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Margaret Chase Smith

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Margaret Chase Smith
Chair of the Senate Republican Conference
In office
January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1973
LeaderEverett Dirksen
Hugh Scott
Preceded byLeverett Saltonstall
Succeeded byNorris Cotton
United States Senator
fromMaine
In office
January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1973
Preceded byWallace H. White Jr.
Succeeded byWilliam Hathaway
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMaine's2nddistrict
In office
June 3, 1940 – January 3, 1949
Preceded byClyde H. Smith
Succeeded byCharles P. Nelson
Personal details
Born
Margaret Madeline Chase

(1897-12-14)December 14, 1897
Skowhegan, Maine,U.S.
DiedMay 29, 1995(1995-05-29)(aged 97)
Skowhegan, Maine, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
​
​
(m.1930; died 1940)​
Signature

Margaret Madeline Chase Smith(néeChase;December 14, 1897 – May 29, 1995)[1]was an American politician. A member of theRepublican Party,she served as aU.S. representative(1940–1949) and aU.S. senator(1949–1973) fromMaine.[2]She was the first woman to serve in both houses of theUnited States Congress.[3]A Republican, she was among the first to criticize the tactics ofJoseph McCarthyin her 1950 speech, "Declaration of Conscience".[4]

Smith was a candidate for theRepublican presidential nominationin the1964 election;she was the first woman to be placed in nomination for thepresidencyat amajor party's convention.[2]Upon leaving office, she was the longest-serving female senator in history, a distinction that was not surpassed until January 4, 2011, when SenatorBarbara MikulskifromMarylandexceeded her record.[5]Smith was ranked as the longest-serving Republican woman in the Senate,[6]a distinction that was not surpassed until January 3, 2021, whenSusan Collins,who holds the same Senate seat she previously held, was sworn in for a fifth term.[7][8]

Early life and education

[edit]

Margaret Chase was born inSkowheganin centralMaine,to Carrie Matilda (née Murray) and George Emery Chase.[9]She was the oldest of six children, two of whom did not survive to adulthood.[10]Her father was ofEnglishancestry, a descendant of immigrants to the originalThirteen Coloniesin the 17th century; her great-great grandfather commanded an artillery company during theWar of 1812,and her grandfather served in theUnion Armyduring theCivil War.[11]Her mother's family wasFrench Canadian,having immigrated fromQuebecin the middle of the 19th century; her grandfather Lambert Morin changed his name to John Murray to avoid anti-French Canadian andanti-Catholicprejudice.[12]Her father was the townbarber,and her mother worked as a waitress, store clerk, and shoe factory worker.[13]

She received her early education at Lincoln and Garfield Elementary Schools.[10]At age 12, she went to work at a localfive-and-dimestore and even bought herself alife insurancepolicy.[12]She also shaved her father's customers when he was busy or away from the shop.[14]She attendedSkowhegan High School,graduating in 1916.[13]During high school, she played on the girls'basketballteam, of which she was captain in her senior year.[15]She also worked as a substitute operator with a telephone company during this time.[11]In that position she metClyde Smith,a prominent local politician, who arranged a job for her as a part-time assistant to the tax assessor.[10]

Early career

[edit]

Following her high school graduation, Chase briefly taught at the Pitts School, aone-room schoolnear Skowhegan.[10]She also coached the girls' basketball team at Skowhegan High (1917–18).[15]She was a business executive for theMaine Telephone and Telegraph Company(1918–1919) before joining the staff of theIndependent Reporter,a Skowhegan weekly newspaper (owned by Clyde Smith) for whom she was circulation manager from 1919 to 1928.[9]She became involved with local women's organizations. She co-founded the Skowhegan chapter of theBusiness and Professional Women's Clubin 1922, and served as editor of the club's magazine,The Pine Cone.[10]From 1926 to 1928, she was president of the statewide organization, the Maine Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs.[16]She became treasurer of the New England Waste Process Company in 1928 and was also employed as an office worker with the Daniel E. Cummings Woolen Company, a local textile mill.[9]

