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Maarten Tromp

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For the Dutch rower, seeMaarten Tromp (rower).

Maarten Tromp
A portrait of Tromp byJan Lievens.
Birth nameMaarten Harpertszoon Tromp
Nickname(s)Bestevaêr
Born23 April 1598
Brielle,Dutch Republic
Died31 July 1653(1653-07-31)(aged 55)
Battle of Scheveningen
Buried
Oude Kerk,Delft
AllegianceDutch Republic
Years of service1607–1653
Battles/wars
Coat of arms
Signature

Maarten Harpertszoon TromporMaarten van Tromp(23 April 1598 – 31 July 1653) was anarmy generalandadmiralin theDutch navyduring much of theEighty Years' Warand throughout theFirst Anglo-Dutch War.Son of a ship's captain, Tromp spent much of his childhood at sea, during which time he was captured by pirates and enslaved byBarbary corsairs.In adult life, he became a renowned ship captain and naval commander, successfully leading Dutch forces fighting for independence in the Eighty Years' War, and then against England in the First Anglo-Dutch War, proving an innovative tactician and enabling the newly independent Dutch nation to become a major sea power. He was killed in battle by a sharpshooter from an English ship.Several ships of the Royal Netherlands Navyhave carried the name HNLMSTrompafter him and/or his sonCornelis,also a Dutch admiral of some renown.

Early life[edit]

Born inBriellein the Netherlands, Tromp was the oldest son of Harpert Maertensz, a naval officer and captain of the frigateOlifantstromp ( "Elephant Trunk" ).The surnameTrompprobably derives from the name of the ship; it first appeared in documents in 1607. He was baptized 3 May 1598 inSt. Catherine's Cathedral.[1]In 1606, the Tromp family moved toRotterdamwhere Tromp's father was appointed by theAdmiralty of Rotterdamas captain of the frigateOlifantstromp.His mother supplemented the family's income as a washerwoman. In 1607, at the age of nine, Tromp went to sea with his father aboard theOlifantsdorp,of the Rotterdam squadron, commanded by CommodoreMooy Lambert,as part of the Dutch fleet of Lieutenant-AdmiralJacob van Heemskerck,with the objective of blockadingDunkirkand the Spanish coast and intercepting the Spanish fleet being sent to drive the Dutch from theEast Indies.On 25 April, a fierce battle ensued at theBattle of Gibraltar,resulting in a great Dutch victory.[1][2][3][4]

In 1610, after his father's discharge because of a navy reorganization, the Tromps were on their way toGuineaon their merchantman when they were attacked by a squadron of seven ships under command of the English piratePeter Easton.During the fight, Tromp's father was slain by a cannonball, where after the battle his body was thrown overboard by the boarding party. According to legend, the 12-year-old boy rallied the crew of the ship with the cry "Won't you avenge my father's death?" The pirates seized him and sold him on the slave market ofSaléwhere he ended up serving as a cabin boy. Two years later, Easton was moved by pity and ordered his redemption.[2][5][6]

Set free, Tromp supported his mother and three sisters by working in aRotterdamshipyard. He went to sea again at 19, briefly working for the navy, but he was captured again in 1621 after having rejoined the merchant fleet, this time byBarbarycorsairs offTunis.He was kept as a slave until the age of 24 and by then had so impressed theBey of Tunisand the corsairJohn Wardwith his skills in gunnery and navigation that the latter offered him a position in his fleet. When Tromp refused, the Bey was even more impressed by this show of character and allowed him to leave as a free man in 1622.[4]

Naval career[edit]

