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Mark Rutte
Rutte in 2023
14thSecretary General of NATO
Designate
Assuming office
1 October 2024
SucceedingJens Stoltenberg
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office
14 October 2010 – 2 July 2024
Monarchs
Deputy
See list
Preceded byJan Peter Balkenende
Succeeded byDick Schoof
Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
In office
31 May 2006 – 14 August 2023
Preceded byJozias van Aartsen
Succeeded byDilan Yeşilgöz
State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science
In office
17 June 2004 – 27 June 2006
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byAnnette Nijs
Succeeded byBruno Bruins
State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment
In office
22 July 2002 – 17 June 2004
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byHans Hoogervorst
Succeeded byHenk van Hoof
Member of theHouse of Representatives
In office
31 March 2021 – 10 January 2022
In office
23 March 2017 – 26 October 2017
In office
20 September 2012 – 5 November 2012
In office
28 June 2006 – 14 October 2010
In office
30 January 2003 – 27 May 2003
Personal details
Born(1967-02-14)14 February 1967(age 57)
The Hague,Netherlands
Political partyPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
EducationLeiden University(BA,MA)
Signature

Mark Rutte(Dutch:[ˈmɑr(ə)kˈrʏtə];born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who served asPrime Minister of the Netherlandsbetween 2010 and 2024. Following his departure from national politics, Rutte will take up the post ofNATO Secretary-Generalin October 2024.[1]Rutte was theleaderof thePeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy(VVD) from 2006 through 2023.

After embarking on a business management career working forUnilever,Rutte entered national politics in 2002 as a member ofJan Peter Balkenende's cabinets. Rutte won the2006 VVD leadership electionand led the party to victory in the2010 general election.After lengthycoalition negotiations,he became prime minister of the Netherlands. He was the firstliberalto be appointed prime minister in 92 years.[2]

An impasse on budget negotiations led to his government's early collapse in April 2012, but the VVD's victory in thesubsequent electionallowed Rutte to return as prime minister to leada coalitionbetween the VVD and theLabour Party(PvdA), which became the first cabinet to see out a full four-year term since 1998. Though the VVD lost seats in the2017 general election,it remained the largest party. After a record-length formation period, Rutte was appointed to leada new coalitionbetween the VVD,Christian Democratic Appeal(CDA),Democrats 66(D66) andChristian Union(CU).

Though Rutte and his cabinet resigned in response to thechildcare benefits scandal,[3][4][5]the VVD won the2021 general election.[6][7]Rutte began his fourth term in 2022 after another record-length formation period. On 7 July 2023, he announced his government's resignation after his coalition failed to agree on how to handle increasingmigration.[8][9]His government took on a caretaker role until theSchoof cabinetwas sworn in on 2 July 2024.[10]Due to his ability to come out of political scandals with his reputation undamaged, Rutte has been referred to as "Teflon Mark".[11]He has been described as flexible and pragmatic, willing to accommodate a broad range of political factions in order to address issues.[12]

Early life

Rutte was born inThe Hague,in theprovinceofSouth Holland,[13]in aDutch Reformedfamily. He is the youngest child of Izaäk Rutte (5 October 1909 – 22 April 1988), a merchant, and his second wife, Hermina Cornelia Dilling (13 November 1923 – 13 May 2020), a secretary. Izaäk Rutte worked for atrading company;first as an importer in theDutch East Indies,later as a director in the Netherlands.[citation needed]His second wife was a sister of his first wife, Petronella Hermanna Dilling (17 March 1910 – 20 July 1945), who died while she and he were interned together inTjideng,a prisoner-of-war camp inBatavia,nowJakarta,duringWorld War II.[14][15]Rutte has seven siblings as a result of his father's two marriages. One of his elder brothers died from AIDS in the 1980s. Rutte later described the deaths of his brother and his father as events that changed the course of his life.[16][17]

Rutte attended the Maerlant Lyceum from 1979 until 1985,[18]specialising in the arts. Although his original ambition was to attend a conservatory and become a concert pianist,[19]he instead went to study history atLeiden University,where he obtained anMAdegree in 1992.[20]Rutte combined his studies with a position on the board of theYouth Organisation Freedom and Democracy,the youth organisation of the VVD, of which he was the chair from 1988 to 1991.[21]

