Maria Janion

Maria Janion
Maria Janion, portrait by Zbigniew Kresowaty
Born	(1926-12-24)24 December 1926 Mońki,Poland
Died	23 August 2020(2020-08-23)(aged 93) Warsaw,Poland
Occupation	literary critic
Academic background
Alma mater	University of Warsaw
Academic work
Notable works	The Project of Phantasmatic Criticism(1991) Romanticism, Revolution, Marxism(1972)

Maria Janion(24 December 1926 – 23 August 2020) was a Polishscholar,literary theoristandcritic,as well as afeminist.She was a professor at the Institute of Literary Research of thePolish Academy of Sciences,specialising in literaryRomanticism.

Janion was also a member of thePolish Academy of Learning.She held anhonorary degreefromGdańsk University.

Life and career

She was born on 24 December 1926 inMońki,Second Polish Republic,to father Cyprian Janion and mother Ludwika (néeKurdyk). Until 1945 she resided inVilnius,where she graduated from secondary school and spent the years of theSecond World War.She was a member of thePolish Scouting and Guiding Association(Polish:Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego,ZHP), which was affiliated with theHome Army,and worked as a liaison officer. After the war, she and her family moved toBydgoszczas a result of thepostwar population transfers.

In 1945, she passed theMaturahigh school leaving exam inToruń.She studiedPolish studiesat theUniversity of Łódź.Since 1946, she attended aliterary criticismcourse run byStefan Żółkiewskiof theKuźnicaweekly magazine. In 1947, she started to publish her own articles and reviews and joined the Academic Union of Youth Struggle "Life". In 1948, she became a member of the editorial staff of theWieś( "Countryside" ) weekly. In 1948, she was employed at the Institute of Literary Research of thePolish Academy of Scienceswhere she worked until her retirement in 1996.

Between the years 1948 and 1978 she was an active member of thePolish United Workers' Party.

In 1951, she obtained amaster's degreefrom theUniversity of Warsaw.In 1957, she started to work at the Higher Pedagogical School inGdańsk(WSP). In 1968, she was appointed head of the Department of History of 19th-Century Literature. After theevents of March 1968,she was dismissed from her position at the WSP as the communist authorities were concerned about her growing influence on the university students. Her lectures placed emphasis on revolutionary and libertarian aspects of Romanticism which did not adhere to the official and generally accepted interpretation of the literary canon and encouraged her students to adopt a bold, defiant and original perspective onPolish literature.After the establishment of theUniversity of Gdańsk,she began to work at the Faculty of Polish Philology.

In 1970 Janion joined secret societies aimed against communism in Poland. She was one of the founders of an independent Society of Study Courses. In 1973, she received the title of humanities professor. In 1979, she became a member of thePolish Writers' Union(Związek Literatów Polskich).

She became more critical of the imposed views and values in regards to Polish literature, both classical and contemporary, and to Polish views on war, soldiers, heroism, military uprisings andmartyrdom.In 1976 she published a study on war and form, discussing the recently published Private Journal of theWarsaw Uprisingby poetMiron Białoszewski.Because she described the journal as a work portraying war and uprising from a civil, non-mythological, non-heroic perspective, she was widely criticized. She was accused, like Miron Białoszewski, of disgracing Polish values. Her independent opinions, which won respect among students and academic members, as well as her connections to the opposition, caused her to become a potential enemy of the state.

When theSolidarity movementbegan, Janion signed the letter issued by 64 intellectuals supporting the strikes, yet calling for actions that would not contribute to bloodshed. In 1981 she made an appearance at the Congress of Polish Culture, which was interrupted by the introduction ofmartial law in Poland.She called for the huge national movement, which was so far mainly driven by passion, to be turned into an intellectual effort.

In the 1990s, she joined the Society for Humanism and Independent Ethics (Stowarzyszenia na Rzecz Humanizmu i Etyki Niezależnej). In 1989, she became a member of thePolish Writers' Associationand in 1991 the PolishPEN Club.In 1994, she was awarded anhonorary degreefrom the University of Gdańsk.Between 1997 and 2004 she served on the jury of theNike Award,Poland's top literary prize, and from 2000 to 2004 she worked as chairperson of the jury. From 1992 until 2010, she continued to give open lectures at the Institute of Sociology and Philosophy of thePolish Academy of Sciences.

She died at the age of 93 in Warsaw on 23 August, 2020.

Romanticism as a revolution of thought

According to Janion, Romanticism is a revolution of thought which allows different insights into history, nature and humanity. She stressed that in Romanticism with time there is increasing importance of a sense of the absurd andgrotesquewith regard to existence, expressed inironyandmelancholy.She traces the birth of Romanticism to the re-discovery of the modern "self", which in the beginning primarily manifested itself inindividualismexploring the experience and the mystery of a particular existence. The Romantic imagination revealed a new reality: an inner world of dreams andphantasms.She introduced the idea of the "subconscious human" expressing previously hidden and repressed thoughts even though there still remained various spheres of suppression. The Romantic liberation was made possible thanks to the rejection ofclassicismand its dogmatic and one-dimensional understanding oftradition,which restricted imagination. The Romantic multilateral and pluralistic perspective on tradition became the basis for the new culturalparadigm.However, in her workThe Romantic Fever,she demonstrates that Romanticism could not hold itself to a static and unambiguous system — not even among its epigones, since they merely reinforced its antinomies and transformed them into stereotypes.