On May 14, 1930, Chase married Clyde Smith, who was 21 years her senior.[13]She soon became active in politics and was elected to theMaine Republican State Committee,on which she served from 1930 to 1936.[9]After Clyde was elected to theU.S. House of RepresentativesfromMaine's 2nd congressional districtin 1936, Smith accompanied her husband toWashington, D.C.,to serve as his secretary.[2]In this position, she managed his office, handled his correspondence, conducted research, and helped write his speeches.[12]She also served as treasurer of theCongressional Club,a group composed of the wives of congressmen andCabinetmembers.[9]

U.S. House of Representatives

[edit]
Smith in 1943

In the spring of 1940, Clyde Smith fell seriously ill after suffering aheart attack,and asked his wife to run for his House seat in the general election the following September.[14]He prepared a press release in which he stated, "I know of no one else who has the full knowledge of my ideas and plans or is as well qualified as she is, to carry on these ideas and my unfinished work for my district."[12]He died on April 8 of that year, and a special election was scheduled on the following June 3 to complete his unexpired term.[2]Facing noDemocraticchallenger, Smith won the special election and became the first woman elected to Congress from Maine.[13]Three months after the special election, she was elected to a full two-year term in the House in her own right.[17]Smith defeatedEdward J. Beauchamp,the Democratic mayor ofLewiston,by a margin of 65–35%.[17]She was re-elected to three more terms over the course of the next eight years, never receiving less than 60% of the vote.[13]

During her tenure in the House, Smith developed a strong interest in issues concerning the military and national security. After being appointed to theHouse Naval Affairs Committeein 1943, she was assigned to the investigation of destroyer production, and made a 25,000-mile (40,234-km) tour of bases in theSouth Pacificduring the winter of 1944.[9]She also became the first and only civilian woman to sail on a U.S. Navy ship duringWorld War II.[18]She became known as "Mother of theWAVES"after introducing legislation to create that organization.[19]Although Congresswoman Smith was a strong supporter of women in the armed services, she did not write the legislation that created the special female military units during World War II. She did, however, champion the legislation that gave women permanent status in the military following the war.[20]

A supporter ofPresidentHarry S. Truman's foreign policies, she was mentioned as a possible candidate forUnder Secretary of the Navyin 1945 and forAssistant Secretary of Statein 1947.[9]Smith became a member of theHouse Armed Services Committeein 1946, also serving as chair of its Subcommittee on Hospitalization and Medicine.[13]In this position, she sponsored and ensured the passage of theWomen's Armed Services Integration Act,a bill to regularize the status of women in the armed forces that was signed into law by President Truman in June 1948.[13]

Smith also earned a reputation as a moderate Republican who often broke ranks with her party.[21]She supported much of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Deallegislation, as had her husband while he was in office.[16]She voted in favor of theSelective Service Actin 1940 and voted against theSmith–Connally Actin 1943.[16]In 1945, she voted against making theHouse Un-American Activities Committeea permanent body.[9]

As a member of the House, Smith began wearing a single redrosethat became a daily fixture of her attire throughout her career in public office.[11]She waged a long campaign to have the rose declared theofficialflower of the United States, which Congress eventually approved in 1987.[5]

U.S. Senate

[edit]

1948 election

[edit]
Main article:1948 United States Senate election in Maine
In 1956 Smith andEleanor Rooseveltjointly appeared as the first-ever women panelists onFace the Nation.With them is the host,CBS NewscorrespondentStuart Novins.

In August 1947, after three-term incumbentWallace H. White Jr.decided to retire, Smith announced her candidacy for his seat in theU.S. Senate.[12]In the Republican primary, she faced incumbent GovernorHorace A. Hildreth,former GovernorSumner Sewall,and Reverend Albion Beverage.[22]She ran a grassroots campaign with little money, using the slogan, "Don't change a record for a promise."[13]When the wife of one of her opponents questioned whether a woman would be a good Senator, Smith replied, "Women administer the home. They set the rules, enforce them, mete out justice for violations. Thus, like Congress, they legislate; like the Executive, they administer; like the courts, they interpret the rules. It is an ideal experience for politics."[21]On June 21, 1948, she won the primary election and received more votes than her three opponents combined.[14]In the general election on September 13, she defeated Democrat Adrian H. Scolten by a margin of 71–29%.[23]She became the first woman to represent Maine in the Senate, and the first woman to serve in both houses of Congress.[2]

Early tenure

[edit]