After his studies Rutte entered the business world, working as a manager forUnileverand its food subsidiary Calvé. Until 1997, Rutte was part of thehuman resourcedepartment of Unilever, and played a leading role in several reorganisations. Between 1997 and 2000, Rutte was staff manager of Van den Bergh Nederland, a subsidiary of Unilever. In 2000, Rutte became a member of the Corporate Human Resources Group, and in 2002, he became human resource manager for IgloMora Groep, another subsidiary of Unilever.[22]

Between 1993 and 1997, Rutte was a member of the national board of the VVD. Rutte also served as a member of the VVD candidate committee for thegeneral election of 2002.Rutte was elected as Member of Parliament in 2003.[citation needed]

Political career

Rutte served as State Secretary (i.e. Deputy Minister) at theSocial Affairs and Employment Ministryfrom 22 July 2002 to 17 June 2004 in theFirstandSecond Balkenende cabinets.Rutte was responsible for fields includingbijstand(municipal welfare) andarbeidsomstandigheden(Occupational safety and health). After the2003 electionsRutte was briefly also a member of theHouse of Representatives,from 30 January to 27 May 2003.[citation needed]

In 2003, as State Secretary, Rutte advised municipalities to check, exceptionally, Somali residents for social assistance fraud, after some Somalis working in England were also found to receive social assistance benefits in the Netherlands. A Somali man entitled to benefits was stopped by social investigators and checked for fraud on the basis of his external characteristics, after which he refused the investigators access to his home. The Municipal Executive (College van burgemeester en wethouders) of Haarlem decided to withdraw the right of the man to social benefits. He disagreed with this and his appeal was upheld by the administrative judge. The court ruled that "an investigation aimed exclusively at persons of Somali descent is discriminatory" and contrary to the Constitution because this distinction is "discrimination based on race". Rutte rejected the criticism and stated that a change in the law would then be necessary to be able to combat targeted fraud.[23][24][25]

Rutte later served as State Secretary for Higher Education and Science, within theEducation, Culture and Science Ministry,replacingAnnette Nijs,from 17 June 2004 to 27 June 2006, in theSecond Balkenende cabinet.In office, Rutte showed particular interest in making theDutch higher education systemmore competitive internationally, by trying to make it more market oriented (improving the position of students as consumers in the market for education). Rutte would have been succeeded by formerThe HaguealdermanBruno Bruins.Before Bruins could be sworn into office, thesecond Balkenende cabinetfell. In the subsequently formedThird Balkenende cabinetBruins succeeded Rutte as State secretary.[citation needed]

Rutte resigned from his position in government in June 2006 to return to theHouse of Representatives,and he soon became theparliamentary leaderof the VVD. Rutte became an important figure within the VVD leadership. Rutte was campaign manager for the2006 municipal elections.[citation needed]

Party leadership election

After the resignation ofJozias van Aartsen,the VVD having lost in the 2006 Dutch municipal election, the party held aninternal electionfor a new Lead Candidate, in which Rutte competed againstRita VerdonkandJelleke Veenendaal.On 31 May 2006, it was announced that Mark Rutte would be the nextlijsttrekkerof the VVD. He was elected by 51.5% of party members. Rutte's candidacy was backed by the VVD leadership, including the party board, and many prominent politicians such asFrank de Grave,former minister of Defence,Ivo Opstelten,the mayor ofRotterdamandEd Nijpels,theQueen's CommissionerofFriesland.TheYouth Organisation Freedom and Democracy,the VVD's youth wing, of which he had been chair, also backed him. During the elections he promised "to make the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy a party for everyone and not just of the elite". His youthful appearance has been likened to the successful former leader of theLabour Party,Wouter Bos.[citation needed]

Rutte said that theChristian Democratic Appeal(CDA) party was a group that "the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy could do business with".[26]He had also stated that with the social security ideas of the Labour Party, which he called too socialist, it was unlikely that the VVD would cooperate or form a coalition after the elections.[citation needed]

2006 general election

For the2006 general election,the VVD campaign with Rutte as leader did not get off to a good start; he received criticism from within his own party.[27]Rutte was said to be overshadowed by his own party membersRita VerdonkandGerrit Zalm,as well as being unable to penetrate betweenWouter BosandJan Peter Balkenende,who were generally seen as the prime candidates to become the next prime minister. On 27 November, it became known that Rita Verdonk, who generally held a more populist view on politics, managed to obtain more votes than Mark Rutte; he obtained 553,200 votes against Verdonk's 620,555.[27][28]After repeated criticisms by Verdonk on VVD policy, Rutte expelled her from the party's parliamentary faction on 13 September 2007.[29]

