Jump to content

Ma clique

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the training group of Chinese track athletes, seeMa Junren.
Ma clique
Mã gia quân
Active1862–1949
CountryChina
AllegianceQing dynasty
Beiyang government
Nationalist government(1927–1949)
BranchNational Revolutionary Army(after 1928)
EngagementsFirst Dungan revolt
Second Dungan revolt
First Sino-Japanese War
Xinhai Revolution
Bai Lang Rebellion
Muslim conflict in Gansu
Sino-Tibetan War
Xin gian g Wars
Chinese Civil War
Second Sino-Japanese War
Commanders
Governor of Gansu (1911–1918)Ma Anliang
Governor of Qinghai (1915–1928) and Chairman of Qinghai (1929–1931)Ma Qi
Governor of Ningxia (1921–1928; 1948–1949) and Governor of Gansu (1930–1931)Ma Hongbin
Governor of Qinghai (1931–1938)Ma Lin
Governor of Qinghai (1938–1949)Ma Bufang
Governor of Ningxia (1931–1948)Ma Hongkui
Tao-yins of KashgarMa Fu xingandMa Shaowu
Commander of theNew 36th DivisionMa Zhongying
Commander of the New 36th DivisionMa Hushan
Ma clique
Traditional ChineseMã gia quân ( van )
Simplified ChineseMã gia quân ( van )
Literal meaningMa Family Army
Ma Family Military Clique
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMǎ Jiā Jūn(fá)
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjingﻣَﺎ ﮐﯿَا کٌ ﻓَﺎ

TheMa cliqueorMa family warlords[1]is a collective name for a group ofHui(Muslim Chinese) warlords inNorthwestern Chinawho ruled theChinese provincesofQinghai,GansuandNingxiafor 10 years from 1919 until 1928. Following the collapse of theQing dynastyin 1912, the region came under Chinese Muslim warlordMa Qi's control until theNorthern Expeditionby the Republic of China consolidated central control in 1928. There were three families in the Ma clique ( "Ma" being a common Hui rendering of the commonMuslimname "Muhammad"), each of them respectively controlled, parts ofGansu,NingxiaandQinghai.The three most prominent members of the clique wereMa Bufang,Ma Hongkui,andMa Hongbin,collectively known as theXibei San Ma(Chinese:Tây Bắc tam mã,Three Ma of the Northwest). Some contemporary accounts, such asEdgar Snow's, described the clique as the "Four Ma" (rather than Three), adding Ma Bufang's brotherMa Buqingto the list of the top warlords.[2]Other prominent Ma's includedMa Anliang,Ma Qi,Ma Lin,Ma Hu-shan,andMa Zhongying.

Ma Clique

[edit]
The Muslim family of General Ma Bufang, favorable to the defense of Chiang, to the fight against corruption of Feng Yuxiang in Noroeste

The Ma Clique warlords were all generals in the military of theRepublic of China,who controlled most ofMainland Chinauntil it was overtaken by the communistPeople's Liberation Army.The clique was begun by Muslim generals who served in the military of the Qing dynasty, most notably in theKansu Bravesarmy, who fought in theBoxer Rebellionagainst invading foreign forces. It was continued by two generations of their descendants.

After theXinhai Revolutionoverthrew the Qing, the Ma Clique Generals declared their allegiance to the Republic of China. Unlike the Mongols, Hui Muslims refused to secede from the Republic, andMa Qiquickly used his diplomatic and military powers to make the Tibetan and Mongol nobles recognize the Republic of China government as their overlord, and sent a message to PresidentYuan Shikaireaffirming thatQinghaiwas securely in the Republic. He replaced "Long, Long, Long, Live the reigning Emperor", with "Long live the Republic of China" on inscriptions.[3]Ma Anliang also agreed to join the newRepublic of Chinagovernment.[4]

When theKuomintangseized power in theNorthern Expedition,the Ma Clique warlords became members of theKuomintangparty, and their armies were renamed as divisions of theNational Revolutionary Army.The Ma CliqueNinghai Armyunder General Ma Qi was renamed the National Revolutionary Army 26th Division.

Ma Zhongyingled theKMT 36th Divisionto fight against the pro-Soviet governor of Xin gian g,Jin Shurenduring theKumul Rebellion,and the Soviets themselves during theSoviet Invasion of Xin gian g.The 36th Division also crushed theFirst East Turkestan Republicat theBattle of Kashgar (1934).

In theSino-Tibetan War,Ma Clique forces led byMa Bufangdefeated the Tibetan Army. Also during theKuomintang Pacification of QinghaiMa Bufang waged war against Tibetan tribes in Qinghai to bring them under his control.

During theSecond Sino-Japanese War,Ma Clique forces fought against the Japanese,Ma Hongbinled his 81st corps to defeat the Japanese at theBattle of Wuyuan.Ma Bufang sentMa Biaoto attack the Japanese army. 40 years before, Ma Biao had fought in the Boxer Rebellion against the Eight Nation Alliance.

