Maktar

Maktar مكثر
Town
Maktar Location in Tunisia
Coordinates:35°51′38″N9°12′21″E
Country	Tunisia
Governorate	Siliana Governorate
Government
• Mayor	Chedli Louati(Civil Union)
Population (2014)
• Total	13,576
Time zone	UTC1(CET)

MaktarorMakthar(Arabic:مكثر), also known byother namesduringantiquity,is a town and archaeological site inSiliana Governorate,Tunisia.

Maktar was founded by theBerberNumidiansas a defense post againstCarthaginian expansion.At the end of theThird Punic War,it was settled by manyPunicrefugees after theRomans' destruction ofCarthagein 146BC. Under Roman rule, it obtained the status of a free city underJulius Caesarin 46BC and became aRoman colonyin AD146. It formed part of theprovinceofByzacenaand was the seat of a Christian bishop. Under the Romans andByzantines,it reversed its earlier role to serve as a defense post against local Berber attacks. The town survived theMuslim invasionsbut was destroyed by theBanu Hilaltribe in the 11thcentury before being reëstablished. The present town had a population of 13,576 in 2014.

Name

The Carthaginians recorded the town's name variously asmktrm(Punic:𐤌𐤊𐤕𐤓‬𐤌),mktrʿm(Punic:𐤌𐤊𐤕𐤓𐤏‬𐤌), andmktʿrym(Punic:𐤌𐤊𐤕𐤏𐤓‬𐤉𐤌).The Romanslatinizedthe name asMactaris,which became Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactarisupon its elevation to colony status. This name was laterarabizedas Maktar.

Geography

It is located around 140 km (87 mi) southwest ofTunisand 60 km (37 mi) southeast ofEl Kef.The modern town lies on aplateauat around 900 m (2,953 ft) above sea level. It sits on the other side of aravinefrom the Roman ruins and is known for its scenic views. The town has acontinental climate,with cold winters and warm summers and occasional snowfall during the months of January and February.

History

Maktar in theAtlas archéologique de la Tunisie

Plan of Maktar

In the 3rd century BC the Numidians built a strategic fortress at the site, chosen to control trade routes betweenSbeitla,Kairouan,andEl Kef.The establishment grew rapidly, and underMasinissadeveloped into a major center ofNumidia.After thefall of Carthagein 146BC, manyPunicrefugees flocked to Maktar, bringing their culture and skills. Buildings, civic organization, and language were strongly influenced by the Carthaginians.

Roman occupation at first retained the Punic government and administration through the consular-style magistracy of thesufetes,while Roman immigrants largely remained in a separatecommunity(pagus). Mactaris grew into one of the richest cities inthe provinceas a transit point for grain,oil,livestock, and textiles betweenCarthage,Sufetula,Thugga,andTebessa.UnderTrajan(97–117), the city wasromanized.The city received a uniform Roman constitution andcolonystatus, whereby all residents were automatically givenRoman citizenship.

The troubles of the third century, which ushered in the decline of the Roman Empire, also affected Maktar. The decline was halted awhile underDiocletian(284–305). In late antiquity the Mactaris diocese of the Roman Church was founded, and Christianization of the city could be seen in the construction of numerous churches. The city was mentioned in the 5th-centuryNotitia provinciarum et civitatum Africaeand thePeutinger Map.Maktar survived the invasion of theVandalsand became an importantByzantinefortress.

Maktar survived theMuslim invasions,but the devastating raid of theBeni Hilalin 1050 led to the complete destruction and abandonment of the site.

Archaeology

One of theMaktar inscriptions- the Punic language "grand dedicatory inscription"

Numerous inscriptions are recorded through the ruins.French archaeological excavations began in 1914, and were continued from 1944 on a large scale. Although not fully excavated, the ruins unearthed so far, especially of the thermal baths and the Schola of the Juvenes, mark this as one of the most remarkable ancient sites in Tunisia.

Pre-Roman structures

The site has several megaliths, large slabs evidently used in the burial of ashen remains. Excavations by Mansour Ghaki of an intact burial chamber uncovered many ceramics of various origins, both local and imported, dating from the early third century BC.

The site includes an example of Punic mausoleum pyramid, similar to the mausoleum of Atban atDougga(Thugga). In addition, archaeologists have unearthed a Numidian-period public square that is thought to be the religious center of the city due to the presence of temples, which later housed a temple to Augustus and Rome.

The temple of Hathor Miskar is well known because of the extensive excavations that were carried out there, even if the remains are poorly preserved. At the center of the sanctuary, archaeologists have found an altar dated to about 100BC.

The Tunisian government included the site inits proposalof 2012 to add various pre-Islamic monuments to the Unesco World Heritage List.

Trajan Forum

This rectangular paved gathering place was designed ca 116 AD under Trajan as a forum for the Roman population when Roman citizenship was granted to members of the local elite.(The indigenous population had its own forum 50m to the southwest.) The space was surrounded by a portico, and the south side is still dominated by the majestic and well-preserved Arch of Trajan.

Large baths

The Great Baths are among the best preserved of their kind in North Africa. The walls of thefrigidariumrise to 15 m. The building was constructed around the year 200 AD and is decorated with oriental foliage on the capitals and with a beautiful mosaic floor.

Scholia Juvenum

Built around the year 200, this building complex was the meeting place of the "youth organization" or Brotherhood, a kind of militia of young men, whose duties included policing and especially tax collection. The organization in Maktar consisted of about 70 members, and as in other Roman provincial cities it temporarily played an important role. Membership in the strictly managed organization was a prerequisite for higher military service. The curriculum of the school included paramilitary exercises and sports, but also subjects such as finance, politics, and culture. The Brotherhood became increasingly influential over time, as rich citizens of provincial cities used it to resist the authority of the central government. In the year 238 the Emperor Gordian I himself joined the organization. Emperor Diocletian restored the school. In the Christian era the original building, called the Basilica, was used as a church, using a Punic sarcophagus from the adjacent necropolis as an altar.

• 
  Arch ofTrajan
• 
  Forum and Arch of Trajan
• 
  Amphitheatre
• 
  Thermal baths
• 
  Schola Juvenum
• 
  Basilica of Rutilius
• 
  Basilica

Bishopric

Although the Roman diocese effectively ceased operating with the arrival of the Islamic armies, the see remains atitular seeof the Roman Catholic Church, and there have been 20titular bishopssince 1514.The current bishop isPedro Dulay Arigo

Six bishops are known from antiquity,including:

• Marcus of Mactarisfl 325.
• Comparitor fl.411 (Donatist)
• Adelfius fl.484 (Catholic)
• Germanus
• Rutilius
• Victor 6th century

Culture

Each year, the city hosts a festival called the "Maktaris Festival," which boosts the economy of the region.

References

Bibliography

• Ghaki, Mansour (2015),"Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique"(PDF),La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi,Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71,ISBN978-88-6719-125-3,ISSN2283-5636.(in French)

External links

• Lexicorient
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Mactaris".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.