Maarten Tromp was supreme commander of the Dutch fleet during the later part of theEighty Years' Warand throughout theFirst Anglo-Dutch war.He is widely considered the best Dutch naval commander during most of this time.[7]Tromp's former superior, AdmiralPiet Pieterszoon Hein,once told a friend that Tromp as a seaman and a commander possessed a sound character that distinguished him from all the captains he had ever known.[8]Tromp joined the Dutch navy as alieutenantin July 1622, entering service with theAdmiralty of the Mazebased inRotterdam,serving aboard theBruynvisch.[2]On 7 May 1624, he married Dignom Cornelisdochter de Haes, the daughter of a merchant; in the same year he became captain of theSt. Antonius,a fast sailing dispatch and escort yacht.[4]His first distinction was as Lieutenant-Admiral Hein's flag captain on theVliegende Groene Draeckduring the fight withOstendprivateers in 1629 in which Hein was killed, after which Tromp returned home with his body.[9]

Eighty Years' War[edit]

Maarten van Tromp
byJan Lievens

During theEighty Years' War(1568–1648), Tromp was appointed as full captain in 1629 at the initiative ofstadtholderFrederick Henryhimself, where Tromp demonstrated that he was very successful in fighting theDunkirkersas a squadron commander, functioning as acommandeuron theVliegende Groene Draeck.Despite receiving four honorary golden chains, he was not promoted further. TheVliegende Groene Draeckfoundered and new heavy vessels were reserved for the flag officers while Tromp was relegated to the oldPrins Hendrik.[10][4]After Tromp's first wife died in 1634, with whom he had three sons left for Tromp to support, he subsequently left the naval service that year in disappointment. He became adeaconand married Alijth Jacobsdochter Arckenboudt, the daughter of Brill's wealthyschepenand tax collector, on 12 September 1634.[4]

In 1637 Tromp re-enlisted in the Dutch navy and was promoted from captain toLieutenant-Admiralof Holland and West Frisia, under the Stadtholder,Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.This occurred following the resignation of Lieutenant-Admiral Philips van Dorp, and the dismissal of Vice-Admiral Jasper Liefhebber, and other flag officers due to incompetence, neglecting the Dutch navy which had fallen into a deplorable state, with several captains resigning their commissions and seeking service with the army.[11][12]With the resignation of van Dorp on 27 October the States of Holland once again asked Tromp to accept the command of the Dutch navy.[13]Tromp accepted but under the conditions that afforded him greater authority than was allowed for the navy’s previous commanders, remembering how badly the fleet had been neglected by them under van Dorp. Tromp insisted on a greater number of ships, which were to be well outfitted with supplies, and well manned. The States gave Tromp their solemn promise that they would grant all his requests. The terms of Tromp’s official appointment from the Stadtholder further strengthened his position.Witte de With,a year younger, very brave but brutal and ill-tempered, was appointed as his vice-admiral. Both were born in Den Briel and served as flag captains under Piet Hein.[14]Although formally ranking under theAdmiral-GeneralFrederick Henry of Orange,he was thede factosupreme commander of the Dutch fleet, as thestadtholdersnever fought at sea. Tromp was mostly occupied with blockading the privateer port ofDunkirk.[11][13]

With his flagship, theAemilia,Tromp promptly re-established the neglected blockade of Dunkirk and took steps to hinder the transportation of Spanish troops to Flanders.[15]Tromp out-maneuvered Oquendo's fleet which was bound for Flanders but was forced to retreat to England atthe Downs,behind the sandbanks of theKentish coast,where they remained trapped, while a prolonged debate preceding theWars of the Three Kingdomscontinued in London. Tromp was already familiar with the channel from his cruising during 1637 and 1638, and sailed toCalaisRoads, blocking the southwestern entrance ofDunkirk,where he resupplied his fleet from Calais with the support ofCardinal Richelieu.Now with a reinforced fleet Tromp, in spite of the objection ofCharles I,who was on good terms with the Spain,[16][a].attacked on 21 October, during theBattle of the Downs,destroying a large proportion of Oquendo's armada.[17]During theFight in the Channel,a preliminary action to the Downs, Tromp was the first fleet commander known for the deliberate use ofline of battletactics,[15]marking the end of Spanish naval power.[18][19]For his landmark victory Tromp was rewarded by the States-General and knighted by Louis XIII of France, a close Dutch ally in the war against Spain. Shortly thereafter his second wife died. Tromp married again in 1640, to Cornelia van Berckhout.[20] In 1643 the deputy of parliament in Holland made a loud protest in the General Assembly against the Prince of Orange for his orders to Tromp to allow two of the frigates bought by English royalists in Dunkirk, for his use and command.[21]