2010 general election

In the2010 general election,Rutte was once again thelijsttrekkerfor the VVD. It won 31 seats to become the largest party in the House of Representatives for the first time ever.[30]A long period of negotiations followed, with several personalities succeeding each other, being appointed byQueen Beatrixin order to find out what coalition could be formed. Efforts to form a broad spectrum coalition between the VVD, CDA and PvdA failed. Instead, the only possibility appeared to be a centre-right coalition of liberals andChristian Democrats(CDA), with the outside support of theParty for Freedom(PVV), led byGeert Wilders.[citation needed]

Prime Minister of the Netherlands

Premiership of Mark Rutte
14 October 2010 – 2 July 2024
Mark Rutte
Cabinet
PartyPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Election2010,2012,2017,2021
Appointed byWillem-Alexander of the Netherlands
SeatTorentje

Official website

First term

Rutte presenting his first cabinet together with Deputy Prime MinisterMaxime Verhagen(CDA) and coalition partnerGeert Wilders(PVV)

After securing support for a coalition between the VVD and CDA, Rutte was appointed asformateuron 8 October 2010; Rutte announced his prospective cabinet, includingMaxime Verhagenfrom the CDA as deputy prime minister. On 14 October, Queen Beatrix formally invited Rutte to form a government, and later that day, Rutte presented hisfirst cabinetto Parliament. The government was confirmed in office by a majority of one, and Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands, becoming the first Liberal to serve in the role sincePieter Cort van der Lindenin 1918.[30]He also became the second-youngest prime minister in Dutch history, afterRuud Lubbers.[citation needed]

After the victory at the2011 provincial elections,the VVD secured its status as the lead party within the government. In March 2012, seeking to comply withEuropean Unionrequirements to reduce the nation's deficit, Rutte began talks with his coalition partners on a budget which would cut 16 billion euros of spending. However, PVV leaderGeert Wilderswithdrew his party's informal support from the government on 21 April, stating that the proposed budget would hurt economic growth.[31]This led to the early collapse of the government, and Rutte submitted his resignation toQueen Beatrixon the afternoon of 23 April.[32]His government had lasted for 558 days, making it one of the shortest Dutch cabinets since World War II.[31]

Second term

Ahead of the2012 general election,Rutte was named the VVD'slijsttrekkerfor the third time. At the election in September, the VVD won an additional 10 seats, remaining the largest party in the House of Representatives; the CDA and PVV saw their number of seats fall significantly.[33]The VVD quickly negotiated a coalition agreement with theLabour Party,and on 5 November 2012, theSecond Rutte cabinetwas confirmed by a vote in Parliament, seeing Rutte returned as prime minister of a VVD-PvdA coalition government.[citation needed]

In 2014,The Hagueheld aGroup of Sevenspecial meeting after theMalaysia Airlines Flight 17was shot down in Ukraine with 193 Dutch nationals aboard. During themunicipal elections of 2014,the VVD finished third behind local parties and the CDA; at theEuropean Parliament electionthe same year, it finished fourth. At the2015 Dutch provincial elections,however, the VVD remained the largest party in the province's legislatures with about 15% of the vote, but lost 23 seats in theStates-Provincial.[citation needed]

In April 2016, Rutte was appointed byUnited Nations Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moonandPresident of the World Bank GroupJim Yong Kimto the High-Level Panel on Water. Co-chaired by Mauritius PresidentAmeenah Guriband Mexican PresidentEnrique Peña Nieto,the joint United Nations-World Bank Group panel was set up to accelerate the implementation ofSustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).[34]That month also saw the2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum,which resulted in a rejection. In November 2016 the House of Representatives approved by 132 votes against 18 a ban on the Islamicburqain some public spaces including schools and hospitals, a bill supported by the VVD.[35]

Rutte's second cabinet completed its full four-year term without collapsing or losing a vote of no confidence, becoming the first cabinet to do so since theFirst Kok cabinetfrom 1994 to 1998.[36]