Smith was sworn into the Senate on January 3, 1949.[2]After a year in office, she gained national attention when she became the first member of Congress to condemn the anti-Communist witch hunt led by her fellow Republican Senator,Joseph McCarthyfromWisconsin.[18]Smith was initially impressed by McCarthy's accusations of Communists working in theState Department,but became disillusioned after McCarthy failed to provide any evidence to validate his charges.[24]

Smith voted in favor ofHarry Truman's Supreme Court nominationofTom C. Clarkon August 18, 1949,[25]but was absent during the nomination ofSherman Mintonwhile Senate Minority WhipLeverett Saltonstallannounced that Smith would have voted in favor if present.[26]Smith was present in the United States Senate on March 1, 1954, whenDwight Eisenhower's nominationofEarl WarrenasChief Justice of the United Stateswas unanimously confirmed,[27]voted in favor of the nomination ofJohn Marshall Harlan IIon March 16, 1955,[28]was present for the unanimous nominations ofWilliam J. Brennan Jr.andCharles Evans Whittakeron March 19, 1957,[29]and voted in favor of the nomination ofPotter Stewarton May 5, 1959.[30]She opposed the tactics being used by members of her party, such as Joseph McCarthy, and spoke out saying, "As an American, I condemn a Republican Fascist just as much as I condemn a Democrat Communist. They are equally dangerous to you and me and to our country. As an American, I want to see our nation recapture the strength and unity it once had when we fought the enemy instead of ourselves."[31]

Declaration of Conscience and after until 1960

[edit]

On June 1, 1950, Smith delivered a fifteen-minute speech on the Senate floor, known as the "Declaration of Conscience,"in which she refused to name McCarthy directly but denounced" the reckless abandon in which unproved charges have been hurled from this side of the aisle. "[32]She saidMcCarthyismhad "debased" the Senate to "the level of a forum of hate and character assassination."[4]She defended every American's "right to criticize... right to hold unpopular beliefs... right to protest; the right of independent thought."[33]While acknowledging her desire for Republicans' political success, she said, "I don't want to see the Republican Party ride to political victory on the four horsemen of calumny—fear, ignorance, bigotry, and smear."[14]Six other moderate Republican Senators signed on to her Declaration:Wayne MorsefromOregon,George AikenfromVermont,Edward ThyefromMinnesota,Irving IvesfromNew York,Charles TobeyfromNew Hampshire,andRobert C. HendricksonfromNew Jersey.[32]Her speech ended with a warning: "It is high time that we all stopped being tools and victims of totalitarian techniques—techniques that, if continued here unchecked, will surely end what we have come to cherish as the American way of life."[31]

In response to her speech, McCarthy referred to Smith and the six other Senators as "Snow Whiteand the Six Dwarfs. "[14]He removed her as a member of thePermanent Subcommittee on Investigations,giving her seat to SenatorRichard NixonfromCalifornia.[24]He also helped finance an unsuccessful primary challenger during Smith's re-election campaign in 1954.[13]Smith later observed, "If I am to be remembered in history, it will not be because of legislative accomplishments, but for an act I took as a legislator in the U.S. Senate when on June 1, 1950, I spoke... in condemnation of McCarthyism, when the junior Senator from Wisconsin had the Senate paralyzed with fear that he would purge any Senator who disagreed with him."[22]She voted for McCarthy's censure in 1954.[10]

On July 17, 1950, Smith was commissioned as alieutenant colonelin theAir Force Reserve,and she served until 1958.[34][35][36]

In the1952 election,Smith was widely mentioned as avice-presidentialcandidate under GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower.[9]When asked by a reporter what she would do if she woke up one morning and found herself in theWhite House,she replied: "I'd go straight toMrs. Trumanand apologize. Then I'd go home. "[14]

On December 3, 1957, Smith became the first woman in Congress to break thesound barrier,which she did as a passenger in anF-100 Super Sabrepiloted by Air Force Major Clyde Good.[37]

Exhibiting the same independent nature in the Senate as she had in the House, Smith opposed President Eisenhower's nomination ofLewis StraussasSecretary of Commercein 1959.[13]

1960 re-election

[edit]
Main article:1960 United States Senate election in Maine

In her successful re-election campaign in 1960, she ran against DemocratLucia Cormier,theminority leaderof theMaine House of Representatives;it was the first time in American history that two women ran against each other for a Senate seat.[19]