Ma Bufangwas ordered by theKuomintangto invadeXin gian gin the 1940s to intimidate and help oust the forces of the pro Soviet GovernorSheng Shicai.The Ma Clique forces also clashed with the forces of theSecond East Turkestan Republicduring theIli Rebellion.

The three families of the Ma clique

[edit]

The first family was headed byMa Zhanao.He had two sons,Ma Anliang,and Ma Guoliang, both of whom became Qing generals. Ma Anliang later became a general in theRepublic of China.Ma Anliang had five sons, three of whom were unknown. The other two were Ma Tingran and Ma Tingxian, who was executed in 1962 by the People's Court.

The second family was headed by Ma Qianling.Ma HongbinandMa Hongkuiwere cousins. Their respective fathers,Ma Fulu( mã phúc lục ) (1854–1900) andMa Fuxiang( mã phúc tường ) (1876–1932) came from Yangzhushan ( dương chú sơn ) village in Hanji Town (presently, the county seat ofLinxia County), and were half-brothers. Ma Fulu and Ma Fuxiang's fatherMa Qianling,originally a small merchant and farmer fromHezhou,had been an associate ofMa Zhan'ao– the ruler ofHezhouregion during theGreat Muslim Rebellionof the 1860s – and went over to theQinggovernment's side in 1872 along with Ma Zhan'ao himself; rewarded by the government and successful in his business, he had four sons with his three wives.[5]Ma Zhanao was the father of another 2 Ma clique warlords,Ma Anliangand Ma Guoliang.[6][7]Ma Qianling also had several nephews who died along with Ma Fulu in theBoxer Rebellion.

Ma Haiyanstarted the third family. He had two sons, Ma Qi, and Ma Lin. Ma Qi had 2 sons,Ma BuqingandMa Bufang,originally from Monigou Township ( mạc bùn mương hương ) inLinxia County.[8]Their father,Ma Qi(1869–1931), was based inXining,controlling what is todayQinghaiProvince.Ma Zhongyingwas Ma Qi's nephew, and thus a cousin ofMa BuqingandMa Bufang.Ma Hushanwas also a member of this family. This family controlledQinghaiprovince. One Generation of this family had the sameGeneration name,Bước (Bù),Ma Bufang,Ma Buqing,Ma Bukang,Ma Buluan, and Ma Zhongying (whose original name was Ma Buying) all had the Bu character in their names and were of the same generation, all being grandsons of Ma Haiyan.

  • Ma Bufang
    Ma Bufang
  • Ma Hongkui
    Ma Hongkui
  • Ma Zhongying
    Ma Zhongying
  • Ma Lin
    Ma Lin

History

[edit]

The Ma clique traces its origins to the officers ofQing dynastyGeneralDong Fuxiang.GeneralMa Anliangwas the de facto leader of the Muslims of northwest China.[9]

The Three (or Five) Ma took control of the region during theWarlord Era,siding first with theGuominjunand then theKuomintang;they fought against the Red Army during theLong Marchand the Japanese during theSecond Sino-Japanese War.

The Ma Clique controlled vast amounts of land in the northwest, including Xining and Hezhou.[10]

TheQing dynastyhad grantedMa Bufang's family a yellow standard which had his family name "Ma" on it. Ma Bufang continued to use this standard in battle.[11]

Ma Bufangrecruited manySalarofficers fromXunhuaCounty into his army like Han Yimu and GeneralHan Youwen.

During one campaign against the Communists in the Civil War, in Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia, Muslim soldiers numbered 31,000.[12]

During the final stages of theChinese Civil War,the Ma fought for the Kuomintang side in defiance until the communistswiped out his cavalryand took Gansu in August 1949, just months before the establishment of the People's Republic of China. Uponthe arrival of communist forces,Ma Hongbin had little possibility of winning and joined to communists' side. He was appointed vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) ofGansuprovince. He later died inLanzhouin 1960.Ma Hongkuifled with the Kuomintang toTaiwan.He was indicted by Republic of China Control Yuan as a scapegoat. He later migrated to the United States, where he died on January 14, 1970.

Ma Bufangwith his son Ma Jiyuan fled by an airplane fromQinghaitoChongqing,thenHong Kong.In October 1949,Chiang Kai-shekurged him to return to the Northwest to resist the PLA, but he chose to migrate toSaudi Arabiawith more than 200 relatives and subordinates, in the name ofhajj.He later worked as the first ambassador to Saudi Arabia for the Republic of China.

Ma Lin's eldest son Ma Burong defected to the Communists after 1949 and donated 10,000 Yuan to support Chinese troops in theKorean War.One of Ma Chengxiang's Hui officers, Ma FuchenMã phụ thần,defected to the Communists.[13][14]

Ma Guoliang's son Ma Tingbin became a member of theChinese People's Political Consultative Conferenceafter defecting to the Communists.

List of Ma clique generals and officers

[edit]

First family

[edit]

Second family

[edit]

Officers

[edit]

Third family

[edit]

Officers

[edit]

Family trees

[edit]

Below are the family trees of the Ma Clique.[15][16]These trees are not exhaustive.