Third term

The VVD went into the2017 general electionwith a small lead over the PVV in most opinion polls. Rutte was judged to have managed the2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incidentwell according to similar polling. While the VVD lost 8 seats in the general election, the PvdA lost 29, and these seats were split between a number of other parties, leaving the VVD the largest party in parliament for the third successive election. After holding coalition discussions, Rutte negotiated a grand coalition with theCDA,D66andCU;he presented histhird cabineton 26 October 2017, and was sworn in as prime minister for a third term. The 225 days between the general election and the installation of the government was the longest such period in Dutch history.[citation needed]

Rutte with Indian Prime MinisterNarendra Modi,24 May 2018

The coalition agreement's plan to abolish the 15%dividend tax(providing the state €1.4 billion per year) proved highly unpopular, as it had not been mentioned in any party's program, and it later appeared that major Dutch companies likeShellandUnileverhad secretly been lobbying for that measure.[37]

In July 2018, Rutte became a topic in international news because of what was considered "typical Dutch bluntness", by interrupting and explicitly contradicting the American presidentDonald Trumpduring a meeting with the press at theOval Officein theWhite House.[38][39]

Rutte's third government provided materials to theLevant Frontrebel group inSyria.[40]In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafistand jihadistic "group that" strives for the setting up of the caliphate ".[41]

On 21 March 2018, theDutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendumwas held. It resulted in a rejection. At the2019 provincial elections,Rutte's VVD suffered a blow following the victory of right-wing populist newcomerForum for Democracy(FvD).[citation needed]

During the negotiations for theCOVID-19 recovery fund in the European Union,Rutte is considered the unofficial leader of theFrugal Four,[42]demanding loans instead of grants and more conditions on them.[citation needed]

During a parliamentary debate on 9 September 2020, Rutte suggested that the EU could be dissolved and re-formed withoutPolandandHungary,as he perceives these countries' governments to be dismantling therule of law.[43][44][45]

On 15 January 2021, the third Rutte cabinet collectively resigned after publications of research around thechildcare subsidies scandal in the Netherlands.[46]Rutte offered his resignation to the King, accepting responsibility for the scandal.[47]

Fourth term

Rutte and U.S. PresidentJoe Bidenat theG20 Rome summit,31 October 2021
Rutte with Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy,11 July 2022
Rutte with Azerbaijani PresidentIlham Aliyev,19 January 2023
Rutte with European Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen,Italian Prime MinisterGiorgia Meloniand Tunisian PresidentKais Saied,16 July 2023

Following the2021 Dutch general election,Rutte's VVD party held 34 of 150 seats and was expected to form a new coalition government.[48]After remaining caretaker prime minister for the duration of the longest formation process in Dutch history, on 15 December 2021 he presented a coalition agreement withD66,CDAandCU,the same combination as his previous government.[49]

In October 2022, Rutte said that allegedwar crimesand human rights violations committed during theArmenian-Azerbaijani warinNagorno-Karabakhshould be investigated.[50]

Ascandal(Nokiagate) during his fourth term was that it was found out that he had been wiping the majority of SMS text messages of his archaicNokiamobile phone for years in violation of the archival law, personally judging which messages were to be archived and which messages were to be deleted.[51]His excuse was that his phone memory filled up too quickly. This was not considered a plausible excuse by other ministers.[52]This was also in violation of his campaign promise and coalition accords that stated they wished to restore peoples faith in politics, create a new governance culture and "improve the information provided to the [second] house", that the archival law would be modernized and that information would be made available faster.[52]

In January 2023, the U.S., Japan, and the Netherlands reached an agreement to limit certainadvanced chip exports to China.[53]In March 2023, the Dutch government placed restrictions on chip exports in order to protect national security. This measure affectedASMLas one of the most important companies in the global microchip supply chain.[54]In January 2024, the Dutch government placed further restrictions on the shipment of some advanced chip-making equipment to China.[55]On 27 March 2024, Chinese PresidentXi Jinpingtold Rutte that "no force can stop the pace of China’s scientific and technological progress".[56]

Different stances onimmigration policywithin his four-party coalition had existed since the coalition government was formed. VVD and CDA supported restrictions on immigration, while D66 and CU opposed them. In 7 July 2023, the parties failed for the last time to reach an agreement and decided unanimously that they could not remain together in the coalition. Immediately, Rutte offered the resignation of his government.[57][58]The king asked that the prime minister and his government continue to carry out their duties in a caretaker capacity.[59]

On 10 July 2023, Rutte announced his departure as political leader of the VVD and that he would leave politics when a new government took over.[60][61]Early general elections were held on22 November 2023.

