Marathon
Athletics Marathon | |
---|---|
![]() Competitors during the 2013Athens Classic Authentic Marathon | |
World records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
Olympic records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
World Championship records | |
Men | ![]() |
Women | ![]() |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Aerial_view_of_the_kigali_peace_marathon.jpg/300px-Aerial_view_of_the_kigali_peace_marathon.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Participant_of_the_2016_Boston_Marathon_%2C_April_2016.jpg/300px-Participant_of_the_2016_Boston_Marathon_%2C_April_2016.jpg)
Themarathon(fromGreekΜαραθώνιος) is a long-distance foot race with a distance of 42.195 km (c.26 mi 385 yd),[1]usually run as aroad race,but the distance can be covered on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy. There are alsowheelchairdivisions. More than 800 marathons are held worldwide each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.[2]
A creation of the FrenchphilologistMichel Bréal,the marathon was one of the original modernOlympicevents in 1896. The distance did not become standardized until 1921. The distance is also included in theWorld Athletics Championships,which began in 1983. It is the only running road race included in both championship competitions (walking races on the roads are also contested in both).
History
[edit]Origin
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Phidippides.jpg/220px-Phidippides.jpg)
The nameMarathoncomes from the legend ofPheidippides,the Greek messenger. The legend states that, while he was taking part in theBattle of Marathon,which took place in August or September 490 BC,[3]he witnessed a Persian vessel changing its course towardsAthensas the battle was near a victorious end for the Greek army. He interpreted this as an attempt by the defeatedPersiansto rush into the city to claim a false victory or simply raid,[4]hence claiming their authority over Greek land. It was said that he ran the entire distance to Athens without stopping, discarding his weapons and even clothes to lose as much weight as possible, and burst into theassembly,exclaiming "we have won!", before collapsing and dying.[5]
The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appeared inPlutarch'sOn the Glory of Athensin the first century AD, which quoted fromHeraclides Ponticus's lost work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles.[6]This was the account adopted byBenjamin Haydonfor his paintingEucles Announcing the Victory of Marathon,published as an engraving in 1836 with a poetical illustration byLetitia Elizabeth Landon.[7]SatiristLucian of Samosatagave one of the earliest accounts similar to the modern version of the story, but its historical veracity is disputed based on its tongue-in-cheek writing and the runner being referred to as Philippides and not Pheidippides.[8][9]
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend.[10][11]The Greek historianHerodotus,the main source for theGreco-Persian Wars,mentioned Philippides as the messenger who ran fromAthenstoSpartaasking for help, and then ran back, a distance of over 240 kilometres (150 mi) each way.[12]In some Herodotus manuscripts, the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to Athens and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having fought and won the grueling battle and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day.[13]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
In 1879,Robert Browningwrote the poemPheidippides.Browning's poem, his composite story, became part of late 19th-century popular culture and was accepted as a historical legend.[14]
Mount Pentelicusstands between Marathon and Athens, which means that Philippides would have had to run around the mountain, either to the north or to the south. The latter and more obvious route is followed by the modern Marathon-Athens highway (EO83–EO54), which follows the lay of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and along the coast, then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern approach to Athens, between the foothills of MountsHymettusandPenteli,and then gently downhill to Athens proper. As it existed when the Olympics were revived in 1896, this route was approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) long. It was the approximate distance originally used for marathon races. However, there have been suggestions that Philippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and northern slopes of Mount Penteli to thepass of Dionysos,and then a straight southward downhill path to Athens. This route is slightly shorter, 35 kilometres (22 mi), but includes a very steep climb over the first 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).
Modern Olympic marathon
[edit]When the modern Olympicsbegan in 1896,the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event, recalling the glory ofancient Greece.The idea of a marathon race came fromMichel Bréal,who wanted the event to feature in thefirst modern Olympic Gamesin 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported byPierre de Coubertin,the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by theGreeks.[15]A selection race for the Olympic marathon was held on 22 March 1896 (Gregorian)[a]that was won byCharilaos Vasilakosin 3 hours and 18 minutes.[16]The winner of thefirst Olympic marathon,on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), wasSpyridon Louis,a Greek water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds.[17]Themarathon of the 2004 Summer Olympicswas run on the traditional route fromMarathontoAthens,ending atPanathinaiko Stadium,the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. That men's marathon was won by ItalianStefano Baldiniin 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds, a record time for this route until the non-OlympicsAthens Classic Marathonof 2014 when Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg/220px-1896_Olympic_marathon.jpg)
The women's marathon was introduced at the1984 Summer Olympics(Los Angeles, US) and was won byJoan Benoitof the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes and 52 seconds.[20]
It has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the athletics calendar, on the final day of the Olympics.[21]For many years the race finished inside the Olympic stadium; however, at the2012 Summer Olympics(London), the start and finish were onThe Mall,[22]and at the2016 Summer Olympics(Rio de Janeiro), the start and finish were in theSambódromo,the parade area that serves as a spectator mall forCarnival.[23]
Often, the men's marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony (including the2004 games,2012 games,2016 gamesand2020 games).
The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the2008 Summer OlympicsbySamuel Kamau Wanjiruof Kenya.[24]The Olympic women's record is 2:23:07, set at the2012 Summer OlympicsbyTiki Gelanaof Ethiopia.[25]Per capita, theKalenjin ethnic groupofRift Valley ProvinceinKenyahas produced a highly disproportionate share of marathon and track-and-field winners.[26]
Marathon mania in the US
[edit]TheBoston Marathonbegan on 19 April 1897 and was inspired by the success of the first marathon competition in the1896 Summer Olympics.It is the world's oldest annual marathon and ranks as one of the world's most prestigious road racing events. Its course runs fromHopkintonin southern Middlesex County toCopley Squarein Boston.Johnny Hayes' victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics also contributed to the early growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States.[27][28]Later that year, races around theholiday seasonincluding the Empire City Marathon held on New Year's Day 1909 inYonkers,New York, marked the early running craze referred to as "marathon mania".[29]Following the 1908 Olympics, the first five amateur marathons in New York City were held on days that held special meanings:Thanksgiving Day,the day after Christmas, New Year's Day,Washington's Birthday,andLincoln's Birthday.[30]
Frank Shorter's victory in themarathon at the 1972 Summer Olympicswould spurnational enthusiasm for the sportmore intensely than that which followed Hayes' win 64 years earlier.[28]In 2014, an estimated 550,600 runners completed a marathon within the United States.[31]This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980. Today, marathons are held all around the world on a nearly weekly basis.[32]
Inclusion of women
[edit]For a long time after the Olympic marathon started, there were no long-distance races, such as the marathon, for women. Although a few women, such asStamata Revithiin 1896, had run the marathon distance, they were not included in any official results.[33][34]Marie-Louise Ledruhas been credited as the first woman to complete a marathon, in 1918.[35][36][37]Violet Piercyhas been credited as the first woman to be officially timed in a marathon, in 1926.[33]
Arlene Pieperbecame the first woman to officially finish a marathon in the United States when she completed thePikes Peak Marathonin Manitou Springs, Colorado, in 1959.[38][39]Kathrine Switzerwas the first woman to run theBoston Marathon"officially" (with a number), in 1967.[40]However, Switzer's entry, which was accepted through an "oversight" in the screening process, was in "flagrant violation of the rules", and she was treated as an interloper once the error was discovered.[41]Bobbi Gibbhad completed the Boston race unofficially the previous year (1966),[42]and was later recognized by therace organizersas thewomen's winner for that year, as well as 1967 and 1968.[43]
Distance
[edit]Year | Distance (km) |
Distance (miles) |
---|---|---|
1896 | 40 | 24.85 |
1900 | 40.26 | 25.02 |
1904 | 40 | 24.85 |
1906 | 41.86 | 26.01 |
1908 | 42.195 | 26.22 |
1912 | 40.2 | 24.98 |
1920 | 42.75 | 26.56 |
1924 onward | 42.195 | 26.22 |
The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first. Still, the marathon races in the first few Olympic Games were about 40 kilometres (25 mi),[44]roughly the distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer, flatter route. The exact length depended on the route established for each venue.
1908 Olympics
[edit]TheInternational Olympic Committeeagreed in 1907 that the distance for the 1908 London Olympic marathon would be about 25 miles or 40 kilometers. The organizers decided on a course of 26 miles from the start atWindsor Castleto the royal entrance to theWhite City Stadium,followed by a lap (586 yards 2 feet; 536 m) of the track, finishing in front of the Royal Box.[45][46]The course was later altered to use a different entrance to the stadium, followed by a partial lap of 385 yards to the same finish.
The modern 42.195 km (26.219 mi) standard distance for the marathon was set by theInternational Amateur Athletic Federation(IAAF) in May 1921[47][48][49][50]directly from the length used at the1908 Summer Olympicsin London.
IAAF and world records
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Samuel_Wanjiru_at_2008_Summer_Olympics.jpg/220px-Samuel_Wanjiru_at_2008_Summer_Olympics.jpg)
An official IAAF marathon course is 42.195 km (42 m tolerance only in excess).[51]Course officials add ashort course prevention factorof up to one meter per kilometer to their measurements to reduce the risk of a measuring error producing a length below the minimum distance.