1964 presidential election

[edit]
Smith announcing her candidacy for the President of the United States

On January 27, 1964, Smith announced her candidacy forPresident of the United States.[22]She declared, "I have few illusions and no money, but I'm staying for the finish. When people keep telling you you can't do a thing, you kind of like to try."[13]Gladys Shelleywrote her a presidential nomination campaign song, "Leave It to the Girls", which was sung byHildegarde.[38]Smith lost every singleprimaryelection, but did manage to win 25% of the vote inIllinois.[13]At the1964 Republican National ConventioninSan Francisco,she became the first woman to have her name be placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.[2]She placed fifth in the initial balloting, and denied unanimous consent for SenatorBarry GoldwaterfromArizonaafter refusing to withdraw her name from the final ballot.[14]She nevertheless campaigned for Goldwater in the general election, appearing in a television ad in which she defended his position onSocial Security.[39]

Later tenure

[edit]

During the administration of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy,Smith argued that the United States should use nuclear weapons against theSoviet Union.[16]This led Soviet leaderNikita Khrushchevto call Smith "the devil in disguise of a woman" whose position exceeded "all records of savagery."[16]Smith later replied, "Mr. Khrushchev isn't really mad at me. I am not that important. He is angry because American officials have grown more firm since my speech."[14]The morning afterKennedy's assassinationin November 1963, she went into the Senate chamber before it convened and laid a rose on the desk Kennedy had occupied as a Senator.[14]A member of theSenate Armed Services Committee,she supported theVietnam Warbut opposed the deployment of the Sentinelanti-ballistic missile.[40]

Smith was the first (and as yet only) woman to serve aschairof theSenate Republican Conference,serving from 1967 to 1972.[2]She was a strong supporter of the space program and served as a charter member of theSenate Aeronautical and Space Committee.[22]NASAadministratorJames E. Webbonce commented that the United States never would have placed a man on theMoonif it were not for Smith.[41]She supported increased educational funding,civil rights,and the creation ofMedicareandMedicaid,being one of thirteen Republican senators to vote in favor of both health programs.[13][42]Smith voted in favor of theCivil Rights Acts of 1957,[43][44]1960,[45]1964,[46]and1968,[47]as well as the24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitutionand theVoting Rights Act of 1965.[48][49][50]She held an all-time voting record in the Senate until 1981 with 2,941 consecutive roll call votes.[41]

Smith was present in the Senate whenKennedy's Supreme Court nominationsofByron WhiteandArthur Goldbergto theU.S. Supreme Courtwere unanimously confirmed on April 11, 1962, and on September 25, 1962, respectively.[51][52]Smith was present in the Senate whenLyndon Johnson's nominationofAbe Fortaswas unanimously confirmed on August 11, 1965,[53]and voted in favor of the confirmation ofThurgood Marshallon August 30, 1967.[54]On June 9, 1969, Smith voted in favor ofPresident Nixon's nominationofWarren E. BurgerasChief Justice of the United States.[55]Smith voted against Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination ofClement Haynsworthon November 21, 1969,[56]and a few months later, Smith voted against Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination ofHarrold Carswellon April 8, 1970.[57][14]The following month, Smith voted in favor of Nixon's nomination ofHarry Blackmunon May 12, 1970.[58]On December 6, 1971, Smith voted in favor of Nixon's nomination ofLewis F. Powell Jr.,[59]and on December 10, Smith was absent when Nixon's nomination ofWilliam Rehnquistas Associate Justice was confirmed while Senate Minority WhipRobert P. Griffinannounced that Smith would have voted in favor if present.[60]

1972 election

[edit]
Main article:1972 United States Senate election in Maine

She was defeated for re-election in 1972 by DemocratBill Hathaway,the only election she ever lost in the state of Maine.[14]In her last election, Smith had been plagued by rumors of poor health (she had been using a motor scooter around the Senate). A Republican primary challenger[who?]taunted her for being out of touch; she did not have a state office operating in Maine.[citation needed]Smith lost the election by 27,230 votes, a margin of 53–47%.