In her books, she discussed numerous aspects of this new paradigm such as the newRomantic hero;a radical violation of thedeathtaboo;re-exploration of the hidden and forgotten which led to the ennobling ofvernacular cultures(folk culturein particular, but also pagan, Slavic, Nordic and Oriental cultures); the concept ofnatureas a model; a mode of existence which in an inevitable way identifies creation with destruction or even self-destruction and life with death; the understanding of history as atheophany;the dramaticphilosophy of existencestretching from salvation to nothingness; as well as suppressed existential experiences (that of a child, madman or a woman).

Uncanny Slavdom

In the bookNiesamowita Słowiańszczyzna( "Uncanny Slavdom" ), Janion deployedEdward Said's concept ofOrientalismto prove that in theMiddle AgesWestern Slavsunderwent colonization byRoman Catholicism.According to Janion, Poles entering the realm of Latin influence severed them from pagan tradition and has become for them a source of trauma, which continues to affect their present collective identity. This interpretation has been challenged by Dariusz Skórczewskias a misapplication ofpostcolonial theoryand a misinterpretation of the role ofChristianity in the Polish lands.

Personal life

She publiclycame outas alesbianin book entitledJanion. Transe – traumy – transgresje.She actively promotedfeminism in Polandand was known for her criticism ofracism,anti-Semitism,homophobiaandmisogyny.

Awards and honours

• Życie LiterackieAward for the bookRomantyzm, rewolucja, marksizm( "Romanticism, Revolution, Marxism" ), 1972
• Polish Academy of Sciences Secretary Award for the bookGorączka romantyczna( "Romantic Fever" ), 1977
• Polish Academy of Sciences Secretary Award for the bookRomantyzm i historia( "Romanticism and History" ) co-written with Maria Żmigrodzka, 1979
• Jurzykowski Prize,1980
• Honorary degree at theUniversity of Gdańsk,1994
• Great Culture Foundation Award (Nagroda Wielkiej Fundacji Kultury), 1999
• Kazimierz WykaAward, 2001
• Amicus Hominis et Veritatis Prize, 2005
• GoldenMedal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis,2007
• Paszport Polityki Award,2007
• Finalist of theNike Awardfor the bookNiesamowita słowiańszczyzna,2007
• Splendor Gedanensis Award, 2007
• Award of theMinister of Culture and National Heritage,2009
• "Hiacynt"LGBTAward conferred by the Equality Foundation, 2009
• Special Award of the Congress of Women, 2010
• Ordre national du Mérite,(France), 2012
• Jan ParandowskiPEN Club Prize, 2018

Published works

In Polish:

• Lucjan Siemieński,poeta romantyczny,PIW, Warsaw, 1955
• Zygmunt Krasiński,debiut i dojrzałość,Wiedza Powszechna, Warsaw, 1962
• Romantyzm. Studia o ideach i stylu,PIW, Warsaw, 1969
• Romantyzm, rewolucja, marksizm,( "Romanticism, Revolution,Marxism"), Wydawnictwo Morskie, Gdańsk, 1972
• Humanistyka: Poznanie i terapia,PIW, Warsaw, 1974
• Gorączka romantyczna,( "Romantic Fever" ), PIW, Warsaw, 1975
• Romantyzm i historia( "Romanticism and History" ), co-written with Maria Żmigrodzka, PIW, Warsaw, 1978
• Odnawianie znaczeń,( "The Refurbishment of Meanings" ), Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków, 1980
• Czas formy otwartej,PIW, Warsaw, 1984
• Wobec zła,( "In View of Evil" ), Verba, Chotomów, 1989
• Życie pośmiertne Konrada Wallenroda,( "The Posthumous Life ofKonrad Wallenrod"), PIW, Warsaw, 1990
• Projekt krytyki fantazmatycznej( "The Project of Phantasmatic Criticism" ), PEN, Warsaw, 1991
• Kuźnia natury,Gdańsk, 1994
• Kobiety i duch inności,( "Women and the Spirit of Dissidence" ), Warsaw, 1996
• Czy będziesz wiedział, co przeżyłeś,Warsaw, 1996
• Płacz generała. Eseje o wojnie,Warsaw, 1998
• Odyseja wychowania. Goetheańska wizja człowieka w "Latach nauki i latach wędrówki Wilhelma Meistra",co-written with Maria Żmigrodzka, Aureus, Kraków, 1998
• Do Europy - tak, ale razem z naszymi umarłymi( "To Europe: Yes, but Together with our Dead" ), Warsaw, 2000
• Purpurowy płaszcz Mickiewicza. Studium z historii poezji i mentalności,Gdańsk, 2001
• Żyjąc tracimy życie: niepokojące tematy egzystencji,( "Living to Lose Live" ), W.A.B., Warsaw, 2001
• Wampir: biografia symboliczna( "Vampire: A Symbolic Biography" ), Gdańsk, 2002
• Romantyzm i egzystencja,( "Romanticism and Existence" ) with Maria Żmigrodzka, 2004
• Niesamowita Słowiańszczyzna,WL, Kraków, 2006

In English:

• Hero, Conspiracy, and Death: The Jewish Lectures,translated by Alex Shannon (2014)
• "Poland Between the West and the East", translated by Anna Warso (2014), inTeksty Drugie,1, pp. 13-33. Special Issue – English Edition (http://rcin.org.pl/Content/51830/WA248_71041_P-I-2524_janion-poland.pdf)