For events governed by IAAF rules, the route must be marked so that all competitors can see the distance covered in kilometers.[1]The rules do not mention the use of miles. The IAAF will only recognizeworld recordsestablished at events run under IAAF rules. For major events, it is customary to publish competitors' timings at the midway mark and also at 5 km splits; marathon runners can be credited with world records for lesser distances recognized by the IAAF (such as 20 km, 30 km and so on) if such records are established while the runner is running a marathon, and completes the marathon course.[52]
Marathon races
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marathon_Barcelona_Catalunya_2007.jpg/170px-Marathon_Barcelona_Catalunya_2007.jpg)
Annually, more than 800 marathons are organized worldwide.[53]Some of these belong to theAssociation of International Marathons and Distance Races(AIMS) which has grown since its foundation in 1982 to embrace over 300 member events in 83 countries and territories.[54]The marathons ofBerlin,Boston,Chicago,London,New York CityandTokyoform thebiennialWorld Marathon Majorsseries, awarding $500,000 annually to the best overall male and female performers in the series.
In 2006, the editors ofRunner's Worldselected a "World's Top 10 Marathons",[55]in which theAmsterdam,Honolulu,Paris,Rotterdam,andStockholmmarathons were featured along with the five original World Marathon Majors events (excluding Tokyo). Other notable large marathons include United StatesMarine Corps Marathon,Los Angeles,andRome.The Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon, inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held every year since 1897 to celebratePatriots' Day,a holiday marking the beginning of theAmerican Revolution,thereby purposely linkingAthenianand American struggle for democracy.[56]The oldest annual marathon in Europe is theKošice Peace Marathon,held since 1924 inKošice,Slovakia. The historicPolytechnic Marathonwas discontinued in 1996. TheAthens Classic Marathontraces the route of the 1896 Olympic course, starting inMarathonon the eastern coast of Attica, site of theBattle of Marathonof 490 BC, and ending at thePanathenaic StadiuminAthens.[57]
TheMidnight Sun Marathonis held inTromsø,Norwayat70 degrees north.Using unofficial and temporary courses measured by GPS, races of marathon distance are now held at theNorth Pole,inAntarctica,and over desert terrain. Other unusual marathons include theGreat Wall Marathonon TheGreat Wall of China,theBig Five Marathonamong the safari wildlife of South Africa, theGreat Tibetan Marathon– a marathon in an atmosphere ofTibetan Buddhismat an altitude of 3,500 metres (11,500 ft), and thePolar Circle Marathonon the permanent ice cap ofGreenland.
A few marathons cross international and geographical borders. TheIstanbul Marathonis the only marathon where participants run over two continents (Europe and Asia) during a single event.[b]In theDetroit Free Press Marathon,participants cross the US/Canada border twice.[59]TheNiagara Falls International Marathonincludes one international border crossing, via thePeace BridgefromBuffalo,New York, United States toFort Erie,Ontario, Canada. In theThree Countries Marathon ,participants run through Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[60]
On 20 March 2018, an indoor Marathon occurred in the Armory in New York City. The 200 m track saw a world record in the women's and men's field. Lindsey Scherf (USA) set the indoor women's world record with 2:40:55. Malcolm Richards (USA) won in 2:19:01 with a male indoor world record.[61]
Wheelchair division
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Boston_Marathon_2009.jpg/220px-Boston_Marathon_2009.jpg)
Many marathons feature a wheelchair division. Typically, those in thewheelchair racingdivision start their races earlier than their running counterparts.
The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, and it was won by Bob Hall at 2:54.[62][63]Hall competed in the 1975Boston Marathonand finished in 2:58, inaugurating the introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon.[64][65]From 1977 the race was declared the US National Wheelchair championship.[66]The Boston Marathon awards $10,000 to the winning push-rim athlete.[67]Ernst van Dykhas won the Boston Marathon wheelchair division ten times and holds the world record at 1:18:27, set in Boston in 2004.[68]Jean Driscollwon eight times (seven consecutively) and holds the women's world record at 1:34:22.[69]
TheNew York City Marathonbanned wheelchair entrants in 1977, citing safety concerns, but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause.[70][71]The Division ruled in 1979 that the New York City Marathon andNew York Road Runnersclub had to allow wheelchair athletes to compete, and confirmed this at appeal in 1980,[72]but theNew York Supreme Courtruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the marathon was historically a foot race.[73]However, by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were competing,[74]and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.[67]
Some of the quickest people to complete a wheel-chair marathon include Thomas Geierpichler (Austria), who won gold in the men's T52-class marathon (no lower limb function) in 1 hr 49 min 7 sec in Beijing, China, on 17 September 2008; and,Heinz Frei(Switzerland) who won the men's T54 marathon (for racers with spinal cord injuries) in a time of 1 hr 20 min and 14 sec in Oita, Japan, 31 October 1999.[75]
Statistics
[edit]World records and world's best
[edit]World recordswere not officially recognized by the IAAF, now known asWorld Athletics,until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the marathon were referred to as the 'world best'. Courses must conform to World Athletics standards for a record to be recognized. However, marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation, course, and surface, making exact comparisons impossible. Typically, the fastest times are set over relatively flat courses near sea level, during good weather conditions and with the assistance ofpacesetters.[76]
The current world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours and 35 seconds, set in theChicago Marathonby the lateKelvin KiptumofKenyaon 8 October 2023.
The world record for women was set byTigst Assefaof Ethiopia in theBerlin Marathonon 24 September 2023, in 2 hours 11 minutes and 53 seconds. This broke the previous record set byBrigid Kosgeiof Kenya in theChicago Marathonon 13 October 2019, in 2 hours 14 minutes and 4 seconds which broke the recordPaula Radcliffeof Great Britain had set over 16 years earlier at theLondon Marathon.
All-time top 25
[edit]Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25marathon timesand the top 25athletes: |
- denotes top performance for an athlete in the top 25marathon times |
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25marathon times,by a repeat athlete |
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25athleteswho fall outside the top 25marathon times |
The data iscorrect as of 22 April 2024[update].[77][78][79][80]
Men
[edit]Ath.# | Perf.# | Time | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 2:00:35 | Kelvin Kiptum | ![]() |
8 October 2023 | Chicago | [81] |
2 | 2 | 2:01:09 | Eliud Kipchoge | ![]() |
25 September 2022 | Berlin | [82] |
3 | 2:01:25 | Kiptum #2 | 23 April 2023 | London | |||
4 | 2:01:39 | Kipchoge #2 | 16 September 2018 | Berlin | |||
3 | 5 | 2:01:41 | Kenenisa Bekele | ![]() |
29 September 2019 | Berlin | [83] |
4 | 6 | 2:01:48 | Sisay Lemma | ![]() |
3 December 2023 | Valencia | [84] |
7 | 2:01:53 | Kiptum #3 | 4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] | ||
5 | 8 | 2:02:16 | Benson Kipruto | ![]() |
3 March 2024 | Tokyo | [86] |
9 | 2:02:37 | Kipchoge #3 | 28 April 2019 | London | [87] | ||
10 | 2:02:40 | Kipchoge #4 | 6 March 2022 | Tokyo | [88] | ||
11 | 2:02:42 | Kipchoge #5 | 24 September 2023 | Berlin | [89] | ||
6 | 12 | 2:02:48 | Birhanu Legese | ![]() |
29 September 2019 | Berlin | [83] |
7 | 13 | 2:02:55 | Mosinet Geremew | ![]() |
28 April 2019 | London | [87] |
Timothy Kiplagat | ![]() |
3 March 2024 | Tokyo | [86] | |||
9 | 15 | 2:02:57 | Dennis Kipruto Kimetto | ![]() |
28 September 2014 | Berlin | [90] |
10 | 16 | 2:03:00 | Evans Chebet | ![]() |
6 December 2020 | Valencia | [91] |
Gabriel Geay | ![]() |
4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] | |||
18 | 2:03:03 | Bekele #2 | 25 September 2016 | Berlin | [92] | ||
12 | 19 | 2:03:04 | Lawrence Cherono | ![]() |
6 December 2020 | Valencia | [91] |
20 | 2:03:05 | Kipchoge #6 | 24 April 2016 | London | |||
13 | 21 | 2:03:11 | Alexander Mutiso | ![]() |
3 December 2023 | Valencia | [84] |
14 | 22 | 2:03:13 | Emmanuel Kipchirchir Mutai | ![]() |
28 September 2014 | Berlin | [90] |
Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich | ![]() |
25 September 2016 | Berlin | [92] | |||
Amos Kipruto | ![]() |
6 March 2022 | Tokyo | [88] | |||
Vincent Kipkemoi | ![]() |
24 September 2023 | Berlin | [89] | |||
18 | 2:03:16 | Mule Wasihun | ![]() |
28 April 2019 | London | [87] | |
19 | 2:03:24 | Tadese Takele | ![]() |
24 September 2023 | Berlin | [89] | |
20 | 2:03:27 | Deresa Geleta | ![]() |
18 February 2024 | Seville | [93] | |
21 | 2:03:34 | Getaneh Molla | ![]() |
25 January 2019 | Dubai | [94] | |
22 | 2:03:36 | Bashir Abdi | ![]() |
24 October 2021 | Rotterdam | [95] | |
23 | 2:03:38 | Patrick Makau Musyoki | ![]() |
25 September 2011 | Berlin | [96] | |
24 | 2:03:39 | Tamirat Tola | ![]() |
17 October 2021 | Amsterdam | [97] | |
25 | 2:03:40 | Herpasa Negasa | ![]() |
25 January 2019 | Dubai | [94] |
Notes
- Eliud Kipchoge(Kenya) ran a time of 1:59:40.2 at theIneos 1:59 Challengein Vienna on 12 October 2019. This event was run with no other competitors and with the assistance of fuel and hydration on demand and in-out pacemakers. Therefore, the attempt was not eligible for official ratification.[98]This was faster than his previous assisted run of 2:00:25 at theNikeBreaking2in Monza on 6 May 2017, which was also ineligible.[99]
- Titus Ekiru(Kenya) ran a time of 2:02:57 at theMilano City Marathonon 16 May 2021,[100]but was later disqualified due to doping violations.