During his career, his main rival was Vice-AdmiralWitte de With,who also served theAdmiralty of Rotterdam(de Maze) from 1637. De With temporarily replaced him as supreme commander for theBattle of Kentish Knock.Tromp's crew would not permit De With, who had a reputation of severity when disciplining a crew, to raise his flag on their ship, and insisted that he use thePrins Willem[b]as his flagship.[22]Tromp's successor was Lieutenant-AdmiralJacob van Wassenaer Obdam.[23]

Tromp commanded the Dutch squadron that escortedQueen Henrietta Mariain 1643 when she returned from theHaguetoKing Charles I.Opposed to her returning to England the Parliamentarian squadron underWilliam Battenthreatened to attack the Queen's convoy when it landed atBridlingtonbut was thwarted by Tromp to withdraw.[20]

First Anglo-Dutch War[edit]

Ships in theFirst Anglo-Dutch War,1652,
byAbraham Willaerts

In theFirst Anglo-Dutch Warof 1652 to 1653, Tromp commanded the Dutch fleet in the battles ofDover,Dungeness,Portland,the GabbardandScheveningen.[24]

Prior to the war,Oliver Cromwelland theRump Parliamenthadissued an ordinanceprohibiting foreign trade and requiring all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the Channel to lower their flag in salute and as a sign of compliance. A Dutch embassy was in London trying to negotiate a lifting of theNavigation Acts,but without much success.[25] On 19 May 1652, Tromp was cruising in the English Channel with a fleet of forty ships betweenNieuportand the mouth of theMeuse River,with general orders to protect Holland's commerce, while keeping watch over the English fleet who were searching and seizing Dutch merchant ships prior.[26]British AdmiralRobert Blakehad recently seized seven richly laden Dutch merchant ships, off the coast ofFairlight.[27]Blake was now lying inDoverRoads with fifteen ships, while eight others were anchored in Bourne in the Downs.[26]When Tromp failed to lower his flag in salute, Blake, aboard his flagship theJames,believing Tromp had just received orders from a dispatch ketch to commence battle, fired two warning shots, without ball. TheBattle of Doverwas begun when Tromp refused to strike his flag and instead hoisted a red battle flag in defiance,[28]which prompted Blake to fire a third gun, hitting Tromp's ship and wounding some crew members. This was followed with Tromp returning fire with a warning broadside from his flagshipBrederode.Blake in turn fired a broadside and a five-hour battle ensued.[29]The fighting continued until nightfall, where both sides withdrew, the battle having no distinct victor.[30][31]Shortly after the battle a board of commissioners, which included Cromwell, after questioning witnesses, had concluded that Tromp had deliberately provoked hostilities. Subsequently Holland withdrew its three ambassadors from Westminster,[32]and on 8 July 1652 England declared war against Holland.[30]

Tromp, with a larger fleet than he had ordered for, sailed to the Downs and found that Blake had made it to the north-east coast, where he set sail for theThames River.Near the mouth of the river he came upon an English squadron, commanded by SirGeorge Ayscough,who had the advantage of theweather gage,thus preventing Tromp from engaging effectively. Subsequently, Tromp decided to return to the Netherland coast, which was a decision that was not at all well received by the Dutch government, resulting in his removal from command, withAdmiral de Ruytertaking his place.[33]

On 8 October 1652, with Tromp's command still in suspension, Dutch Vice-AdmiralWitte de Withunderestimating Blake, with 60 ships, attempted an attack at theBattle of the Kentish Knock,but ended with Blake sending the defeated de With back to the Netherlands. Although de With was the more adept tactician, he was no match against Blake's force that included the heavy English ships theResolutionand theSovereign,the two largest war ships in the world at the time.[34][c]The significance of De With's defeat was received over-optimistically by the Council of State, leading them to assume that Blake now had control over the English Channel. The Council subsequently dispersed their fleets to protect English interests in theBaltic Sea,andNewcastle,while another fleet was sent to reinforce the squadron in the Mediterranean. This left Blake with about forty ships that were in anchor in the Downs, and a situation that was compounded by a lack of funds to pay for badly needed repairs and for the crews.[35][36]