Senator Margaret Smith

Awards and honors

[edit]

She was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1952.[61]In 1973, Smith was inducted into theNational Women's Hall of Fame.[62]In 1995 Smith was awarded the Naval Heritage Award by theUS Navy Memorial Foundationfor her support of theUS Navy,US Naval ReservesWAVES,and the military during her congressional career. She was awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedomby PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushon July 6, 1989.[2]

Later life and death

[edit]

Following her departure from the Senate in January 1973, Smith taught at several colleges and universities as a visiting professor for theWoodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation(1973–1976).[3]She resumed her residence in Skowhegan, where she oversaw the construction of a library to hold her papers.[13]

At age 97, Smith died in her native Skowhegan in 1995, after suffering astrokeeight days earlier that had left her in acoma.[14]She was cremated, and her ashes were placed in the residential wing of the Margaret Chase Smith Library in Skowhegan.[2]She was the last living U.S. senator who had been born in the 19th century.

Legacy

[edit]

She is the namesake for theMaine State Ferry Service'sIslesboroFerry.

A large framed painting of Smith hangs in theMaine State Housein Augusta, Maine.

On February 2, 1952, Smith was the guest on theCBSvariety showFaye Emerson's Wonderful Town,in which hostessFaye Emersonvisited Washington, D.C., to accent the kinds of music popular in the nation's capital.[63]

On June 14, 1953, she was the "mystery celebrity" guest on "What's My Line?".

In 1958,Folkways Recordsreleased the albumAn Interview with Margaret Chase Smith,in which she spoke of women in local and national politics, and addressed the youth of the nation.

In 1961, Smith published her favorite family recipe, Maine Clam Chowder, in support of theGold Star Wives of Americamilitary family support organization.[64]

Patricia Nealdramatized Senator Smith's Declaration of Conscience speech in the 1978 television movieTail Gunner Joe.

In 1965, she was awarded the Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) fromWhittier College.[65]

In 1970, the twin Margaret Chase Smith bridges opened in Smith's hometown of Skowhegan, Maine, connecting Skowhegan Island to either side of theKennebec River.[66]

In 1979, theSupersisterstrading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Smith's name and picture.[67]

Janis Benson portrayed Senator Smith in the 1998 miniseriesFrom the Earth to the Moon.

On June 13, 2007, theUnited States Postal Serviceissued a 58¢ postage stamp in itsDistinguished Americans seriesto honor her.

In 2010, the United States political action committeeMaggie's Listwas founded, named after Smith; it works to "raise awareness and funds to increase the number of conservative women elected to federal public office."[68][69]