- Geoffrey Mutai(Kenya) ran a time of 2:03:02 at theBoston Marathonon 18 April 2011 that was run on an assisted course (in the case of Boston, a point-to-point, net downhill course in excess of the standards) and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28
- Moses Mosop(Kenya) ran a time of 2:03:06 at the Boston Marathon on 18 April 2011 that was run on an assisted course and is therefore ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28
Women
[edit]Ath.# | Perf.# | Time | Athlete | Nation | Date | Place | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 2:11:53 | Tigist Assefa | ![]() |
24 September 2023 | Berlin | [89] |
2 | 2 | 2:13:44 | Sifan Hassan | ![]() |
8 October 2023 | Chicago | [81] |
3 | 3 | 2:14:04 | Brigid Kosgei | ![]() |
13 October 2019 | Chicago | [101] |
4 | 4 | 2:14:18 | Ruth Chepng'etich | ![]() |
9 October 2022 | Chicago | [102] |
5 | 5 | 2:14:58 | Amane Beriso Shankule | ![]() |
4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] |
6 | 6 | 2:15:25 | Paula Radcliffe | ![]() |
13 April 2003 | London | [103] |
7 | 2:15:37 | Assefa #2 | 25 September 2022 | Berlin | [104][105] | ||
Chepng'etich #2 | 8 October 2023 | Chicago | [81] | ||||
7 | 9 | 2:15:51 | Worknesh Degefa | ![]() |
3 December 2023 | Valencia | [84] |
8 | 10 | 2:15:55 | Sutume Asefa Kebede | ![]() |
3 March 2024 | Tokyo | [86] |
11 | 2:16:02 | Kosgei #2 | 6 March 2022 | Tokyo | |||
9 | 12 | 2:16:07 | Tigist Ketema | ![]() |
7 January 2024 | Dubai | [106] |
10 | 13 | 2:16:14 | Rosemary Wanjiru | ![]() |
3 March 2024 | Tokyo | [107] |
11 | 14 | 2:16:16Wo | Peres Jepchirchir | ![]() |
21 April 2024 | London | [108] |
12 | 15 | 2:16:22 | Almaz Ayana | ![]() |
3 December 2023 | Valencia | [84] |
16 | 2:16:23Wo | Assefa #3 | 21 April 2024 | London | [108] | ||
13 | 17 | 2:16:24Wo | Joyciline Jepkosgei | ![]() |
21 April 2024 | London | [108] |
18 | 2:16:28 | Wanjiru #2 | 5 March 2023 | Tokyo | [109] | ||
14 | 19 | 2:16:34Wo | Alemu Megertu | ![]() |
21 April 2024 | London | [108] |
15 | 20 | 2:16:49 | Letesenbet Gidey | ![]() |
4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] |
16 | 21 | 2:16:56 | Tsehay Gemechu | ![]() |
5 March 2023 | Tokyo | [109] |
22 | 2:16:58 | Shankule #2 | 3 March 2024 | Tokyo | [86] | ||
17 | 23 | 2:17:01Wo | Mary Jepkosgei Keitany | ![]() |
23 April 2017 | London | [110] |
24 | 2:17:08 | Chepng'etich #3 | 25 January 2019 | Dubai | [94] | ||
25 | 2:17:09 | Megertu #2 | 8 October 2023 | Chicago | [81] | ||
18 | 2:17:23Wo | Yalemzerf Yehualaw | ![]() |
24 April 2022 | Hamburg | [111] | |
19 | 2:17:29 | Sheila Chepkirui | ![]() |
4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] | |
20 | 2:17:36 | Tadu Teshome Nare | ![]() |
4 December 2022 | Valencia | [85] | |
21 | 2:17:45 | Lonah Chemtai Salpeter | ![]() |
1 March 2020 | Tokyo | [112] | |
22 | 2:17:56Wo | Tirunesh Dibaba | ![]() |
23 April 2017 | London | [110] | |
23 | 2:17:57 | Angela Tanui | ![]() |
17 October 2021 | Amsterdam | [97] | |
24 | 2:17:58 | Degitu Azimeraw | ![]() |
3 October 2021 | London | [113] | |
Ashete Bekere | ![]() |
6 March 2022 | Tokyo | [88] |
Season's bests
[edit]Oldest marathoner
[edit]Fauja Singh,then 100, finished theToronto Waterfront Marathon,becoming the first centenarian ever to officially complete that distance. Singh, a British citizen, finished the race on 16 October 2011 with a time of 8:11:05.9, making him the oldest marathoner.[114]Because Singh could not produce a birth certificate from rural 1911 Colonial India, the place of his birth, his age could not be verified and his record was not accepted by the official governing bodyWorld Masters Athletics.
Johnny Kelleyran his last fullBoston Marathonat the documented age of 84 in 1992. He previously had won the Boston Marathon in both 1935 and 1945 respectively. Between 1934 and 1950, Johnny finished in the top five 15 times, consistently running in the 2:30s and finishing in second place a record seven times at Boston. A fixture at Boston for more than a half century, his 1992 61st start and 58th finish in Boston is a record which still stands today.
Gladys Burrill, a 92-year-old Prospect, Oregon woman and part-time resident of Hawaii, previously held theGuinness World Recordstitle of oldest person to complete a marathon with her 9 hours 53 minutes performance at the 2010Honolulu Marathon.[115][116]The records of theAssociation of Road Racing Statisticians,at that time, however, suggested that Singh was overall the oldest marathoner, completing the 2004 London Marathon at the age of 93 years and 17 days, and that Burrill was the oldest female marathoner, completing the 2010 Honolulu Marathon at the age of 92 years and 19 days.[117]Singh's age was also reported to be 93 by other sources.[118][119]
In 2015, 92-year-old Harriette Thompson of Charlotte, North Carolina, completed theRock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathonin 7 hours 24 minutes 36 seconds, thus becoming the oldest woman to complete a marathon.[120]While Gladys Burrill was 92 years and 19 days old when she completed her record-setting marathon, Harriette Thompson was 92 years and 65 days old when she completed hers.[120]
English born CanadianEd Whitlockis the oldest to complete a marathon in under 3 hours at age 74, and under 4 hours at age 85.[121][122]
Youngest marathoner
[edit]Budhia Singh,a boy fromOdisha,India, completed his first marathon at age five. He trained under the coach Biranchi Das, who saw potential in him. In May 2006, Budhia was temporarily banned from running by the ministers of child welfare, as his life could be at risk. His coach was also arrested for exploiting and cruelty to a child and was later murdered in an unrelated incident. Budhia is now at a state-run sports academy.[123]
The youngest under 4 hours isMary Etta Boitanoat age 7 years, 284 days; under 3 hours Julie Mullin at 10 years 180 days; and under 2:50 Carrie Garritson at 11 years 116 days.[121]
Participation
[edit]In 2016,Running USAestimated that there were approximately 507,600 marathon finishers in the United States,[124]while other sources reported greater than 550,000 finishers.[125]The chart below from Running USA provides the estimated U.S. Marathon Finisher totals going back to 1976.
Marathon running has become an obsession inChina,with 22 marathon races in 2011 increasing to 400 in 2017. In 2015, 75 Chinese runners participated in the Boston Marathon and this increased to 278 in 2017.[126]
Multiple marathons
[edit]As marathon running has become more popular, some athletes have undertaken challenges involving running a series of marathons.
The100 Marathon Clubis intended to provide a focal point for all runners, particularly from the United Kingdom or Ireland, who have completed 100 or more races of marathon distance or longer. At least 10 of these events must be United Kingdom or Ireland Road Marathons.[127]Club chairman Roger Biggs has run more than 700 marathons or ultras. Brian Mills completed his 800th marathon on 17 September 2011.