In October 2023, he condemned theHamas attack on Israeland expressed his support toIsraeland its right to self-defense.[62]On 23 October 2023, Rutte visited Israel to express solidarity with the country. He met Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuin Jerusalem.[63]He rejected calls for a ceasefire in the2023 Israel–Hamas warbut supported "humanitarian pauses" to provide aid to civilians in theGaza Strip.[64][65]In February 2024, a court in the Netherlands ordered the Dutch government to stop exporting parts forF-35fighter jets to Israel.[66]

In February 2024, Rutte visitedSaudi Arabiaand spoke with the Saudi Crown PrinceMohammed bin Salmanabout "broad cooperation."[67]

On 26 February 2024 Rutte travelled to Paris, whereEmmanuel Macronwas holding an emergency summit over the situation inUkraine,as they had suffered the loss ofAvdiivkadue to shell hunger. Czech PMPetr Fialaproposed to purchase 500,000 rounds of artillery ammunition forVolodymyr Zelensky's forces. This was the second time in one month the Czech government had aired the matter. The French had previously vetoed the idea to purchase the ammunition from foreign sources.[68]The government of Rutte announced, through him on that day in Paris, that it would provide €100 million for this purpose.[69]On 1 March Rutte increased the commitment to €250 million for Fiala's venture, as he went toKharkivto tour with Zelensky an underground metro station that had been repurposed into a primary school. There they signed the Netherlands-Ukraine bilateral security agreement.[70][71]

Rutte with Israeli PresidentIsaac Herzogand KingWillem-Alexander of the Netherlandson 10 March 2024

In March 2024, Rutte threatened Israel withsanctionsif the Israeli military launched a large-scaleinvasion of Rafah,saying the attack would be a "game changer" and have "political consequences."[72]

During a meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping in March 2024, Rutte discussed theRussian invasion of Ukraineand tried to persuadeChina,which has provided Russia with diplomatic cover andeconomic support through trade,to exert its influence on Russia. Rutte said that "this is a direct security threat for us, because if Russia will be successful in Ukraine, it will be a threat to the whole of Europe. It will not end with Ukraine."[73]

On 14 April 2024, Rutte condemned theIranian strikes against Israeland reiterated the necessity forsanctions against Iran.[74][75]Rutte said Iran'sIslamic Revolutionary Guards Corps(IRGC) should be added to the EU'sterrorism blacklist.[75]

In May 2024, Rutte's government authorized Ukraine to use Dutch-suppliedF-16fighters tostrike targets inside Russia.[76][77]Rutte attended theJune 2024 Ukraine peace summit.He interpreted Putin'sproposal for peace talksas a sign of panic.[78]

TheSchoof cabinet,whichhad been formedfollowing the general election and was led byDick Schoof,was sworn in on 2 July 2024 bringing an end to Rutte's last term as prime minister.[79]

Secretary General of NATO

Rutte speaks in Helsinki 2024

Rutte was appointed to succeedJens StoltenbergasSecretary General of NATOon 1 October 2024. Despite previously stating he wanted to focus on high school teaching after his prime ministership, he announced his candidacy for the position in October 2023. His bid received public support from the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France in February 2024.[80][81][82][83]Rutte managed to overcome opposition from the last holdouts, Turkey, Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania, in the months thereafter, with his only opponent, Romanian PresidentKlaus Iohannis,dropping out a week before his official appointment on 26 June 2024.[80][84][85]

Honours

Personal life

Rutte is single.[13][91]He is a member of theDutch Protestant Church.[92]As prime minister, Rutte still taughtsocial studieson Thursday mornings at the Johan de Witt College, a secondary school in The Hague.[20][93][94]Rutte is known to be a big fan of the writing ofRobert Caro,especially his 1974 book aboutRobert Moses,The Power Broker.[95]He drives aSaab 9-3estate.[96]As of 2024, he has lived for several decades in an apartment inBenoordenhout,a neighbourhood of The Hague.[97][98]

See also

References

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External links

Political offices
Preceded by State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment
2002–2004
Succeeded by
Preceded by State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science
2004–2006
Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of the Netherlands
2010–2024
Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
2006–2023
Succeeded by