First family

[edit]
Ma Zhanao
(Ma Zhan'ao or
Ma Chan-ao)
Mã chiếm ngao
Ma Anliang
(Ma An-liang)
Mã an lương		Ma Guoliang
(Ma Kuo-liang)
Mã quốc lương		Ma Suiliang
(Ma Sui-liang)
Mã toại lương
Ma Tingxiang
(Ma T'ing-hsiang)
Mã đình nhương		Ma Tingxian
(Ma T'ing-hsien)
Mã đình hiền		Ma Tingbin
(Ma T'ing-pin)
Mã đình bân aka
Ma Quanqin
Mã toàn khâm

Second family

[edit]
Ma Qianling
(Ma Ch'ien-ling)
Mã ngàn linh
Ma Fushou
(Ma Fu-shou)
Mã phúc thọ		Ma Fucai
(Ma Fu-ts'ai)
Mã phúc tài		Ma Fulu
(Ma Fu-lu)
Mã phúc lục		Ma Fuxiang
(Ma Fu-hsiang)
Mã phúc tường
Ma Hongbin
(Ma Hung-pin,
misspelled as
Ma Hung-ping)
Mã hồng tân		Ma Hongkui
(Ma Hung-kuei or
Ma Hung-kwei)
Mã hồng quỳ
Ma Dunjing
(Ma Tun-ching)
Mã đôn tĩnh		Ma Dunhou
(Ma Tun-hou,
misspelled as
Ma Tung-hou)
Mã đôn hậu		Ma Dunjing
(Ma Tun-ching)
Mã đôn tĩnh		Ma Dunren
(Ma Tun-jen)
Mã đôn nhân

Third family

[edit]
Unknown
Ma Haiyuan
(Ma Hai-yüan)
Mã hải uyên		Ma Haiyan
(Ma Hai-yan)
Mã hải yến
Ma Bao
(Ma Pao)
Mã bảo		Ma Guzhong
(Ma Ku-chung)
Mã??		Ma Qi
(Ma Ch'i)
Mã kỳ		Ma Lin
Mã lân
Ma Zhongying
(Ma Chung-ying)
Mã Trọng Anh
(Ma Buying,
Ma Pu-ying
Mã bộ anh )		Ma Buqing
(Ma Pu-ch'ing)
Mã bộ thanh		Ma Bufang
(Ma Pu-fang)
Mã bộ phương		Ma Burong
(Ma Pu-jung)
Mã bộ vinh		Ma Buyuan
(Ma Pu-yüan)
Mã bộ viện
Ma Xuyuan
(Ma Hsü-yüan)
Mã tự viện		Ma Weiguo
(Ma Wei-kuo)
Mã vệ quốc		Ma Jiyuan
(Ma Chi-yüan)
Mã kế viện

Other notable family members

[edit]

Outer notable family members include:

List of wars fought by the Ma clique

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toMa Clique.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998).Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China.Hong Kong University Press. p. 258 (the main index entry for "Ma family warlords" ).ISBN962-209-468-6.
  2. ^Edgar Snow,Red Star Over China.Chapter 4, "Moslem and Marxist". Numerous editions.
  3. ^Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002).Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity.Rowman & Littlefield.p. 43.ISBN0-7425-1144-8.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  4. ^Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004).Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China.Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 170.ISBN0-295-97644-6.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  5. ^Lipman (1998), pp. 167–172
  6. ^Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004).Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China.Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 146.ISBN0-295-97644-6.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  7. ^Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004).Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China.Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 168.ISBN0-295-97644-6.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  8. ^"Lâm hạ du lịch" (Linxia Tourism), published by Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture Tourist Board, 2003. 146 pages. No ISBN. pp. 68–69.
  9. ^University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies (1979).Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5–7.p. 35.RetrievedJune 6,2011.
  10. ^Frederick Roelker Wulsin;Joseph Francis Fletcher(1979). "Contributors: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Geographic Society (U.S.), Peabody Museum of Salem, Pacific Asia Museum". In Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).China's Inner Asian Frontier: Photographs of the Wulsin Expedition to Northwest China in 1923: From the Archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society.Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. p. 43.ISBN0-674-11968-1.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  11. ^Dean King (2010).Unbound: A True Story of War, Love, and Survival(illustrated ed.). Hachette Digital, Inc.ISBN978-0-316-16708-6.RetrievedJune 28,2010.
  12. ^The China monthly review, Volumes 80–81.J.W. Powell. 1937. p. 56.RetrievedJune 6,2011.
  13. ^"Hoài niệm mã phụ thần tiên sinh".Archived fromthe originalon May 8, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 8,2012.
  14. ^"Mã phụ thần -- dân tộc công thương nghiệp gia".Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 8,2012.
  15. ^Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul., 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Sage Publications, Inc.. p. 291. JSTOR 189017.
  16. ^Cam, ninh, thanh tam Mã gia tộc thế hệ giản biểu

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ma_clique&oldid=1245686185"