Steve Edwards, a member of the 100 Marathon Club, set the world record for running 500 marathons in the fastest average finish time of 3 hours 15 minutes, at the same time becoming the first man to run 500 marathons with an official time below 3 hours 30 minutes, on 11 November 2012 at Milton Keynes, England. The records took 24 years to achieve. Edwards was 49 at the time.[128]
Over 350 individuals have completed a marathon in each state of the United States plus Washington, D.C., and some have done it as many as eight times.[129]Beverly Paquin, a 22-year-old nurse from Iowa, was the youngest woman to run a marathon in all 50 states in 2010.[130]A few weeks later, still in 2010, Morgan Cummings (also 22) became the youngest woman to complete a marathon in all 50 states and DC.[131]In 2004, Chuck Bryant of Miami, Florida, who lost his right leg below the knee, became the first amputee to finish this circuit.[132]Bryant has completed a total of 59 marathons on his prosthesis. Twenty-seven people have run a marathon on each of the seven continents, and 31 people have run a marathon in each of the Canadian provinces. In 1980, in what was termed theMarathon of Hope,Terry Fox,who had lost a leg to cancer and so ran with one artificial leg, attained 5,373 km (3,339 mi) of his proposed cross-Canada cancer fundraising run, maintaining an average of over 37 km (23 mi), close to the planned marathon distance, for each of 143 consecutive days.[133]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kevin_Counihan.jpg/220px-Kevin_Counihan.jpg)
On 25 September 2011, Patrick Finney of Grapevine, Texas became the first person with multiple sclerosis to finish a marathon in each state of the United States. In 2004, "the disease had left him unable to walk. But unwilling to endure a life of infirmity, Finney managed to regain his ability to balance on two feet, to walk – and eventually to run – through extensive rehabilitation therapy and new medications."[134]
In 2003, British adventurer SirRanulph Fiennescompleted seven marathons on seven continents in seven days.[135]He completed this feat despite suffering from a heart attack and undergoing a double heart bypass operation just four months before.[136]This feat has since been eclipsed by IrishultramarathonrunnerRichard Donovanwho in 2009 completed seven marathons on seven continents in under 132 hours (five and a half days).[137]Starting 1 February 2012 he improved on this by completing the 7 on 7 in under 120 hours or in less than five days.[138][139]
On 30 November 2013, 69-year-old Larry Macon set a Guinness World Record for Most Marathons Run in a Year by Man by running 238 marathons. Larry Macon celebrated his 1,000th career marathon at the Cowtown Marathon in Ft. Worth on 24 February 2013.[140]
Other goals are to attempt to run marathons on a series of consecutive weekends (Richard Worley on 159 weekends),[141]or to run the most marathons during a particular year or the most in a lifetime. A pioneer in running multiple marathons wasSy Mahof Toledo, Ohio, who ran 524 before he died in 1988.[142]As of 30 June 2007, Horst Preisler of Germany had successfully completed 1214 marathons plus 347 ultramarathons, a total of 1561 events at marathon distance or longer.[143]Sigrid Eichner, Christian Hottas and Hans-Joachim Meyer have also all completed over 1000 marathons each.[144]Norm Frank of the United States is credited with 945 marathons.[145]
Christian Hottas is meanwhile the first runner who ever completed 2000 marathons. He ran his 2000th at TUI Marathon Hannover on 5 May 2013 together with a group of more than 80 friends from 11 countries, including 8 officers from the 100 Marathons Clubs U.K., North-America, Germany, Denmark, Austria and Italy.[146]Hottas completed his 2500th marathon on 4 December 2016.[147]
In 2010,Stefaan Engels,a Belgian, set out to run the marathon distance every day of the year. Because of a foot injury he had to resort to ahandcyclenear the end of January 2010. However, on 5 February he was fully recovered and decided to reset the counter back to zero.[148]By 30 March he broke the existing record of Akinori Kusuda, from Japan, who completed 52 marathons in a row in 2009. On 5 February 2011, Engels had run 365 marathon distances in as many days.[149] Ricardo Abad Martínez,from Spain, later ran 150 marathons in 150 consecutive days in 2009,[150]and subsequently 500 marathons in a row, from October 2010 to February 2012.[151]
Some runners compete to run the same marathons for the most consecutive years. For example,Johnny Kelleycompleted 58 Boston Marathons (he entered the race 61 times).[152][circular reference][153]Currently, the longest consecutive streak of Boston Marathon finishes—45 in a row—is held by Bennett Beach, of Bethesda, Maryland.[154]
Olympic medalists
[edit]Men
[edit]Women
[edit]World Championships medalists
[edit]Men
[edit]Women
[edit]General participation
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stockholmmarathon_2009-start3.jpg/220px-Stockholmmarathon_2009-start3.jpg)
Most participants do not run a marathon to win. More important for most runners is their personal finishing time and their placement within their specific gender and age group, though some runners just want to finish. Strategies for completing a marathon include running the whole distance[160]and a run–walk strategy.[4]In 2005, the average marathon time in the U.S. was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men, 5 hours 6 minutes 8 seconds for women.[161]In 2015, the men's and women's median marathon times were 4 hours 20 minutes 13 seconds and 4 hours 45 minutes 30 seconds respectively.[162]
A goal many runners aim for is to break certain time barriers. For example, recreational first-timers often try to run the marathon under four hours; more competitive runners may attempt to finish under three hours.[163]Other benchmarks are the qualifying times for major marathons. TheBoston Marathon,the oldest marathon in the United States, requires a qualifying time for all non-professional runners.[164]TheNew York City Marathonalso requires a qualifying time for guaranteed entry, at a significantly faster pace than Boston's.[165]
Typically, there is a maximum allowed time of about six hours after which the marathon route is closed, although some larger marathons keep the course open considerably longer (eight hours or more). Many marathons around the world have such time limits by which all runners must have crossed the finish line. Anyone slower than the limit will be picked up by a sweeper bus. In many cases the marathon organizers are required to reopen the roads to the public so that traffic can return to normal.
With the growth in popularity of marathon-running, many marathons across the United States and the world have been filling to capacity faster than ever before. When the Boston Marathon opened up registration for its 2011 running, the field capacity was filled within eight hours.[166]
Training
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Moonwalk_2009.jpg/220px-Moonwalk_2009.jpg)
The long run is an important element in marathon training.[167]Recreational runners commonly try to reach a maximum of about 32 km (20 mi) in their longest weekly run and a total of about 64 km (40 mi) a week when training for the marathon, but wide variability exists in practice and in recommendations. More experienced marathoners may run a longer distance during the week. Greater weekly training mileages can offer greater results in terms of distance and endurance, but also carry a greater risk of training injury.[168]Most male elite marathon runners will complete weekly distances of over 160 km (100 mi).[168]It is recommended that those new to running should get a checkup from their doctor, as there are certain warning signs and risk factors that should be evaluated before undertaking any new workout program, especially marathon training.[169]
Many training programs last a minimum of five or six months, with a gradual increase in the distance run and finally, for recovery, a period oftaperingin the one to three weeks preceding the race. For beginners wishing to merely finish a marathon, a minimum of four months of running four days a week is recommended.[170][171]Many trainers recommend a weekly increase in mileage of no more than 10%. It is also often advised to maintain a consistent running program for six weeks or so before beginning a marathon training program, to allow the body to adapt to the new stresses.[172]The marathon training program itself would suppose variation between hard and easy training, with a periodization of the general plan.[173]
Training programs can be found at the websites ofRunner's World,[174]Hal Higdon,[160]Jeff Galloway,[4]and theBoston Athletic Association,[175]and in numerous other published sources, including the websites of specific marathons.
The last long training run might be undertaken up to two weeks prior to the event. Many marathon runners also"carbo-load"(increase carbohydrate intake while holding total caloric intake constant) during the week before the marathon to allow their bodies to store moreglycogen.
Glycogen and "the wall"
[edit]Carbohydratesthat a person eats are converted by theliverandmusclesintoglycogenfor storage. Glycogen burns rapidly to provide quick energy. Runners can store about 8MJor 2,000kcalworth of glycogen in their bodies, enough for about 30 km/18–20 miles of running. Many runners report that running becomes noticeably more difficult at that point.[176]When glycogen runs low, the body must then obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn as readily. When this happens, the runner will experience dramaticfatigueand is said to "hit the wall".The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches,[177]is to maximize the limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the "wall" is not as dramatic. This is accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage of energy from burned fat even during the early phase of the race, thus conserving glycogen.[citation needed]
Carbohydrate-based "energy gels"are used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of" hitting the wall ", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gels usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely.[177]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Boston_marathon_mile_25_helper_050418.jpg/220px-Boston_marathon_mile_25_helper_050418.jpg)
Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars, and foods high in simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily. Many runners experiment with consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works best for them. Consumption of food while running sometimes makes the runner sick. Runners are advised not to ingest a new food or medicine just prior to or during a race.[177]It is also important to refrain from taking any of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of pain relievers (NSAIDs,e.g.,aspirin,ibuprofen,naproxen), as these drugs may change the way the kidneys regulate their blood flow and may lead to serious kidney problems, especially in cases involving moderate to severe dehydration. NSAIDS block theCOX-2enzyme pathway to prevent the production of prostaglandins. These prostaglandins may act as inflammation factors throughout the body, but they also play a crucial role in maintenance of water retention. In less than 5% of the whole population that take NSAIDS, individuals may be more negatively sensitive to renal prostaglandin synthesis inhibition.[178]
Temperature
[edit]A study of the performance of 1.8 million participants in the Berlin, London, Paris, Boston, Chicago, and New York marathons during the years from 2001 to 2010 found that runners recorded their fastest times when the temperature was around 6 °C (43 °F), with an increase of 10 °C (18 °F) leading to a 1.5% reduction in speed.[179][180]A July 2020 study found that increasing temperatures affected faster runners' performance more than slower ones.[181]
After a marathon
[edit]Marathon participation may result in various medical,musculoskeletal,anddermatologicalcomplaints.[182]Delayed onset muscle soreness(DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.[183]Various types of mild exercise ormassagehave been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS.[183]Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple","jogger's toe",andblisters.[184]
Theimmune systemis reportedly suppressed for a short time.[185]Changes to the blood chemistry, such as elevated Cardiac Troponin T,[186]may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.[187]
After long training runs and the marathon itself, consumingcarbohydratesto replace glycogen stores andproteinto aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended. In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.[188][189]
Health risks
[edit]Marathon running has various health risks, though these can be diminished with preparation and care.[190]Training and the races themselves can put runners under stress. While very rare, even death is a possibility during a race.