On June 8, 2022, a room in theUnited States Capitolwas named after Smith (the Margaret Chase Smith room). It is one of the first two rooms in the Capitol to be named after women who were senators, the other being theBarbara Mikulskiroom, which was named on the same day.[70][71]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Margaret Chase Smith Library – Biography".Archived fromthe originalon 2000-09-14.Retrieved2013-09-19.
  2. ^abcdefghij"Smith, Margaret Chase, (1897–1995)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  3. ^ab"Senator Margaret Chase Smith (1897–1995)".University of Maine.
  4. ^ab"June 1, 1950: A Declaration of Conscience".United States Senate.
  5. ^ab"Margaret Chase Smith, Republican of Maine".Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate.Archived fromthe originalon 2014-03-09.
  6. ^"Women in the Senate – Interactive Graph".The New York Times.March 21, 2013.RetrievedMay 14,2014.
  7. ^Cochrane, Emily (November 27, 2020)."Empowered by an Odds-Defying Win, Susan Collins is Ready to Deal".The New York Times.
  8. ^"Collins sworn in for historic fifth term in U.S. Senate".January 3, 2021.
  9. ^abcdefghiCurrent BiographyYearbook.Vol. VI.H.W. Wilson Company.1971.
  10. ^abcdefGutgold, Nichola D. (2006).Paving the Way for Madam President.Le xing ton Books.
  11. ^abcWallace, Patricia Ward (1995).Politics of Conscience: A Biography of Margaret Chase Smith.Praegar Publishers.
  12. ^abcdeHutchison, Kay Bailey(2004).American Heroines: The Spirited Women Who Shaped Our Country.HarperCollins.
  13. ^abcdefghijklmn"Smith, Margaret Chase".Women in Congress.
  14. ^abcdefghijklSevero, Richard (1995-05-30)."Margaret Chase Smith Is Dead at 97; Maine Republican Made History Twice".The New York Times.
  15. ^abSleeper, Frank H. (1996).Margaret Chase Smith's Skowhegan.Arcadia Publishing.
  16. ^abcde"Margaret Chase Smith".Encyclopædia Britannica.
  17. ^ab"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1940"(PDF).Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.
  18. ^ab"First Woman Elected to Both Houses of Congress".Senate Stories.
  19. ^ab"Senator Margaret Chase Smith".University of Maine at Augusta.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-10-12.Retrieved2012-01-12.
  20. ^"Margaret Chase Smith Library – Frequently Asked Questions".Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2013.
  21. ^ab"September 13, 1948: First Woman Elected to Both Houses of Congress".United States Senate.
  22. ^abcd"The First Woman to Serve in the U.S. House and Senate, Margaret Chase Smith".History Things.March 18, 2017.
  23. ^"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1948"(PDF).Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.
  24. ^ab"Margaret Chase Smith: A Declaration of Conscience".United States Senate.
  25. ^"Senate – August 18, 1949"(PDF).Congressional Record.95(9).U.S. Government Printing Office:11730.RetrievedMarch 24,2022.
  26. ^"Senate – October 4, 1949"(PDF).Congressional Record.95(10).U.S. Government Printing Office:13806.RetrievedMarch 24,2022.
  27. ^"Senate – March 1, 1954"(PDF).Congressional Record.100(2).U.S. Government Printing Office:2381.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  28. ^"Senate – March 16, 1955"(PDF).Congressional Record.101(3).U.S. Government Printing Office:3036.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  29. ^"Senate – March 19, 1957"(PDF).Congressional Record.103(3).U.S. Government Printing Office:3946.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  30. ^"Senate – May 5, 1959"(PDF).Congressional Record.105(6).U.S. Government Printing Office:7472.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  31. ^abRichardson, Heather Cox,On the anniversary of June 1, 1950 speech by Margaret Chase Smith,Letters from an American,Substack,June 1, 2022
  32. ^abSmith, Margaret Chase (1950-06-01)."Declaration of Conscience"(PDF).United States Senate.Retrieved2013-09-15.
  33. ^"Margaret Chase Smith: A Featured Biography".United States Senate.
  34. ^Hope Stoddard,Famous American Women,1970, p. 394
  35. ^Josephine Ripley, Christian Science Monitor,The Surprising Mrs. Smith,November 10, 1950
  36. ^Chicago Tribune,Military Men Numerous on Capitol Hill,December 3, 1962
  37. ^"U.S. Senate: Mach-Buster Maggie: The Supersonic Senator from Maine".senate.gov.
  38. ^"November/December 2016 – Madam President: The Struggle to Break the Last Glass Ceiling by Cyndy Bittinger".vermontwoman.
  39. ^"Senator Margaret Chase (Goldwater, 1964)".The Living Room Candidate.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-20.
  40. ^Hodgson, Godfrey (1995-06-03)."Obituaries: Margaret Chase Smith".The Independent.
  41. ^ab"Margaret Chase Smith".United States Senate.
  42. ^To Pass H.R. 6675, The Social Security Amendments of 1965