Subsequent to de With's defeat, Tromp was reinstated as commander, on 8 May, which proved to be a big boost for Dutch navy morale, which was the highest it had been since he was dismissed months before in July.[37]TheBattle of Dungenessoccurred on 30 November 1652, and proved to be the most important Dutch victory during the war, with Tromp's fleet winning for the Dutch the temporary control of the English Channel. A great convoy of 300 merchant ships was ready to leave the Netherlands headed for theBay of Biscay,accompanied by a large fleet of 73 warships and a small number offireshipswhich were sent in escort to protect it. Tromp was in command, withJan Evertsenand De Ruyter as his subordinate commanders. Admiral Blake had seriously underestimated Dutch strength, possibly due to poor visibility, as his fleet was outnumbered, two-to-one. Blake, nevertheless, shadowed the Dutch fleet which was sailing parallel along the English coast towardsDungeness,with the coastline beginning to bend to the south.[38][39]As the fleets were approaching Dungeness Point Blake's fleet became pinned against the shore bringing the two fleets close together. Tromp subsequently hoisted the red battle-flag and advanced on Blake’s new flagship, theTriumph.[40]The battle that developed involved only a part of the Dutch fleet as the winds were preventing the others from engaging in a timely fashion. The re was much hand-to-hand fighting that lasted until about 5:00 pm with the advance of nightfall, with the Dutch fleet prevailing, taking several British prizes, while Blake retreated to the mouth of the Thames.[38][39]Tromp's victory over the British prompted a marked turning point for the British navy.[41][d]

The navalBattle of the Gabbard,took place on 2–3 June 1653, (12–13 June 1653Gregorian calendar) off the coast ofSuffolk,England near the Gabbard shoal. Tromp, aboad his flagshipBrederodewith Vice-admiralWitte de Withaboard theVrijheid,was in command of 98 ships and six fireships, divided in five squadrons, while Generals at SeaGeorge MonckandRichard Deanewere in command of 100 ships and five fireships, divided into three squadrons.[42]Tromp's fleet was organized mostly for mélée fighting and were largely crewed with soldiers for that purpose, while the English employed the use of superior firepower.[43]AdmiralRobert Blakejoined the English fleet on 3 June. Though his fleet was very low on ammunition Tromp decided for a direct attack, but at the time the winds became almost still, leaving the Dutch fleet vulnerable in the face of superior enemy fire. Subsequently the Dutch lost seventeen ships to capture or sinking, while the English lost none. Deane was killed during the action. It was one of the most costly defeats ever suffered by the Dutch, leaving the English in control of the English Channel.[42]

Battle of Scheveningen,
Tromp's final battle

During theBattle of Scheveningen,the last battle of the war, on 31 July 1653, Tromp was killed by a sharpshooter in the rigging ofWilliam Penn's ship.[24]Tromp's flagship, theBrederode,broke through the English line where an intense battle ensued, resulting in Tromp's imminent death. Tromp's last words were, "It is all over, O Lord, be merciful to me and thy poor people." Members of his crew carried the mortally wounded Tromp below deck to his cabin, where he died only a moment later.[44]His acting flag captain,Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer,on theBrederodekept up fleet morale by not lowering Tromp's standard, pretending Tromp was still alive.[45]At this point Evertsen assumed command, and with this the Dutch admirals returned to their ships and resumed battle with "unabated vigour".[46]The loss of Tromp was a severe blow to the Dutch navy.[24]The battle proved to be a tactical victory for the English, but a strategic victory for the Dutch in that they had the blockade removed.