Common minor health risks includeblisters,tendonitis,fatigue,knee or anklesprain,dehydration (electrolyte imbalance), and other conditions. Many are categorised as overuse injuries.
Cardiac health
[edit]In 2016, a systematic medical review found that the risk ofsudden cardiac deathduring or immediately after a marathon was between 0.6 and 1.9 deaths per 100,000 participants, varying across the specific studies and the methods used, and not controlling for age or gender.[191]Since the risk is small, cardiac screening programs for marathons are uncommon. However, this review was not an attempt to assess the overall cardiac health impact of marathon running.
A 2006 study of non-elite Boston Marathon participants tested runners for certain proteins that indicate heart damage or dysfunction (seeTroponin) and gave themechocardiogramscans, before and after the marathon. The study revealed that, in that sample of 60 people, runners who had averaged fewer than 56 km (35 mi) of weekly training in the 4 months before the race were most likely to show some heart damage or dysfunction, while runners who had done more than 72 km (45 mi) of weekly training showed few or no heart problems.[192]
According to a Canadian study presented in 2010, running a marathon can temporarily result in decreased function of more than half the muscle segments in the heart's main pumping chamber, but neighboring segments are generally able to compensate. Full recovery is reached within three months. The fitter the runner, the less the effect. The runners with decreased left ventricle function had an average peak weekly training distance of 55.1 km (34.2 mi), while those who did not averaged 69.1 km (42.9 mi). The marathon was held in 35 °C (95 °F) weather. According to one of the researchers: "Regular exercise reduces cardiovascular risk by a factor of two or three in the long run, but while we're doing vigorous exercise such as marathon running, our cardiac risk increases by seven."[193][194]
Hydration
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Boston_marathon_mile_25_gatorade_volunteer_050418.jpg/220px-Boston_marathon_mile_25_gatorade_volunteer_050418.jpg)
Overconsumption is the most significant concern associated with water consumption during marathons. Drinking excessive amounts of fluid during a race can lead to dilution of sodium in the blood, a condition calledexercise-associated hyponatremia,which may result in vomiting, seizures, coma and even death.[195]Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, medical director for the New York City Marathon, stated in 2005: "There are no reported cases of dehydration causing death in the history of world running, but there are plenty of cases of people dying of hyponatremia."[196]
For example, Dr. Cynthia Lucero died at the age of 28 while participating in the 2002Boston Marathon.It was Lucero's second marathon.[197]At mile 22, Lucero complained of feeling "dehydrated and rubber-legged."[198]She soon wobbled and collapsed to the ground, and was unconscious by the time the paramedics reached her. Lucero was admitted to Brigham and Women's Hospital and died two days later.[199]
Lucero's cause of death was determined to behyponatremic encephalopathy,a condition that causes swelling of the brain due to an imbalance of sodium in the blood known asexercise-associated hyponatremia(EAH). While EAH is sometimes referred to as "water intoxication",Lucero drank large amounts ofGatoradeduring the race,[200][201]demonstrating that runners who consume sodium-containing sports drinks in excess of thirst can still develop EAH.[200][202]Because hyponatremia is caused by excessive water retention, and not just loss of sodium, consumption of sports drinks or salty foods may not prevent hyponatremia.[203]
Women are more prone to hyponatremia than men. A study in theNew England Journal of Medicinefound that 13% of runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon had hyponatremia.[204]
The International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) advised in 2006 that fluid intake should be adjusted individually according to factors such as body weight, sex, climate, pace, fitness (VO2max), and sweat rate, as fluid requirements can vary between people depending on these variables. The IMMDA also recommended sports drinks that include carbohydrates and electrolytes instead of plain water and said that runners should "drink to thirst", trying to refrain from drinking at every fluid station before feeling thirsty.[205]Heat exposure leads to diminished thirst drive and thirst may not be a sufficient incentive to drink in many situations.[206]The IMMDA and HSL Harpur Hill give recommendations to drink fluid in small volumes frequently at an approximate rate falling between 100–250 ml (3.4–8.5 US fl oz) every 15 minutes.[206][205]A patient suffering hyponatremia can be given a small volume of a concentratedsaltsolution intravenously to raisesodiumconcentrations in the blood. Some runners weigh themselves before running and write the results on their bibs. If anything goes wrong,first aidworkers can use the weight information to tell if the patient had consumed too much water.
Body temperature
[edit]Exertionalheat strokeis an emergency condition in whichthermoregulationfails and the body temperature rises dangerously above 40 °C (104 °F). It becomes a greater risk in warm and humid weather, even for young and fit individuals. Treatment requires rapid physical cooling of the body.[207]
Charity involvement
[edit]Some charities seek to associate with various races. Some marathon organizers set aside a portion of their limited entry slots for charity organizations to sell to members in exchange for donations. Runners are given the option to sign up to run particular races, especially when marathon entries are no longer available to the general public.[citation needed]In some cases, charities organize their own marathon as a fund-raiser, gaining funds via entry fees or sponsorships.[citation needed]
Culture
[edit]- Mars rover marathon
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PIA19141.jpg/320px-PIA19141.jpg)
In 2015 the Mars roverOpportunityattained the distance of a marathon from its starting location on Mars, and the valley where it achieved this distance was called Marathon Valley, which was then explored.[208][209]
See also
[edit]Records
Lists
- List of marathon races
- List of marathoners
- List of marathon national champions (men)
- List of non-professional marathon runners
Related races
- Ekiden(marathon relays)
- Half marathon
- Ultramarathon
Other endurance races
Organizations
Notable races
Other related topics
Notes
[edit]- ^This date is specified as 10 March in some sources as Greece used theJulian calendarat the time.
- ^A marathon inYekaterinburg,Russia, theEurope-Asia International Marathon,also claims to cross the border between Europe and Asia.[58]
References
[edit]- ^ab"IAAF Competition Rules for Road Races".International Association of Athletics Federations. 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2015.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^"Marathons in history with >30,000 finishers".AIMS: World Running.Association of International Marathons and Distance Races.11 July 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 10 March 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
- ^"Astronomers Unravel Marathon Mystery".Sky & Telescope.19 July 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
- ^abc"Retreats — Athens".Jeffgalloway. Archived fromthe originalon 1 June 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^"Ancient Olympics FAQ 10".Perseus.tufts.edu.Archivedfrom the original on 20 July 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^Moralia 347C
- ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1837).Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book.Fisher, Son, and Jackson. p. 60.
- ^"The Myth of Pheidippides and the Marathon".findingdulcinea.4 November 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2018.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^"A slip of the tongue in salutation, Chapter 3; The Works of Lucian of Samosata. Translated by Fowler, H.W. and F.G.; Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905".The Lucian of Samosata Project.;"The Greek original of the text of Chapter 3".Lucian, Pro lapsu inter salutandum @ perseus.tufts.edu.
- ^"Prologue: The Legend".Marathonguide.Archivedfrom the original on 16 April 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^Holland, Tom (2007)Persian Fire,Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group,ISBN0307386988.
- ^Kemp, Ian (27 September 2013)."The Great Marathon Myth".Cool Running New Zealand. Archived fromthe originalon 4 December 2016.
- ^Herodotus,The HistoriesHerodotus makes no mention of a runner following the battle runner, and such a runner is mentioned only in much later sources, Nowadays the story of the "Marathon runner" is generally rejected as a fiction, possibly arising from confusion with the runner sent to Sparta before the battle. (Penguin Books: New York, 1977) p. 425.
- ^Burfoot, Amby (26 October 2010)."The Truth about Pheidippides and the Early Years of Marathon History".Runner's World.Archivedfrom the original on 25 December 2014.Retrieved25 December2014.
- ^Richard Benyo; Joe Henderson (2002).Running Encyclopedia.Human Kinetics. pp.250.ISBN9780736037341.Retrieved6 April2017.
- ^Anthony Bijkerk; David C. Young (Winter 1999)."That Memorable First Marathon"(PDF).Journal of Olympic History.ISOH:27.Archived(PDF)from the original on 12 September 2016.Retrieved6 April2017..Results summary: page 27, annotation 3.
- ^Bill Mallon; Ture Widlund (1997).1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary.McFarland. p. 69.ISBN9781476609508.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2017.Retrieved6 April2017.
- ^"1896, Marathon Runners, Burton Holmes".Getty Images. 10 March 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 19 June 2012.Retrieved10 May2015.
- ^Burton Holmes (1905).The Burton Holmes Lectures: The Olympian games in Athens. Grecian journeys. The wonders of Thessaly.New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. p. 69.ISBN9781276985949.Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2016.Retrieved25 April2015.(Digital compilation from original title:The Burton Holmes Lectures (Volume 3): With Illustrations from Photographs by the Author,Year:1901,ISBN9781151940469,on 6 November 2008, University of Michigan)
- ^"Olympic Champion Joan Benoit Samuelson To Be Guest of Honor at Manchester Marathon — Registration Closed".Cool Running.Archived fromthe originalon 11 January 2012.
- ^"Marathon Race".Marathon Run Museum. Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2016.Retrieved21 August2016.
- ^"Mapping out the London Olympic Marathon course".The AZ Blog. 31 July 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2016.Retrieved21 August2016.
- ^"Visualizing the Rio Olympic Marathon Course".Runner's World.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2016.Retrieved21 August2016.
- ^Wanjiru and Gharib break OR in Men's Marathon.En. Bắc Kinh 2008.cn (24 August 2008).Archived4 November 2013 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Women's Marathon – Olympic Athletics".Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived fromthe originalon 3 August 2012.Retrieved5 August2012.
