quốc xuân thu 》 cuốn 70《 chu hành phùng truyện 》: Phan thúc tự đã sát quỳ, hoặc khuyên này nhập lãng châu, thúc tự rằng: “Ngô sát quỳ, cứu chết mà thôi, lãng mà phi ngô lợi cũng.” Nãi còn Nhạc Châu, khiển này khách đem Lý giản suất lãng người nghênh hành phùng vì soái. Hành phùng vào thành, tự xưng võ bình lưu sau, cáo với chu. Hoặc thỉnh lấy Đàm Châu cùng thúc tự, hành phùng rằng: “Thúc tự sát chủ soái, tội đương chết, nếu cùng võ an, là ngô sử chi sát chủ công cũng.” Triệu cho rằng hành quân Tư Mã. Thúc tự giận, xưng tật không đến. Hành phùng rằng: “Là lại dục giết ta rồi.” Nãi dương dùng võ an cùng chi, triệu sử đến phủ vâng mệnh. Đến tắc khiển người chấp chi lập đình hạ, trách chi rằng: “Nhữ vì tiểu giáo, vô công lớn, vương quỳ dùng nhữ vì đoàn luyện sử, một khi phản sát chủ soái. Ngô chưa nhẫn trảm nhữ, nãi dám cự ngô mệnh chăng!” Toại sát chi.
  3. ^Zizhi Tong gian,Volume 292《 Tư Trị Thông Giám 》 cuốn 292

References[edit]

  • Mote, F.W. (1999).Imperial China (900-1800).Harvard University Press. p. 15.ISBN0-674-01212-7.