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Mac OS X Server

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Not to be confused withMac OS X.

Mac OS X Server
Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server running Server Admin on Desktop
DeveloperApple Inc.
Written inC,C++,Objective-C,andHTMLfor settings
OS family
Working stateDiscontinued on April 21, 2022
Source modelClosed-source(withopen-sourcecomponents)
Initial releaseMarch 16, 1999;25 years ago(1999-03-16)
Final release5.12[2]/ December 8, 2021(2021-12-08)
Available inEnglish, Japanese, French, German, Simplified Chinese, Dutch, Italian, Korean, Spanish, Traditional Chinese[3]
Platforms
KerneltypeHybrid(XNU) (mostlymonolithic)
Default
user interface		Aqua
LicenseCommercialproprietary software
Official websiteMac OS X Serverat theWayback Machine(archived 2020-11-09)

Mac OS X Serveris a series ofdiscontinuedUnix-like serveroperating systemsdeveloped byApple Inc.based onmacOS.It provided server functionality and system administration tools, and tools to manage both macOS-based computers andiOS-based devices,network servicessuch as amail transfer agent,AFPandSMBservers, anLDAPserver, and adomain name server,as well as server applications including aWeb server,database,andcalendarserver.[4]

Starting withOS X Lion,Apple stopped selling a standalone server operating system, instead releasing an add-on Server app marketed asOS X Server(and latermacOS Server), which was sold through theMac App Store.[3][5]The Server app lacked many features from Mac OS X Server, and later versions of the app only included functionality related to user and group management,Xsan,andmobile device managementthrough profiles. The Server app was discontinued on April 21, 2022, and Apple said that later versions of macOS would drop support for it.[2]

History

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See also:macOS version history
Box artwork for Mac OS X Server versions 10.1–10.6

Mac OS X Server is based on anopen sourcefoundation calledDarwinand uses open industry standards and protocols. Mac OS X Server was provided as the operating system forXservecomputers,rack-mountedserver computersdesigned by Apple. Also, it was optionallypre-installedon theMac MiniandMac Proand was sold separately for use on anyMacintoshcomputer meeting its minimum requirements.

Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)

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Main article:Mac OS X Server 1.0

Mac OS X Server 1.0 was released in March 1999, predating the release of the consumer version of Mac OS X by two years. Mac OS X Server 1.0 was based onRhapsody,a hybrid ofOPENSTEPfrom NeXT Computer andMac OS 8.5.1.TheGUIlooked like a mixture of Mac OS 8's Platinum appearance with OPENSTEP'sNeXT-based interface. It included a runtime layer called Blue Box for running legacy Mac OS-based applications within a separate window. There was discussion of implementing a 'transparent blue box' which would intermix Mac OS applications with those written for Rhapsody's Yellow Box environment, but this would not happen untilMac OS X's Classic environment. Apple File Services, Macintosh Manager, QuickTime Streaming Server,WebObjects,andNetBootwere included with Mac OS X Server 1.0. It could not useFireWiredevices. The last release is Mac OS X Server 1.2v3.

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah)

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Mac OS X Server 10.0 (released May 21, 2001) included the newAqua user interface,Apache,PHP,MySQL,Tomcat,WebDAVsupport, Macintosh Manager, andNetBoot.

Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma)

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Mac OS X Server 10.1 (released September 25, 2001) featured improved performance, increased system stability, and decreased file transfer times compared to Mac OS X Server 10.0. Support was added for RAID 0 and RAID 1 storage configurations, and Mac OS 9.2.1 in NetBoot.[6]

Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar)

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Mac OS X Server 10.2 (released August 23, 2002) includes updatedOpen Directoryuser and file management, which with this release is based onLDAP,beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originatedNetInfoarchitecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. The release also saw major updates toNetBootandNetInstall.Many common network services are provided such asNTP,SNMP,web server (Apache), mail server (PostfixandCyrus), LDAP (OpenLDAP),AFP,and print server. The inclusion ofSambaversion 3 allows tight integration withWindowsclients and servers.MySQLv4.0.16 andPHPv4.3.7 are also included.

Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther)

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Mac OS X Server 10.3 (released October 24, 2003) release includes updatedOpen Directoryuser and file management, which with this release is based onLDAP,beginning the deprecation of the NeXT-originatedNetInfoarchitecture. The new Workgroup Manager interface improved configuration significantly. Many common network services are provided such as NTP, SNMP, web server (Apache), mail server (PostfixandCyrus), LDAP (OpenLDAP),AFP,and print server. The inclusion ofSambaversion 3 allows tight integration withWindowsclients and servers.MySQLv4.0.16 andPHPv4.3.7 are also included.[citation needed]

Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger)

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The 10.4 release (April 29, 2005) adds64-bitapplication support,Access Control Lists,Xgrid,link aggregation,e-mail spamfiltering (SpamAssassin), virus detection (ClamAV), Gateway Setup Assistant, and servers forSoftware Update,iChat ServerusingXMPP,[7]Boot Camp Assistant, Dashboard, and Weblog Server based on the open-sourceBlojsomproject (Java).[8]

On August 10, 2006, Apple announced the firstUniversal Binaryrelease of Mac OS X Server, version 10.4.7, supporting both PowerPC and Intel processors. At the same time Apple announced the release of the Intel-basedMac ProandXservesystems.

Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard)

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Screenshot of OS X Leopard 10.5 Server.

Leopard Server (released October 26, 2007) sold for $999 for an unlimited-client license.[9]Mac OS X Server version 10.5.x ‘Leopard’ was the last major version of Mac OS X Server to supportPowerPC-based servers and workstations such as the AppleXserve G5andPower Mac G5.

Features:

Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard)

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Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server (released August 28, 2009) sold for $499 and included unlimited client licenses.[9]

New Features:

  • Full64-bitoperating system. On appropriate systems with 4 GB of RAM or more, Snow Leopard Server uses a 64-bit kernel to address up to a theoretical 16 TB of RAM.[12]
  • iCal Server2 with improvedCalDAVsupport, a new web calendaring application, push notifications and the ability to send email invitations to non-iCal users.
  • Address Book Serverprovides a central location for users to store and access personal contacts across multiple Macs and synchronized iPhones. Based on theCardDAVprotocol standard.
  • Wiki Server2, with server sideQuick Lookand the ability to view wiki content on iPhone.
  • A newMail serverengine that supports push email so users receive immediate access to new messages. However, Apple's implementation of push email is not supported for Apple's iPhone.
  • Podcast Producer 2 with dual-source video support. Also includes a new Podcast Composer application to automate the production process, making it simple to create podcasts with a customized, consistent look and feel. Podcast Composer creates a workflow to add titles, transitions and effects, save to a desired format and share to wikis, blogs,iTunes,iTunes U,Final Cut Serveror Podcast Library.
  • Mobile Access Server enables iPhone and Mac users to access secured network services, including corporate websites, online business applications, email, calendars and contacts. Without requiring additional software, Mobile Access Server acts as a reverse proxy server and provides SSL encryption and authentication between the user's iPhone or Mac and a private network.

Server app

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The Server app running on OS X Yosemite

In releasing the developer preview ofMac OS X Lionin February 2011, Apple indicated that beginning with Lion, Mac OS X Server would be bundled with the operating system and would not be marketed as a separate product.[13]However, a few months later, the company said it would instead sell the server components as aUS$49.99 add-on to Lion, distributed through theMac App Store(as well as Lion itself).[14]The combined cost of an upgrade to Lion and the purchase of the OS X Server add-on, which costs approximately US$50,[9]was nonetheless significantly lower than the retail cost of Snow Leopard Server (US$499). Lion Server came with unlimited client licenses as did Snow Leopard Server. Lion Server includes new versions ofiCal Server,Wiki Server,andMail Server.[15]More significantly, Lion Server can be used for iOS mobile device management. Starting with Apple Mac OS X Server Version 10.7 “Lion,”PostgreSQLreplacesMySQLas the database provided with Mac OS X Server, coinciding withOracle Corporation’s acquisition ofSun Microsystemsand Oracle’s subsequent attempts to tighten MySQL’s licensing restrictions and to exert influence on MySQL’s previously open and independent development model.[16]

Like Lion, Mountain Lion had no separate server edition. An OS X Server package was available for Mountain Lion from the Mac App Store for US$19.99, which included a server management application called Server, as well as other additional administrative tools to manage client profiles andXsan.[17][18]Mountain Lion Server, like Lion Server, was provided with unlimited client licenses, and once purchased could be run on an unlimited number of systems.

Server 5.7 (released September 28, 2018) stopped bundling open source services such as Calendar Server, Contacts Server, the Mail Server, DNS, DHCP, VPN Server, and Websites.[2]Included services are now limited to Profile Manager, Open Directory and Xsan.[2]

Server 5.8 (released March 25, 2019) added new restrictions, payloads, and commands to Profile Manager.

The Server app does not support versions of macOS newer than Monterey, marking the end of Mac OS X Server product line.[2]

Bundled applications

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Prior to OS X Mountain Lion

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One of Mac OS X Server's main administrative tools was the Server Administrator app, which allowed users to configure server services, and turn them on or off.

RAID Admin was a utility for administering and controllingRAIDs,usuallyXserve RAIDs.It was written in Java,[19]and could run on Windows or Linux.

Other bundled tools include:

After OS X Mountain Lion

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Beginning with the release ofOS X Mountain Lion(version 10.8), there is only one Administrative tool, an app called "Server", which can be bought and downloaded from theMac App Store,and is updated independently of OS X. This Server tool is used to configure, maintain and monitor one or more macOS Server installations.

Server services

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Apple's Address Book Server, iCal Server, Wiki Server, and Web Server are mostly written in thePythonprogramming language, relying on theTwistedframework.[20]Most[clarification needed]of these services were discontinued and removed in version 5.7.1 of the Server app, released on September 30, 2018.