- ^Warner, Gregory (1 November 2013)."How One Kenyan Tribe Produces The World's Best Runners".NPR.
- ^"Track and Field Athletics".The World 1910 Almanac and Encyclopedia.New York: Press Publishing Company. 1909. pp. 384–385.Archivedfrom the original on 9 May 2016.Retrieved13 December2015.
- ^abWhorton, James C. (1992).""Athlete's Heart": The Medical Debate over Athleticism, 1870–1920 ".In Berryman, Jack W.; Park, Robert J. (eds.).Sport and Exercise Science: Essays in the History of Sports Medicine.University of Illinois Press. p. 127.ISBN0-252-06242-6.
- ^Robinson, Roger (January–February 2009)."Footsteps: 'Tis the (Racing) Season; 100 Years of Holiday Running".Running Times Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2010.Retrieved10 February2011.
- ^Cooper, Pamela (1999)."New York City Marathon Culture".The American Marathon.Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 27–48.ISBN0-8156-0573-0.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2016.Retrieved13 December2015.
- ^"2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report".RunningUSA.org.Running USA. 25 May 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
- ^"Marathon Guide: International Marathons Report".MarathonGuide.Archivedfrom the original on 16 February 2011.Retrieved12 November2010.
- ^ab"Olympic Marathon (excerpt)".Charlie Lovett.Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1997.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2011.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^Karl Lennartz."Two Women Ran the Marathon in 1896"(PDF).International Society of Olympic HistoriansISOH.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 April 2017.Retrieved10 April2017.
- ^"World Best Progressions- Road".Association of Road Racing Statisticians.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2018.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^Krise, Raymond and Squires, Bill (1982).Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C.,S. Greene Press, p. 43,ISBN0828904820.
- ^Gross, Albert C. (1986)Endurance,Dodd Mead,ISBN0396088880.
- ^"First woman to run marathon in US".Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2017.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^"Arlene Pieper – 1st Lady Marathoner | Marathon and Beyond".marathonandbeyond.5 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 16 September 2018.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^"Boston, 1967: When marathons were just for men".BBC News.16 April 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2014.Retrieved4 November2014.
Kathrine Switzer became the first woman to officially run the race 45 years ago, despite stewards trying to physically force the 20-year-old off the road.
- ^Semple, Jock; with John J. Kelley and Tom Murphy (1981).Just Call Me Jock: The Story of Jock Semple, Boston's Mr. Marathon,pages 7, 114–118, Waterford Publishing Co.,ISBN978-0942052015
- ^Boston Marathon History.baa.org
- ^Boston Marathon History: Past Women's Open Champions.baa.org
- ^Bryant, J. (2007) 100 Years and Still Running,Marathon News
- ^Wilcock, Bob (March 2008). "The 1908 Olympic Marathon".Journal of Olympic History.16(1).
- ^"History of the Athens Marathon".Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2012.Retrieved23 July2012.
- ^"Marathon: How it works"Archived11 March 2013 at theWayback Machine,IAAF website
- ^"The Marathon journey to reach 42.195km".european-athletics.org. 25 April 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2008.Retrieved23 July2009.
- ^Martin, David E.; Roger W. H. Gynn (May 2000).The Olympic Marathon.Human Kinetics Publishers. p.113.ISBN978-0-88011-969-6.
- ^"IAAF Competition Rules 2008"(PDF).IAAF.p. 195. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 March 2009.Retrieved20 April2009.
- ^IAAF Competition Rules 2012–2013 – Rule 240Archived9 February 2013 at theWayback Machine.None. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^"IAAF Competition Rules 2010–2011"(PDF).IAAF.pp. 230–235. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 May 2011.Retrieved10 October2011.
- ^Day, Sharlene M.; Thompson, Paul D. (4 June 2010)."Cardiac risks associated with marathon running".Sports Health.2(4): 301–306.doi:10.1177/1941738110373066.PMC3445091.PMID23015951.
- ^AIMS – About AIMSArchived16 June 2016 at theWayback Machine.Aimsworldrunning.org (30 March 2007). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^The World's Top 10 Marathons.runnersworld. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^"The History of the Boston Marathon: A Perfect Way to Celebrate Patriot's Day".The Atlantic.Archivedfrom the original on 22 April 2013.Retrieved23 April2013.
- ^guest (8 November 2012)."In Pheidippides' Footsteps: 30th Annual Athens Classic Marathon | GreekReporter".Greece.greekreporter.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2013.Retrieved1 June2015.
- ^"Europe-Asia International Marathon".Archived fromthe originalon 9 November 2020.Retrieved27 August2021.
- ^Detroit Free Press MarathonArchived3 February 2011 at theWayback Machine.Freepmarathon. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^"Home".Sparkasse 3-Länder Marathon.Retrieved5 October2019.
- ^Snyder, Paul (20 March 2018)."You Won't Believe the Pace (and Patience) Needed to Set the Indoor Marathon World Record".Runner's World.Archivedfrom the original on 30 April 2019.Retrieved30 April2019.
- ^Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation.Vol. 3. 1991. p. 95.
- ^Patrick, Dwyne R.; Bignall, John E. (1987). "Creating the competent self: The case of the wheelchair runner". In Joseph A. Kotarba; Andrea Fontana (eds.).The Existential Self in Society.University of Chicago Press.ISBN0-226-45141-0.
- ^Davis, Alison (1996)."The History of Wheelchair Racing at the Boston Marathon".Against the Wind.University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Archived fromthe originalon 27 July 2011.
- ^Davis, Alison (1996)."Interview with Bob Hall".Against the Wind.University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Archived fromthe originalon 27 July 2011.
- ^Couch, Aaron (18 April 2011)."Boston Marathon: five historic moments".The Christian Science Monitor.Archivedfrom the original on 21 April 2011.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^abDicker, Ron (5 November 2000)."New York City Marathon; New Equipment Stirs Division Within Wheelchair Ranks".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2013.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^Vega, Michael (19 April 2010)."Ernst Van Dyk wins record 9th wheelchair title".The Boston Globe.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2012.Retrieved21 May2011.
- ^Cooper, Rory A.; Boninger, Michael L.; Rice, Ian; Sean D. Shimada; Rosemarie Cooper (1996)."Elite athletes with impairments".In Walter R. Frontera; David M. Slovik; David Michael Dawson (eds.).Exercise in rehabilitation medicine.Human Kinetics. p. 333.ISBN0-7360-5541-X.Archivedfrom the original on 29 June 2016.Retrieved13 December2015.
- ^"Wheelchair entrants axed from marathon".Calgary Herald.17 October 1977.Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2015.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^Association Press (22 October 1977)."Marathon entry on wheels".Lakeland Ledger.Archivedfrom the original on 22 December 2015.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^"Wheelchair athletes win marathon appeal".Tri City Herald.26 October 1980.Retrieved20 May2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^United Press International (11 April 1981)."Marathon Wins Wheelchair Ban".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2013.Retrieved20 May2011.
- ^"Fast Forward in Reverse".The New York Times.11 November 1986.Archivedfrom the original on 14 November 2013.Retrieved21 May2011.
- ^Glenday, Craig (2013).Guinness World Records Limited.Jane Boatfield. pp.247.ISBN978-1-908843-15-9.
- ^"Runner's World | What Will It Take to Run A 2-Hour Marathon".rw.runnersworld.Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2017.Retrieved28 August2017.
- ^"Marathon - men - senior - outdoor".worldathletics.org.Retrieved24 April2022.
- ^"Marathon - women - senior - outdoor".worldathletics.org.Retrieved24 April2021.
- ^"All-time men's best marathon".alltime-athletics.12 October 2021.Retrieved24 April2022.
- ^"All-time women's best marathon".alltime-athletics.12 October 2021.Retrieved24 April2022.
- ^abcd"Kiptum smashes world marathon record with 2:00:35, Hassan runs 2:13:44 in Chicago | REPORT | World Athletics".worldathletics.org.Retrieved8 October2023.
- ^"Kenya's Kipchoge shatters marathon world record in Berlin".Reuters. 25 September 2022.Retrieved25 September2022.
- ^abBob Ramsak (29 September 2019)."Bekele clocks 2:01:41 in Berlin, second fastest marathon ever".IAAF.Retrieved3 October2019.
- ^abcdEmeterio Valiente (3 December 2023)."Lemma breaks course record, Degefa dominates in Valencia".World Athletics.Retrieved3 December2023.
- ^abcdefEmeterio Valiente (4 December 2022)."Kiptum and Beriso break course records in Valencia".World Athletics.Retrieved5 December2022.
- ^abcd"Kipruto and Kebede run Japanese all-comers' records in Tokyo".World Athletics.3 March 2024.Retrieved3 March2024.
- ^abcSimon Hart (28 April 2019)."Kipchoge cracks course record in London with second-fastest time in history".IAAF.Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2019.Retrieved3 May2019.
- ^abcJess Whittington (6 March 2022)."Kipchoge and Kosgei race to Japanese all-comers' records in Tokyo".World Athletics.Retrieved8 March2022.
- ^abcd"Assefa smashes world marathon record in Berlin with 2:11:53, Kipchoge achieves record fifth win".World Athletics.24 September 2023.Retrieved24 September2023.
- ^ab"Kimetto breaks marathon world record in Berlin with 2:02:57".World Athletics. 28 September 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2020.Retrieved27 August2021.
