Madog ap Llywelyn
Madog ap Llywelyn | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Died | after 1312 |
| Wars and battles | Welsh revolt of 1294–95 |
| Family | House of Aberffraw |
| Father | Llywelyn ap Maredudd,Lord of Meirionydd |
Madog ap Llywelyn(died after 1312) was theleaderof theWelsh revolt of 1294–95againstEnglish rule in Wales.The revolt was surpassed in longevity only by the revolt ofOwain Glyndŵrin the 15th century. Madog belonged to a junior branch of theHouse of Aberffrawand was a distant relation ofLlywelyn ap Gruffudd,the last recognised native Prince of Wales. During his revolt, Madog issued a land grant in which he used the title "Prince of Wales".
Lineage[edit]
Madog was the son ofLlywelyn ap Maredudd,the last vassal Lord ofMeirionyddwho had been deprived of his patrimony in 1256 for opposing the futurePrince of Wales,Llywelyn ap Gruffudd,at theBattle of Bryn Derwin.Llywelyn ap Maredudd had gone into exile in England where he received a pension from the English crown, until June 1262 when he reconciled withLlywelyn ap Gruffudd.He died in a skirmish fighting for the Welsh in April 1263.[1]His eldest son, Madog, who may have been born in exile, is known to have received substantial monetary gifts from KingEdward I of Englandin 1277, and used this money to sue the Prince of Wales in 1278 in an attempt to have his father'scantrefof Meirionydd returned to him. It appears that Madog returned to Gwynedd after the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282, and received lands from the King of England inAnglesey.[2]
Revolt against King Edward I[edit]
On Michaelmas (29 September) 1294, Madog put himself at the head of a national revolt in response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales and the imposition of taxes such as that levied on one fifteenth of all movables.[3]Although there is no evidence that the aim of the rebellion was the re-establishment of the former principality of Wales, he did, inone land grantissued during the rebellion, use the title "prince of Wales".[4]The uprising had been planned for months and attacks occurred on the same day across Wales. While Madog acted in the north the attacks in mid and south Wales were led byCynan ap Maredudd,Maelgwn ap Rhys,andMorgan ap MareduddofGwynllwginGlamorgan.The rebel leaders hoped that by the end of September King Edward and most of his forces would be in France on a planned campaign. However, due to bad weather Edward's army had not yet sailed and he quickly cancelled the French campaign to deal with the Welsh uprising.[5]
Edward's fortresses attacked[edit]
Caernarfonwas overrun by Madog's forces and the castle occupied, as were the castles atCastell y Bere(subsequently burnt),Hawarden,Ruthin,andDenbigh.Criccieth Castlewas besieged by Madog's forces for several months, as wasHarlech.Morlais castle was captured under the aegis of Morgan in the south, andCynan ap Mareduddbesieged the castle atBuilthfor a period of six weeks. Half the town ofCaerphillywas burnt—although the castle itself held out—and, further south,Kenfig Castlewas sacked.
In north Wales, attempts were made by many English landowners to retrieve the situation. The lord of Denbigh,Henry de Lacyled a march to Denbigh after the castle there was besieged; however, he was ambushed outside the town on 11 November, and in the ensuing battle his force was routed by the rebels.[6]In north-east Wales, Reginald de Grey was more successful, stationing substantial garrisons atFlintandRhuddlan—neither castle fell to the rebels, though Flint was subjected to a lengthy siege. Many other castles across Wales were besieged and several towns burnt.
