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Marine park

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For aquatic theme parks involving sea mammals that are colloquially called "marine parks", seeMarine mammal park.For the Brooklyn neighborhood and eponymous park, seeMarine Park (Brooklyn park)andMarine Park (neighborhood), Brooklyn.
Further information:Marine protected areaandMarine reserve
Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park

Amarine parkis a designatedparkconsisting of an area of sea (or lake) set aside to achieveecological sustainability,promote marine awareness and understanding, enable marinerecreational activities,and provide benefits forIndigenous peoplesand coastalcommunities.[1]Most marine parks are managed by national governments, and organized like 'watery'national parks,whereasmarine protected areasandmarine reservesare often managed by asubnational entityornon-governmental organization,such as aconservation authority.[2]

The largest marine park used to be theGreat Barrier Reef Marine ParkinAustralia,at 350,000 km² until 2010, when theUnited Kingdomannounced the opening of the Chagos Marine Park orChagos Archipelago.[citation needed]

Although for many uses it is sufficient to designate the boundaries of the marine park and to inform commercialfishing boatsand other maritime enterprises, some parks have gone to additional effort to make their wonders accessible to visitors. These can range fromglass-bottomed boatsand smallsubmarines,to windowed undersea tubes.

InNew Zealandamarine reserveis an area which has a higher degree of legal protection than marine parks forconservationpurposes.[citation needed]

InNew South Wales,there are planned marine parks which will stretch along the coastline of the entire state.[3]

France and its territories are home to nine marine parks, known asparc naturel marin[fr].[4][5]

List of marine parks[edit]

Africa[edit]

Americas[edit]

Chile[edit]

Canada[edit]

Mexico[edit]

United States[edit]

Asia[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

China[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

India[edit]

Indonesia[edit]

Japan[edit]

Malaysia[edit]

Philippines[edit]

Singapore[edit]

Taiwan[edit]

Thailand[edit]

See also:List of marine national parks of Thailand

Europe[edit]

High seas[edit]

Nearly all existing marine reserves have been set close to shore, mostly in territorial waters. A main reason for this lies in the fragmented nature of maritime governance in international waters, the poor enforcement of existing regulations in the High seas, plus the difficult co-management that would be required of countries often in conflict. How to circumvent such obstacles? In 2011, based on unique biological, geological and oceanographic features, the Mediterranean Science Commission proposed the creation of eight large international, coast-to coast "Marine Peace Parks" in the Mediterranean Sea where no coastal point is farther than 200 nautical miles from waters under another jurisdiction. The trans-frontier structure of such 'Peace' Parks puts this problem aside, encouraging the local Governments involved to join forces in the pursuit of a cause higher than their national interest without prejudice to current national claims.[9]

Greenpeaceis campaigning for the "doughnut holes" of the western pacific to be declared as marine reserves.[10] They are also campaigning for 40 percent of the world’s oceans to be protected as marine reserves.[11]

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

Australian government[edit]
See also:Australian marine parks

The Australian Government manages an estate ofmarine protected areas(MPA) that areCommonwealthreserves under theEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999(EPBC Act).

New South Wales[edit]
Queensland[edit]
South Australia[edit]
Further information:Protected areas of South Australia

As of December 2013, the following marine parks have been declared under theMarine Parks Act 2007 (SA):[12]

Victoria[edit]
Further information:Protected areas of Victoria

The state ofVictoriahas protected approximately 5.3% of coastal waters. In June 2002, legislation was passed to establish 13 Marine National Parks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries. Victoria is the first jurisdiction in the world to create an entire system of highly protected Marine National Parks at the same time.[13]Additional areas are listed as Marine Parks or Marine Reserves, which provides a lower level of protection and allows activities such as commercial and recreational fishing.

The marine national parks are:

Western Australia[edit]

Kimberley region:

Gascoyne region:

Micronesia[edit]

New Zealand[edit]

Papua New Guinea[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^""National Marine Conservation Areas"".Parks Canada.Retrieved8 August2014.
  2. ^""Conservation Authorities"".Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry.Retrieved8 August2014.
  3. ^"Type 1 Marine Protected Areas: Marine reserves".doc.govt.nz.New Zealand Department of Conservation.Retrieved2021-01-18.
  4. ^"Délibération 2020-06"(PDF).Office Français de la Biodiversité(in French). 2020-03-03.
  5. ^"Les parcs naturels marins français"(PDF)(in French). Institut océanographique. December 2013.Retrieved19 May2021.
  6. ^Jones, Nicola (2011)."Little Mexican reserve boasts big recovery".Nature.doi:10.1038/news.2011.479.Retrieved2011-08-23.
  7. ^"Parque Natural Marinho Da Ponta Do Pargo".dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu.Retrieved4 June2021.
  8. ^"Parque Natural Marinho Do Cabo Girão".Protected Planet.Retrieved4 June2021.
  9. ^Marine Peace Parks in the Mediterranean. Feb. 2011. Briand, F.https:// researchgate.net/publication/239940856_Marine_Peace_Parks_in_the_Mediterranean
  10. ^"The Pacific Commons -- first high seas marine reserve?".Greenpeace Australia Pacific.2007. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-05-08.Retrieved2008-04-27.The Western and Central Pacific Ocean is the world's largest tuna fishery. Over half of the tuna consumed worldwide is taken from this area. Rampant overfishing is destroying this fishery; relatively healthy just a few years ago. Today, two key Pacific species, Bigeye and Yellowfin could face collapse unless urgent action is taken.
  11. ^"Marine reserves".Greenpeace Australia Pacific.2007. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-03-31.Retrieved2008-04-27.A growing body of scientific evidence that demonstrates what we at Greenpeace have been saying for a long time: that the establishment of large-scale networks of marine reserves, urgently needed to protect marine species and their habitats, could be key to reversing global fisheries decline.
  12. ^"MARINE PARKS ACT 2007: SECTION 14"(PDF).The South Australian Government Gazette. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 September 2015.Retrieved8 December2013.
  13. ^ Victoria's System of Marine National Parks and Marine Sanctuaries. Management Strategy 2003–2010(PDF),Parks Victoria,2003,retrieved2012-02-04
  14. ^abcDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions(WA) (2020).Lalang-gaddam Marine Park amended joint management plan for the Lalang-garram / Camden Sound, Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls and North Lalang-garram marine parks and indicative joint management plan for the proposed Maiyalam Marine Park 2020(PDF).Government of Western Australia.ISBN978-1-925978-20-9.Retrieved31 December2020.
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