- ^ab"Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso EDP".World Athletics. 6 December 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^abCathal Dennehy (25 September 2016)."Bekele gets back to his brilliant best at Berlin Marathon".IAAF.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2016.Retrieved25 September2016.
- ^"Zurich Maratón de Sevilla | Results".worldathletics.org.World Athletics.18 February 2024.Retrieved19 February2024.
- ^abc"Debutant Molla and Chepngetich smash course records in Dubai".IAAF. 25 January 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2019.Retrieved25 January2019.
- ^"Rotterdam Marathon 2021 Race Results".Watch Athletics.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^"World records ratified"(Press release). World Athletics. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
{{cite press release}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^abJon Mulkeen (17 October 2021)."Tanui and Tola smash Dutch all-comers' records in Amsterdam".World Athletics.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^Bob Ramsak (12 October 2019)."Kipchoge Breaks 2-Hour Barrier in Vienna".IAAF.Retrieved13 October2019.
- ^Jon Mulkeen (6 May 2017)."Kipchoge a 'happy man' in Monza".IAAF.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2017.Retrieved6 May2017.
- ^Diego Sampaolo (16 May 2021)."Ekiru and Gebrekidan break Italian all-comers' records in Milan".World Athletics.Retrieved8 June2021.
- ^Jon Mulkeen (13 October 2019)."Kosgei smashes marathon world record in Chicago".IAAF.Retrieved17 October2019.
- ^"Chepngetich dominates in Chicago with second-fastest marathon in history".World Athletics. 9 October 2022.Retrieved9 October2022.
- ^"Radcliffe runs 2:15:25 in London!".World Athletics. 13 April 2003. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^"Tigist Assefa 2022 Berlin Marathon Results".mikatiming.25 September 2022.Retrieved26 September2022.
- ^"Kipchoge breaks world record in Berlin with 2:01:09".World Athletics. 25 September 2022.Retrieved26 September2022.
- ^"Ketema stuns with 2:16:07 marathon debut in Dubai".World Athletics.7 January 2024.Retrieved7 January2024.
- ^"Kipruto and Kebede run Japanese all-comers' records in Tokyo".World Athletics. 3 March 2024.Retrieved3 March2024.
- ^abcd"Jepchirchir breaks women-only world marathon record in London".World Athletics.21 April 2024.Retrieved22 April2024.
- ^ab"Wanjiru and Gelmisa triumph in Tokyo Marathon".World Athletics.5 March 2023.Retrieved12 March2023.
- ^ab"Keitany breaks women's-only world record at London Marathon".World Athletics. 23 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021.Retrieved28 August2021.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^"Yehualaw runs 2:17:23 in Hamburg for fastest ever women's marathon debut".World Athletics. 24 April 2022.Retrieved30 April2022.
- ^Ken Nakamura (1 March 2020)."Legese retains Tokyo Marathon crown while Salpeter smashes course record".IAAF.Retrieved25 March2020.
- ^Simon Hart (3 October 2021)."Jepkosgei and Lemma reign supreme in London".World Athletics.Retrieved18 October2021.
- ^"100-year-old sets record with marathon finish".CBC News. 16 October 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2017.Retrieved17 March2017.
- ^'Gladyator' aged 92 breaks marathon recordArchived15 September 2018 at theWayback Machine.Telegraph (6 April 2011). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^Brit woman, 92, breaks world record after finishing Honolulu MarathonArchived9 April 2011 at theWayback Machine.Dailyindia. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^"World Single Age Records- Marathon".Association of Road Racing Statisticians.20 January 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2018.Retrieved6 April2011.
- ^Fenton, Ben. (19 April 2004)Everything you wanted to know about the marathon but were too exhausted to askArchived15 September 2018 at theWayback Machine.Telegraph. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^London Marathon: 25 reasons to celebrate the London Marathon – More Sports, SportArchived11 February 2017 at theWayback Machine.The Independent (16 April 2005). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ab"Harriette Thompson, 92, becomes oldest woman to complete a marathon | Sport".The Guardian.Associated Press.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2017.Retrieved1 June2015.
- ^ab"Single Age Records Marathon".arrs.run.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2019.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^"Archived copy".Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2018.Retrieved21 September2018.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^3 year-old marathon runnerArchived7 October 2013 at theWayback MachineRetrieved 4 July 2013
- ^"2016 Running USA Annual Marathon Report | Running USA".runningusa.org.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2017.Retrieved19 August2017.
- ^"Marathon Statistics — FindMyMarathon".findmymarathon.Archivedfrom the original on 20 August 2017.Retrieved19 August2017.
- ^Meyers, Jessica (11 September 2017)."As running booms in China, marathoners look to Boston".The Boston Globe.Archivedfrom the original on 17 December 2017.Retrieved12 September2017.
- ^"100 Marathon Club".100 Marathon Club.Archivedfrom the original on 9 September 2012.Retrieved12 September2012.
- ^Trevallion, Lucy (13 November 2012)."New multi marathon world record".Runner's World UK.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2012.Retrieved14 November2012.
- ^50&DC Marathon Group U.S.A.Archived27 December 2007 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- ^Mile posts: And now the rest of the story with Beverly Paquin | Des Moines Register Staff BlogsArchived12 July 2012 atarchive.today.Blogs.desmoinesregister (20 October 2010). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^Alumna Runs Marathons in 50 States and D.C., Sets Record! « Slice of MIT by the Alumni Association.Alum.mit.edu (16 November 2010). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^"Accolades".50anddcmarathongroupusa. Archived fromthe originalon 1 June 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^"CBC Archives: television and radio spots on Terry Fox".Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2006.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^Richter, Marice (26 September 2011)."Multiple sclerosis patient finishes 50th marathon".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2011.Retrieved26 September2011.
- ^"Fiennes relishes marathon feat".BBC News.3 November 2003.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2009.Retrieved26 April2010.
- ^I am not a madmanArchived11 February 2017 at theWayback Machine.Interview with Guardian, 5 October 2007
- ^Irish Independent retrieved 120812Archived18 October 2012 at theWayback Machine.Independent.ie (6 February 2009). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^Interviewed on CNNArchived23 September 2012 at theWayback Machine.Edition.cnn (28 February 2012). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^Welcome to the World Marathon Challenge 2012Archived18 September 2012 at theWayback Machine.Worldmarathonchallenge. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^Davis, Leanne (24 February 2013)."Cowtown notes: San Antonio runner logs his 1,000th marathon".Fort Worth Star-Telegram.Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2013.Retrieved28 February2013.
- ^Orton, Kathy (27 October 2004)."Texan's Weekend Job Provides Great Benefits".The Washington Post.pp. D4.Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2012.Retrieved28 November2007.
- ^Blaikie, David (14 September 1998)."The Sy Mah Trophy honours a running legend".Ultramarathon World.Archived fromthe originalon 3 December 1998.
- ^Gesamtstatistik zum 30.06.2008Archived21 February 2009 at theWayback Machine.100mc.de (30 June 2008). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^100 Marathon Club site (in German)Archived1 July 2009 at theWayback Machine.100mc.de. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^50 States & D.C. Marathon Group siteArchived27 December 2007 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^"2000. Marathon von Christian Hottas – Mitglied der A-Eskorte | 100 Marathon Club Austria".Archived fromthe originalon 29 June 2013.Retrieved17 June2013..Retrieved 17 June 2013.
- ^Kramer, Michael (5 December 2016)."Christian Hottas lief seinen 2.500sten Marathon".Runner's World Deutschland(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
- ^Dou, Eva (10 February 2011)."Belgian sets world record for marathon running".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2017.Retrieved21 March2017.
- ^"Belgian Stefaan Engels completes record 365th marathon".BBC. 5 February 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2011.Retrieved8 February2011.
- ^"Seres sobrehumanos".Corredor de fondo.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2011.Retrieved29 September2011.
- ^"Challenge accomplished: 500 marathons in 500 days".13 February 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 27 October 2012.Retrieved22 August2012.
- ^Johnny Kelley
- ^Litsky, Frank (8 October 2004)John A. Kelley, Marathoner, Dies at 97Archived28 May 2015 at theWayback Machine.The New York Times.Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^Kita, Meghan (30 March 2012)."Runner With Longest Boston Streak Retires".Runner's World.Archivedfrom the original on 6 November 2018.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^Sometimes listed as representing Luxembourg.
- ^"Paris 1900 marathon men Results - Olympic athletics".olympics.IOC.Retrieved21 March2024.
- ^Arriving without correct documents, a French immigrant to the United StatesAlbert Coreyis inconsistently listed as performing in a mixed team in the four mile team race (with four undisputed Americans) and performing for the US in the marathon. Currently, the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to France and in the team race to a mixed team.
- ^"St. Louis 1904 Athletics Marathon Men Results".International Olympic Committee.Retrieved31 January2022.
- ^abBoth Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong were from Korea. The IOC attributes both medals to Japan due to Korea being aJapanese colonyat the time. All Korean Olympians during the Japanese colonial rule could only participate in the games as a representative of Japan and had to compete with Japanese names instead of their original Korean names. However, some sources still refer to Son Kee-chung as the first Korean to win an Olympic marathon today.
- ^ab"Training programs".Hal Higdon.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^ "2005 Total USA Marathon Finishers".Marathonguide.Archivedfrom the original on 17 March 2008.Retrieved24 April2008.
- ^ "2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report".Running USA.Archivedfrom the original on 5 May 2017.Retrieved6 May2017.
