Marksman
Amarksmanis a person who is skilled in precisionshooting.[1][2]In modern military usage this typically refers to the use ofprojectile weaponssuch as anaccurizedscopedlong gunsuch asdesignated marksman rifle(or asniper rifle) to shoot athigh-value targetsatlonger-than-usual ranges.
The proficiency in precision shooting is known as a shooter'smarksmanship,which can be used to describe bothgunneryandarchery.
Description
[edit]In common usage, "sharpshooter"and" marksman "are synonymous.[3][4]Within the specialized fields ofshooting sportsand military usage, however, sharpshooter and marksman each refer to different levels of skill. Specifically, in the US Army, "marksman" is a rating below "sharpshooter" and "expert".[2]Four levels of skill are generally recognized today in American military and civilian shooting circles: unqualified, marksman, sharpshooter, and expert.Marksmanship badgesfor the three qualified levels are commonly awarded to both civilian and military shooters who attain proficiency in shooting higher than "unqualified".
The main difference betweenmilitary marksmenandsnipersis that marksmen are usually considered an organic part of afireteamof soldiers and are never expected to operate independently away from the main force, whereas snipers arespecial opstroops who usually work alone or in very small teams with independent mission objectives. Snipers are also often tasked with responsibilities other than delivering long-range fire – specifically, conducting reconnaissance,battle damage assessmentandspottingfor coordinates/corrections forartilleryfire orair strikes.Within the military, marksmen are sometimes attached to aninfantryfireteamorsquad(where they are known asdesignated marksmen) where they support the squad by providing accurate long-range shots at valuable targets as needed, thus extending the effective tactical reach of the fireteam or squad.
Middle Ages
[edit]In theMiddle Ages,in the first use of the term 'marksman' was given to the royalarchers,orbowmen,of apalaceguard, which was an elite group of troops chosen to guard a royal palace or the royalty. This was around the 10th century, although records of some 9th century English Kings show the listings of groups of marksmen specifically chosen for their militaries.[citation needed]
Marksmen in different countries
[edit]Australia
[edit]In theAustralian Army,marksmanship is currently recognized by the award of one of three skill-at-arms badges. The 'Skill at Arms Badge' consists of a representation of crossed.303 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE)rifles and is awarded for achieving a prescribed standard of shooting skill. This must be repeated within twelve months for the badge to be awarded in perpetuity to the recipient. The 'Sniper's Badge' is similar in design but incorporates the letter 'S' into the design and is awarded to soldiers who qualify on the Army Sniper's Course. The 'Army Top 20 Badge' consists of crossed.303 SMLE rifles upon a laurel wreath and is awarded to the final 20 competitors in the annual Champion Shot for the Army. The winner of this competition is also awarded theChampion Shots Medal.Only one badge may be worn.[5][6]
United Kingdom
[edit]In theBritish Armed Forces,"marksman" is traditionally the highest shooting rating and holders may wear a crossed rifles badge on the lower sleeve.[citation needed]
- From Army Operational Shooting Policy for the Annual Personal Weapons Test (APWT) Combat Infantryman (CI):Marksman (Combat Infantryman). To qualify for Marksman all practices are to be completed and the firer must achieve a score of 55 (85%) or more of the total Highest Possible Score (65) for the entire shoot. Soldiers achieving a non-marksman passing score arenotpermitted to re-shoot practices in order to qualify for Marksman. Infantry soldiers who qualify as Marksmen during theCombat Infantryman's Course (CIC)are entitled to retain the award on joining their units. Soldiers who qualify as Marksmen are entitled to wear the Marksman badge for one year before they must requalify. (Page 3 - 70, Amdt 1/Feb/07)
United States
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(November 2021) |
In theUnited States Army[7]andMarine Corps,the marksmanship of the soldiers is ranked based on their skill: marksman-sharpshooter-expert.[citation needed]Holders of each level wearqualification badgesbelow their ribbons with bars for the weapons they qualify in. In theUnited States Navyand theUnited States Coast Guard,full-sizedmedalsare only issued at the expert level. Both services award separate medals forpistolandrifleproficiency. TheUnited States Air Forcegives just a ribbon for qualifying at the expert level, although a bronze star can be earned if the wearer qualifies on both of these types of small arms.[8]
Within the United States military, a marksman in theU.S. Armyis referred to as "Squad Designated Marksman" (SDM), and a marksman in theMarinesis called a "Designated Marksman"(DM).[citation needed]The United States Army particularly emphasizes thefireteam concept:according to US Army Field Manual 3-21.8[9](Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, formerly FM 7-8) a typical United States Army fireteam consists of four soldiers. In the context of a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT)'s Infantry Rifle Companies,[10][11]one man from each fireteam in a rifle squad is either theSquad Anti-armor Specialist(RMAT), armed with theFGM-148 Javelin,or theSquad Designated Marksman(DM), who carries the M4 carbine andM14 rifle.In both cases this specialized function replaces the basic rifleman position in the fireteam.