In December 1294 King Edward led an army into north Wales to quell the revolt, stopping atWrexham,Denbigh,Abergele,and elsewhere on his way toConwy Castle,which he reached shortly before Christmas. His campaign was timely, for several castles remained in serious danger—HarlechCastle was defended at one point by just 37 men. Edward himself was ambushed and retreated toConwy Castle,losing his baggage train. The town of Conwy was burnt down and Edward besieged until he was relieved by his navy in 1295.[7]
Battle of Maes Moydog and defeat[edit]
The crucial battle between Madog's men and those of the English crown occurred at thebattle of Maes MoydoginPowyson 5 March 1295. Surprised by an army led by theEarl of Warwick,the Welsh army regained their composure and successfully defended against an English cavalry charge by using the "porcupine" pike men formation, orschiltron,a formation favoured by the Scots armies against English knights. However, arrows from English archers inflicted heavy losses, and in a pursuit of the Welsh from the battlefield, many Welsh soldiers drowned trying to cross a swollen river.[8]
Madog barely escaped from this episode with his life and was a fugitive until his capture by Ynyr Fychan ofNannauand hand over toJohn de HaveringinSnowdoniain late July or early August 1295.[9]He was subsequently taken to London, where he seems to have been kept in captivity for the rest of his life; he was still alive in 1312. He was survived by his sons.
The revolt of 1294–95 elicited a harsh response from Edward I in the form of humiliating and punitive ordinances further restricting the civil rights and economic and social opportunities of the Welsh. However, it was not long beforeLlywelyn Bren,Lord ofSenghenydd,led a second rebellion, aided by some of the more prominentMarcher Lordsin 1316.
Issue and succession[edit]
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(April 2020) |
Madog was not the last of the House of Gwynedd; two sons survived him. Additionally, the children of Rhodri ap Gruffudd, a brother of Llywelyn the Last's, survived in exile. A grandson of Rhodri's, Owain ap Thomas, orOwain Lawgoch,later proclaimed himself Prince of Wales. The sons ofDafydd Goch's may also have laid claim to the title, although illegitimately.
Madog ap Llywelyn is known to have had the following children:
- Maredudd ap Madoc ap Llywelyn(died c. 1334)
- Hywel ap Madoc ap Llywelyn(died c. 1352) who had descendants who got confused on who Madog was and claimed he was an unknown son of Llywelyn the Last as per P.C. Bartrums Welsh genealogies.
In popular culture[edit]
The plot ofThe Bastard Executionerpartially involves the fallout from the real-life Welsh revolt of 1294–95 against English rule, led by Madog ap Llywelyn.[10][11]
The historical romanceThe Welsh Lord's Convenient Brideis set against the background of Madog's Rising in 1294-95, and involves the marriage of Rhun, a Welsh Marcher lord, to Eleanor, daughter of an English knight. Madog ap Llywelyn andCynan ap Mareduddfeature as characters. Rhun fights at the battle of Maes Moydog.[12]
The revolt features in the 2010 historical novelInsurrectionbyRobyn Youngand in the 2013 young adult novelThe Wicked and the JustbyJ. Anderson Coats.
References[edit]
- ^Smith 1998 p.155
- ^Griffiths 1955 p. 14.
- ^Griffiths 1955 p.13
- ^Carr, Antony D. (2017).The Gentry of North Wales in the Later Middle Ages.University of Wales Press. p. 108.ISBN9781786831361.
- ^Evans 1992 p. 240
- ^Jones 2008 p.93
- ^Griffiths 1955 p.17
- ^Jones 2008 p.166
- ^Jones 2008 p.189
- ^Goldberg, Lesley (24 February 2015)."FX's 'The Bastard Executioner' Cast Includes Kurt Sutter, Katey Sagal, Stephen Moyer".The Hollywood Reporter.
- ^Rosenfeld, Laura Rosenfeld (14 September 2015)."The History Behind 'The Bastard Executioner' Is As Complex As Kurt Sutter's New Show".Tech Times.
- ^Morgan, Lissa (22 May 2022).The Welsh Lord's Convenient Bride.Mills & Boon Historical.ISBN9780008919825.
Bibliography[edit]
- Evans, Gywnfor(1992).Land of my Fathers.Y Lolfa.
- Griffiths, John (1955). "The Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn, 1294–5".Transactions of the Caernarfonshire Historical Society.16:12–24.
- Jones, Craig Owen (2008).Compact History of Welsh Heroes: The Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn.Gwalch.
- Lloyd, John Edward(1911).A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest.Longmans, Green & Co.
- "Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294".Dictionary of Welsh Biography.National Library of Wales.
- Smith, J. Beverley (1998).Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Tywysog Cymru.