Address Book Server

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Address Book Server is a contacts server, and the first commercial server to have implementedCardDAV,which relies on theWebDAVprotocol. It was added inMac OS X Server 10.6.[20]

iCal Server

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iCal Server is the first commercial calendar server to have implemented theCalDAVstandard, built on top of WebDAV. iCal Server was added inMac OS X Server 10.5,and was also released under the open-sourceApache License 2.0as Darwin Calendar Server.[20]

The server, named "caldavd",is adaemonbackground service. It has beenportedto non-Apple computer platforms. It is currently possible to install it onFreeBSDand several flavours ofLinux.The server uses an SQL database for storage of calendar data.

iChat Server

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iChat Server is an XMPP server that was added inMac OS X Server 10.4,and was upgraded to version 2 with the release of Mac OS X 10.5 Server in October 2007.[21]iChat Server was originally based on jabberd 1.4.3 and is named after Apple'siChatonline chatclient software.[22]Version 2 of the software is based onjabberd2 2.0s9and supports server federation,[23]which allows chat clients to talk directly with other systems that supportXMPP.It also supports server-based chat archiving.[24]

Wiki Server

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Wiki Server was a set of services which have shipped with all versions ofMac OS X Serversincev10.5untilmacOS High Sierra.Mac OS X Server includes web-basedWiki,Weblog,Calendaring, and Contact services. Additionally, it includes a Cocoa application called Directory which allows directory viewing as well as enabling of group services.

Server 5.7.1, the version aligned withmacOS 10.14and released on September 30, 2018, removed the Wiki Server functionality from Server.app.

Discontinuation

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On April 21, 2022, Apple announced that they have discontinued macOS Server and that the most popular features (Caching Server, File Sharing Server, and Time Machine Server) are already bundled with every copy of macOS High Sierra and later, so customers will still have access to them. Existing macOS Server customers can still download and use the app with macOS Monterey.[2]

Technical specifications

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References

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  1. ^"Mac OS X Version 10.6 on Intel-based Macintosh computers".The Open Group.RetrievedDecember 4,2014.
  2. ^abcdef"About macOS Server 5.7.1 and later".Apple.Apple.May 12, 2022.
  3. ^ab"Apple - macOS Server - Read the technical specifications".Apple Inc. Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2016.RetrievedNovember 2,2016.
  4. ^"Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - UNIX".Apple. Archived fromthe originalon June 9, 2011.RetrievedNovember 25,2012.
  5. ^"OS X Server: Admin tools compatibility information".Apple Inc. July 25, 2012.RetrievedOctober 21,2013.
  6. ^"Major Mac OS X Server v10.1 Update Now Available".Apple Newsroom.RetrievedNovember 21,2020.
  7. ^"Apple - Mac OS X Server - Collaboration Services".Archived fromthe originalon August 13, 2006.RetrievedNovember 25,2012.
  8. ^"Apple Previews Mac OS X Server" Tiger "".Apple Newsroom.June 28, 2004.RetrievedMay 31,2022.
  9. ^abcIn depth with Lion OS X Server– Anandtech, August 2, 2011
  10. ^"10.5: Enable full RADIUS support on OS X Server".Mac OS X Hints.Archived fromthe originalon September 18, 2009.
  11. ^David (August 7, 2006),"Ruby on Rails will ship with OS X 10.5 (Leopard)",RubyOnRails.org
  12. ^"Apple - Mac OS X Server Snow Leopard - 64-bit Computing".Archived fromthe originalon June 8, 2011.RetrievedAugust 26,2009.
  13. ^"Apple Releases Developer Preview of Mac OS X Lion"(Press release). Apple. February 24, 2011.RetrievedMarch 14,2018.
  14. ^"Mac OS X Lion With 250 New Features Available in July From Mac App Store"(Press release). Apple. June 6, 2011.RetrievedMarch 14,2018.
  15. ^Apple Inc.(November 15, 2011)."OS X Lion Server - Technical Specifications".RetrievedNovember 25,2012.
  16. ^Pearce, Rohan (March 28, 2013)."Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB".Computerworld.au.Computerworld.RetrievedOctober 7,2020.
  17. ^"OS X Server"(PDF).Apple Inc. June 2012.Archived(PDF)from the original on June 19, 2012.RetrievedJuly 31,2012.
  18. ^Andrew Cunningham (July 29, 2012)."Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server".Ars Technica.RetrievedJuly 31,2012.
  19. ^"Apple Unveils New Xserve RAID Storage System"(Press release). Apple. January 6, 2004.
  20. ^abcDilger, Daniel Eran (November 2009).Snow Leopard Server.Wiley.ISBN9780470521311.
  21. ^Leopard features
  22. ^jabberd14 copyright and version number from source
  23. ^jabberd2 copyright and version number from source
  24. ^Inside Apple's Leopard Server OSonInformationWeek,March 27, 2007.
  25. ^Schellworth, Ph."osx:ipfailover".Archived fromthe originalon March 11, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 11,2014.
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