- ^"Running a sub 3-hour marathon".allaboutrunning.net. Archived fromthe originalon 15 February 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^"Boston Athletic Association".Bostonmarathon.org. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^"Run in 2017".TCS New York City Marathon.7 September 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2019.Retrieved7 May2019.
- ^Online, sprinters win race: Marathon fills its field in a record 8 hoursArchived22 October 2010 at theWayback Machine.Boston (19 October 2010). Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^McMillan, GregThe Marathon Long Run.mcmillanrunning
- ^abDaniels, J. (2005).Daniels' Running Formula, 2nd Ed.Human Kinetics Publishing.ISBN0-7360-5492-8.[page needed]
- ^"Marathon Training Tips".Rush University Medical Center.Archivedfrom the original on 2 July 2015.Retrieved24 July2015.
- ^Whitsettet al.(1998) The Non-Runner's Marathon Trainer. Master's Press.
- ^Finishing A MarathonArchived3 April 2015 at theWayback Machine.Calendarofmarathons. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^Burfoot, A. Ed (1999).Runner's World Complete Book of Running: Everything You Need to Know to Run for Fun, Fitness and Competition.Rodale Books.ISBN1-57954-186-0.[page needed]
- ^ Marius Bakken."Training for a Marathon".Marathon Training Schedule.Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2009.Retrieved17 April2009.
- ^"Marathon Training at Runner's World".Runnersworld. 15 February 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2009.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^"Boston Athletic Association".Bostonmarathon.org. Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2012.Retrieved1 November2010.
- ^"Hitting the wall for marathon runners".Half-marathon-running. Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2017.Retrieved22 August2009.
- ^abcKlein, Michael (3 October 2008)."Lesser-known Dangers Associated with Running a Marathon".E-articles.info.Archived fromthe originalon 17 January 2013.
- ^Brater, D. Craig (17 January 2000). "Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on renal function: focus on cyclooxygenase −2–selective inhibition".The American Journal of Medicine.107(6): 65–70.doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00369-1.PMID10628595.
- ^Helou, Nour; Tafflet, Muriel; Berthelot, Geoffroy (23 May 2012)."Impact of Environmental Parameters on Marathon Running Performance".PLOS One.7(5): e37407.Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737407E.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037407.PMC3359364.PMID22649525.
[Data in] Supplementary Table 3–Optimal temperatures for maximal running speeds of each level of performance, with speed losses associated with each temperature increase.
- ^S, J (4 October 2017)."Can the marathon's two-hour barrier be broken?".The Economist.Retrieved2 July2020.
While it is unclear how much—or even if—rain or humidity alone affect marathon times, a little heat can make a big difference. One study published in 2012 found that the optimum temperature was a chilly 4 °C (39 °F) for the top percentile of entrants, and that a rise of 10 °C was associated with a 1.4% drop in speed, with bigger declines for lesser athletes. Another paper produced in 2007 offered no optimum point, but found that an increase in WetBulb Globe Temperature—an overall measure of heat stress—from 8 °C to 17 °C was linked to a 1.6% fall in performance for elite competitors.
- ^Gasparetto, Thadeu; Nesseler, Cornel (July 2020)."Diverse Effects of Thermal Conditions on Performance of Marathon Runners".Frontiers in Psychology.11:1438.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01438.PMC7350124.PMID32719639.
We analyzed endurance performances of the top 1000 runners for every year during the last 12 New York City Marathons. Thermal conditions were estimated with wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI). Under identical thermal exposure, the fastest runners experienced a larger decline in performance than the slower ones.
- ^Jaworski CA (June 2005)."Medical concerns of marathons".Current Sports Medicine Reports.4(3): 137–43.doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306196.51994.5f.PMID15907265.S2CID220577417.
- ^abPete Pfitzinger – Lab Reports – Recovering From a Marathon, Part OneArchived10 May 2013 at theWayback Machine.Pfitzinger. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^Mailler EA, Adams BB (August 2004)."The wear and tear of 26.2: dermatological injuries reported on marathon day".British Journal of Sports Medicine.38(4): 498–501.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.011874.PMC1724877.PMID15273194.
- ^Mackinnon, Laurel T. (July 2000)."Chronic exercise training effects on immune function".Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.32(Supplement): S369–S376.doi:10.1097/00005768-200007001-00001.ISSN0195-9131.PMID10910293.
- ^Aengevaeren, Vincent L.; Baggish, Aaron L.; Chung, Eugene H.; George, Keith; Kleiven, Øyunn; Mingels, Alma M.A.; Ørn, Stein; Shave, Rob E.; Thompson, Paul D.; Eijsvogels, Thijs M.H. (14 December 2021)."Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin Elevations: From Underlying Mechanisms to Clinical Relevance".Circulation.144(24): 1955–1972.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056208.ISSN0009-7322.PMC8663527.PMID34898243.
- ^Acevedo, Edmund O.; Dzewaltowski, David A.; Kubitz, Karla A.; Kraemer, Robert R. (October 1999)."Effects of a proposed challenge on effort sense and cardiorespiratory responses during exercise".Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.31(10): 1460–5.doi:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00016.ISSN0195-9131.PMID10527320.
- ^Stouffer Drenth, Tere (2003).Marathon Training for Dummies.United States: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 182.ISBN0-7645-2510-7.
- ^Drenth, Tere Stouffer (7 March 2003)."Marathon Training For Dummies - Tere Stouffer Drenth - Google Books".Wiley.ISBN9780764525100.
- ^Keener, Candace. (27 February 2008)HowStuffWorks "The Health Risks of the Marathon"Archived18 April 2010 at theWayback Machine.Entertainment.howstuffworks. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^Waite O, Smith A, Madge L, Spring H, Noret N (January 2016)."Sudden cardiac death in marathons: a systematic review"(PDF).The Physician and Sportsmedicine.44(1): 79–84.doi:10.1080/00913847.2016.1135036.PMID26765272.S2CID36458482.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 September 2017.Retrieved19 March2018.
- ^Neilan TG, et al. (28 November 2006)."Myocardial injury and ventricular dysfunction related to training levels among non-elite participants in the Boston Marathon".Circulation.114(22): 2325–2533.doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.647461.PMID17101848.
- ^Pappas, Stephanie (25 October 2010)."Temporary Heart Damage May Explain Marathon Deaths".Live Science.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2017.Retrieved15 May2017.
- ^Gaudreault V, et al. (October 2013). "Transient Myocardial Tissue and Function Changes During a Marathon in Less Fit Marathon Runners".Canadian Journal of Cardiology.29(10): 1269–1276.doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.04.022.PMID23910227.
- ^Merck Manual: HyponatremiaArchived11 January 2011 at theWayback Machine.Merckmanuals. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ^Kolata, Gina (20 October 2005)."Marathoners Warned About Too Much Water".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2012.Retrieved10 February2017.
- ^"Fluid Cited in Marathoner's Death".Associated Press News.13 August 2002.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2014.Retrieved14 March2014.
- ^Noakes, MD, DSc, Tim (1 May 2012).Waterlogged.Human Kinetics. p. 4.ISBN978-1450424974.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2016.Retrieved13 December2015.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^"ROAD RACING; Boston Marathon Runner Dies".The New York Times.19 April 2002.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2014.Retrieved14 March2014.
- ^ab"Doctors: Marathoner Died From Too Much Water".WCVB News.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2014.Retrieved14 March2014.
- ^Nearman, Steve (23 October 2003)."Too much of a good thing".The Washington Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2014.Retrieved14 March2014.
- ^Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. (April 2005)."Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon".N. Engl. J. Med.352(15): 1550–6.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901.PMID15829535.S2CID42909509.
- ^Engler, Natalie (2003)."Marathon Dilemma: How Much Water is Too Much?".AMAASportsMed.org.American Running Association. Reuters. Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2015.
- ^Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. (April 2005)."Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon".The New England Journal of Medicine.352(15): 1550–6.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043901.PMID15829535.S2CID42909509.
- ^abWriting committee: Lewis G. Maharam, MD.FACSM (chair), Tamara Hew DPM, Arthur Siegel MD, Marv Adner, MD, Bruce Adams, MD and Pedro Pujol, MD, FACSM (6 May 2006)."IMMDA's REVISED FLUID RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RUNNERS & WALKERS".Association of International Marathons and Distance Races. Archived fromthe originalon 27 April 2012.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^abBethea, Damian; Powell, Shuma (July 2005)."Dehydration Review, Report Number HSL/2005/29"(PDF).Health & Safety Laboratory Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire.Archived(PDF)from the original on 4 July 2011.Retrieved7 July2011.
- ^Armstrong, LE; Casa, DJ; Millard-Stafford, M; Moran, DS; Pyne, SW; Roberts, WO (March 2007)."American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exertional heat illness during training and competition".Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.39(3): 556–572.doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31802fa199.PMID17473783.S2CID27001417.
- ^"NASA's Opportunity Mars Rover Finishes Marathon, Clocks in at Just Over 11 Years - NASA".Retrieved24 November2023.
- ^Fleur, Nicholas St (25 March 2015)."NASA's Opportunity Rover Completes a Martian Marathon".The Atlantic.Retrieved24 November2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Hans-Joachim Gehrke, "From Athenian identity to European ethnicity: The cultural biography of the myth of Marathon," in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans (ed.),Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition(Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 13), 85–100.
- Hans W. Giessen: Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart. (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17). Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2010
- Tom Derderian,Boston Marathon: History of the World's Premier Running Event,Human Kinetics, 1994, 1996
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)