  43. ^"Senate – August 7, 1957"(PDF).Congressional Record.103(10).U.S. Government Printing Office:13900.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  44. ^"Senate – August 29, 1957"(PDF).Congressional Record.103(12).U.S. Government Printing Office:16478.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  45. ^"Senate – April 8, 1960"(PDF).Congressional Record.106(6).U.S. Government Printing Office:7810–7811.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  46. ^"Senate – June 19, 1964"(PDF).Congressional Record.110(11).U.S. Government Printing Office:14511.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  47. ^"Senate – March 11, 1968"(PDF).Congressional Record.114(5).U.S. Government Printing Office:5992.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  48. ^"Senate – March 27, 1962"(PDF).Congressional Record.108(4).U.S. Government Printing Office:5105.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  49. ^"Senate – May 26, 1965"(PDF).Congressional Record.111(2).U.S. Government Printing Office:11752.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  50. ^"Senate – August 4, 1965"(PDF).Congressional Record.111(14).U.S. Government Printing Office:19378.RetrievedFebruary 18,2022.
  51. ^"Senate – April 11, 1962"(PDF).Congressional Record.108(5).U.S. Government Printing Office:6332.RetrievedFebruary 19,2022.
  52. ^"Senate – September 25, 1962"(PDF).Congressional Record.108(15).U.S. Government Printing Office:20667.RetrievedFebruary 19,2022.
  53. ^"Senate – August 11, 1965"(PDF).Congressional Record.111(15).U.S. Government Printing Office:20079.RetrievedFebruary 5,2022.
  54. ^"Senate – August 30, 1967"(PDF).Congressional Record.113(18).U.S. Government Printing Office:24656.RetrievedFebruary 5,2022.
  55. ^"Senate – June 9, 1969"(PDF).Congressional Record.115(11).U.S. Government Printing Office:15195–15196.RetrievedFebruary 12,2022.
  56. ^"Senate – November 21, 1969"(PDF).Congressional Record.115(26).U.S. Government Printing Office:35396.RetrievedFebruary 6,2022.
  57. ^"Senate – April 8, 1970"(PDF).Congressional Record.116(8).U.S. Government Printing Office:10769.RetrievedFebruary 7,2022.
  58. ^"Senate – May 12, 1970"(PDF).Congressional Record.116(11).U.S. Government Printing Office:15117.RetrievedFebruary 12,2022.
  59. ^"Senate – December 6, 1971"(PDF).Congressional Record.117(34).U.S. Government Printing Office:44857.RetrievedFebruary 12,2022.
  60. ^"Senate – December 10, 1971"(PDF).Congressional Record.117(35).U.S. Government Printing Office:46197.RetrievedFebruary 7,2022.
  61. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"(PDF).American Academy of Arts and Sciences.RetrievedJuly 29,2014.
  62. ^"Smith, Margaret Chase".National Women’s Hall of Fame.
  63. ^"Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town".Classic Television Archives.RetrievedFebruary 26,2012.
  64. ^"Who's Who in the Kitchen – 1961".Archived fromthe originalon 2017-09-19.Retrieved2020-03-25.
  65. ^"Honorary Degrees | Whittier College".whittier.edu.Retrieved2019-12-06.
  66. ^Hodgdon, Kate; Clarke, Scott; Hoy, Gus."The Skowhegan Island".Maine Memory Network.Maine Historical Society.RetrievedJanuary 11,2021.In 1970, the Margaret Chase Smith bridges were erected and are still the two bridges used on the island today.
  67. ^Wulf, Steve (2015-03-23)."Supersisters: Original Roster".ESPN.Retrieved2015-06-04.
  68. ^"Maggie's List. Women's Political Action Committee. Who we are and what we do".Maggieslist.org. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-07-07.Retrieved2015-06-13.
  69. ^"Spotlight: Conservative Maggie's List aids candidates".Dnj. 2015-03-27.Retrieved2015-06-13.
  70. ^"Out of 540 U.S. Capitol rooms, two now are named for female senators. One of them is Maryland's Barbara Mikulski".Baltimore Sun.
  71. ^"She couldn't even use the Senate gym. Now she has a room of her own".Roll Call.June 8, 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Fitzpatrick, Ellen (2016).The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0-674-08893-1.LCCN2015045620.
  • Gallant, Gregory P. (2014).Hope and Fear in Margaret Chase Smith's America: A Continuous Tangle.Lanham, Maryland: Le xing ton Books.ISBN978-0-7391-7985-7.
  • Sherman, Janann (2000).No Place for a Woman.On Women and Politics. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.ISBN978-0-8135-2722-2.
  • Sherman, Janann. "'They Either Need These Women or They Do Not': Margaret Chase Smith and the Fight for Regular Status for Women in the Military."Journal of Military History54#1 (1990): 47–78.
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U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMaine's 2nd congressional district
1940–1949 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republicannominee forU.S. SenatorfromMaine
(Class 2)
1948,1954,1960,1966,1972 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Republican Conference
1967–1973 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Maine
1949–1973
Served alongside:Owen Brewster,Frederick Payne,Edmund Muskie 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of theSenate Space Committee
1963–1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ranking Member of theSenate Armed Services Committee
1967–1973 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Oldest living United States representative
(sitting or former)
1993–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Oldest living United States senator
(sitting or former)
1993–1995 		Succeeded by
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