Legacy[edit]

Commemorative medal of Maarten van Tromp, struck 1653 shortly after his death
(Diameter: 7.18 cm / 2.82 in)[47]

Tromp was held in high esteem in the Dutch navy and with the general public. His death was a severe blow to theDutch navybut also to the Orangists, who sought the defeat of theCommonwealth of Englandand the restoration of theStuartmonarchy. Republican influence strengthened after Scheveningen, which led to peace negotiations with the Commonwealth, culminating in theTreaty of Westminster.He received a state funeral in August 1653 at the Oude Kerk in Delft where a monument was erected to his honor. Tromp was survived by his second son,Cornelis Maartenszoon Tromp(1629-1691), who was also a distinguished naval officer.[20]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Tromp had received secret instructions from the Stadholder,Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange,to disregard English objections.[16]
  2. ^Dutch for "Prince William"
  3. ^TheResolution had 70 guns, and the Sovereignhad 102 guns. See: •HMSSovereign of the Seasand •English shipPrince Royal(1610
  4. ^British naval historianAndrew Lambertmaintains that the Dutch victory was a "salutary reminder" that the British were dealing with a major and capable opponent, causing Blake to submit his resignation, which was declined, and prompting a Court of Enquiry to further look into matters, while the Council of State supported Blake's contention that he had to have absolute authority in such matters, with added subordinate commanders, and an increase in sailor's pay, while insisting for the same professional standards that existed for the army. This was followed with a large tax increase to fund these improvements.[41]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^abWijn, 1997,p. 37
  2. ^abcHistoriek,essay
  3. ^Encyclopedia Britannica,essay
  4. ^abcdeBritish Civil Wars Project (BCW),Essay
  5. ^Vere, 1955,p. 28
  6. ^Wijn, 1997,p. 39
  7. ^Konstam, 2011,p. 30
  8. ^Vere, 1955,p. 42
  9. ^Vere, 1955,p. 43
  10. ^Vere, 1955,p. 47
  11. ^abWijn, 1997,p. 42
  12. ^Mets, 1902,p. 128
  13. ^abHinds (ed.), 1864,v. xxiv, p. 328
  14. ^Journal of Maarten Tromp, C.R. Boxer
  15. ^abJones, 1966,p. 40
  16. ^abIsrael, 1995,p. 537
  17. ^Stradling, 1979,p. 208
  18. ^Warner, 1963,pp. 38-39, 42
  19. ^Wijn, 1997,p. 46
  20. ^abcBritish Civil Wars Project (BCWP),Essay
  21. ^Hinds (ed.), 1925,v. xxvi, pp. 267-278
  22. ^Clowes, 1897,v. 2, p. 168
  23. ^Gardiner, 1897,v. 1, pp. 133-134
  24. ^abcBCW, 2010,Essay
  25. ^Jones, 1966,pp. 48-49
  26. ^abHannay, 1886,pp. 77-78
  27. ^Gardiner, 1897,v. II, p. 117
  28. ^Lambert, 2008,p. 52
  29. ^Dixon, 1852,pp. 191-192
  30. ^abLow, 1872,p. 36
  31. ^Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 1717,pp. 459-460
  32. ^Gardiner, 1897,v. ii, pp. 118-119
  33. ^Low, 1872,pp. 36-37
  34. ^Lambert, 2008,p. 54
  35. ^Atkinson, 1898,pp. 203
  36. ^Lambert, 2008,p. 54-55
  37. ^Lambert, 2008,p. 55
  38. ^abClowes, 1897,v. 2, p. 173
  39. ^abHannay, 1886,pp. 98-100
  40. ^Lambert, 2008,p. 55
  41. ^abLambert, 2008,pp. 56-57
  42. ^abClowes, 1898,v. 2, pp. 187-189
  43. ^Jones, 1996,pp. 42, 129
  44. ^Gardiner, 1897,v. 1, pp. 346-347
  45. ^Rickard, 2009,Essay
  46. ^Clowes, 1897,v. 2, pp. 195-196
  47. ^Clowes, 1897,v. 2, p.196,

Bibliography[edit]

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