Canada
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As with other Commonwealth armies, the Marksman in the Canadian Army is a shooting achievement recognized by a badge bearingthe monarch'scrown and crossed.303 Lee–Enfield No. 4, Mk I rifles. On operations within the Canadian Infantry Battalion, rifle company designated marksman can be assigned. This is not to be confused with Canadian sniper designation; these attain a high level of marksmanship and fieldcraft through grueling selected courses. Candidates must achieverecce[definition needed]qualification and marksman designation before being considered for the basic sniper course.
India
[edit]TheIndian Armyuses a locally manufactured licensed variant of theSVD Dragunovin the Designated Marksman role as part of each infantryplatoon.The Dragunov is used in conjunction with the INSAS family of weapons to give flexibility and striking power at short to mid range firefights, to Indian Army infantry units engaged with opposing forces.
The Army Marksmanship Unit trains members for sports shooting as well as military shooting.[12]
Civilian marksman
[edit]United States
[edit]
The United States has a long tradition of marksmanship going back to its beginnings including the role of common men in its Revolutionary War. There are several organizations which promote civilian marksmanship including theCivilian Marksmanship Programwhich began just after the turn of the 20th century as a government chartered program and the Division of Civilian Marksmanship. One of the newest and currently the fastest growing marksmanship programs in North America isProject Appleseedwhich was started by the Revolutionary War Veterans Association in 2006. Shooters who score 210 out of 250 or better on the "Quick and Dirty" Appleseed AQT[13]earn theRiflemandesignation and are issued a Rifleman patch.[14]Similar to the U.S. military marksmanship ratings of Unqualified, Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert (seeMarksmanship Badge (United States)), the Appleseed ratings have the same levels, with the exception that instead of "Expert", the equivalent performance level is called "Rifleman".[14]
TheNational Rifle Association of Americawas founded in 1871 to improve the marksmanship of American riflemen. Despite it being known contemporarily as a political advocacy organization for gun rights, the NRA continues to host marksmanship competitions and gun sports in the United States.[15]A different organization,USA Shooting,organizes American shooting sports at the Olympic level.
Longest recorded competition rifle shot
[edit]The longest recorded shot in a shooting contest was 3.781 kilometres (2.35 miles), on March 27, 2021 inBarnard, Kansasby an American competitive shooter. The bullet flew for 9.4 seconds and hit the upper-left corner of a six-foot square (36 square feet) steel target. The rifle used was a GA Precision Custom, with a Nightforce ATACR 7-35×56 scope, on a bipod. Ammunition was Hornady.338-caliber 300-grain A-Tip.[16]
See also
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References
[edit]- ^"marksman".Oxford English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Retrieved28 March2023.
a. A person skilled or practised in shooting.
- ^ab"Marksman".Dictionary Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.Dictionary.RetrievedJune 8,2008.
a person who is skilled in shooting at a mark; a person who shoots well.
- ^"MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY:" Marksman "".RetrievedNovember 22,2016.
- ^"Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus:" Marksman "".RetrievedNovember 22,2016.
- ^"Special & Qualification Badges of the ADF 2002 Page 2".Digger History.Retrieved2011-01-23.
- ^"Chapter 26 Military Skills Badges".Army Standing Orders for Dress.Australian Army. 1996.
- ^US Army pamphlets
- ^HQ AFPC/DPPPRA (2001)."The Air Force Awards and Decorations Program"(PDF).p. 31. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-02-16.
- ^Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, FM 7-8
- ^Pike, John."FM3-21.11 Chapter 1".Globalsecurity.org.Retrieved2013-08-17.
- ^A. Goodman."Sharpshooters: The Truth about A.C. Snipers".A. Goodman. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-02-03.Retrieved2015-06-19.
- ^"The Army Marksmanship Unit".
- ^"Earning your Appleseed Rifleman Patch".My Knowledge Guy.2018-05-11.Retrieved2019-02-26.
- ^abAyoob, Massad (May–June 2010)."The Appleseed Project".Backwoods Home Magazine.No. 123.
- ^Program, NRA Marksmanship Qualification."NRA Marksmanship Qualification Program".mqp.nra.org.Retrieved2019-02-26.
- ^"At 2.35 Miles, This Is The Longest Rifle Shot Ever Recorded In Competition".outdoorlife. 29 March 2021.Retrieved15 November2021.