Maroboduus
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Maroboduus(d. AD 37), also known asMarbod,was akingof theMarcomanni,who were aGermanicSuebianpeople. He spent part of his youth in Rome, and returning, found his people under pressure from invasions by theRoman Empirebetween theRhineandElbe.He led them into the forests ofBohemia,near to theQuadiwho already lived nearby, and established a large alliance.
Name
[edit]The name appears in Latin and Greek texts spelt variously:Maroboduus, Marobodus, Maraboduus, Meroboduus, Morobuduus, Moroboduus, MarbodusandMarabodusin Latin sources;MaroboudosandBaroboudosin Greek ones.[citation needed]
According to linguistXavier Delamarre,the personal nameMaroboduusis a latinized form ofGaulishMaro-boduos,frommaro- ('great') attached toboduos('crow'; cf. Middle Irishbodb'scald-crow, war-divinity', Old Bretonbodou'ardea'; alsoCommon BrittonicBoduoci).[1]The Celtic personal namesBoduus,Teuto-boduus,Ate-boduus,Soli-boduus,Boduo-genus,andBuduo-gnatusare related.[1][2][3]PhilologistJohn T. Kochargues that Middle Irishbodbmust be understood as the 'bird on the battlefield and manifestation of the war-goddess'.[3]
The second element of the name,boduos,is a term shared by Celtic and Germanic languages, where it is found as the common noun *badwō('battle'; cf. ONbǫð,OEbeado,OSbadu-,OHGbatu-) and in the name of the war goddessBaduhenna.[1][4]The original meaning of Celtic–Germanic *bhodhwo- must have been 'battle, fight', later metaphorised in Celtic as 'crow', a bird symbolizing the carnage in battle.[1][2]
Biography
[edit]Maroboduus was born into a noble family of the Marcomanni. As a young man, he lived inItalyand enjoyed the favour of the EmperorAugustus.[5]The Marcomanni had been beaten utterly by the Romans in 10 BC. About 9 BC, Maroboduus returned toGermaniaand became ruler of his people. To deal with the threat ofRomanexpansion into theRhine-Danubebasin, he led the Marcomanni to the area later known asBohemiato be outside the range of the Roman influence. There, he took the title of king and organized a confederation of several neighboringGermanictribes.[6]He was the first documented ruler of Bohemia with a government.[7]
Augustus planned in 6 AD to destroy the kingdom of Maroboduus, which he considered to be too dangerous for the Romans. The future emperorTiberiuscommanded 12 legions to attack the Marcomanni, but the outbreak of arevoltinIllyria,and the need for troops there, forced Tiberius to conclude a treaty with Maroboduus and to recognize him as king.[8]
War with Arminius and death
[edit]His rivalry withArminius,theCheruscanleader who inflicted the devastating defeat at theBattle of the Teutoburg Foreston the Romans underPublius Quinctilius Varusin 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north (by Arminius) and in theDanubebasin in the south (by Maroboduus).
However, according to the first-century AD historianMarcus Velleius Paterculus,Arminius sent Varus's head to Maroboduus, but the king of the Marcomanni sent it to Augustus.[9]In the revenge war of Tiberius andGermanicusagainst the Cherusci, in 16 AD, Maroboduus stayed neutral.
In 17 AD, war broke out between Arminius and Maroboduus, and after an indecisive battle, Maroboduus withdrew into the hilly forests of Bohemia in 18 AD.[10]In the next year,Catualda,a young Marcomannic nobleman living in exile among theGutones,returned, perhaps by a subversive Roman intervention, and defeated Maroboduus.[11]The deposed king had to flee to Italy, and Tiberius detained him for 18 years inRavenna.There, Maroboduus died in 37 AD.[12]Catualda was, in turn, defeated by theHermunduriVibilius,after which the realm was ruled by theQuadianVannius.Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in coordination with his nephewsVangio and Sido,who then ruled as Roman client kings.[13][14]
References
[edit]- ^abcdDelamarre 2003,p. 81.
- ^abMatasović 2009,p. 70.
- ^abKoch 2020,p. 90.
- ^Kroonen 2013,p. 47.
- ^Strabo7, 1, 3, p. 290
- ^7, 1, 3, p. 290;Marcus Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History2, 108
- ^"Maroboduus".britannica.Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 20 March 2016.Retrieved21 June2020.
Maroboduus, (died AD 37, Ravenna, Italy), king of the Marcomanni who organized the first confederation of German tribes.
- ^Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History2, 109,5;Cassius Dio,Roman History55, 28, 6-7
- ^Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History2, 119: "caput eius abscisum latumque ad Maroboduum et ab eo missum ad Caesarem"
- ^Tacitus,Annals2, 44-46
- ^Tacitus, The Annals2.62
- ^Tacitus, The Annals2.63
- ^Tacitus,Book 12, 27–31:Text in Latin and Englishat Sacred Texts
- ^Germania,UNRV History
Bibliography
[edit]- Delamarre, Xavier(2003).Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental.Errance.ISBN9782877723695.
- Koch, John T.(2020).Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West.University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies.ISBN9781907029325.
- Kroonen, Guus (2013).Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic.Brill.ISBN9789004183407.
- Matasović, Ranko(2009).Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.Brill.ISBN9789004173361.
- Dobiáš, Josef (1960). "King Maroboduus as a Politician".Klio.38(1).doi:10.1524/klio.1960.38.jg.155.ISSN2192-7669.
Further reading
[edit]- Erdrich, Michael (2016). "Maroboduus and the Consolidation of Roman Authority in the Middle Danube Region". In Karwowski, Maciej; Ramsl, Peter C. (eds.).Boii - Taurisci.Proceedings of the International Seminar, Oberleis-Klement, June 14th-15th, 2012. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 237–252.ISBN978-3-7001-7740-1.JSTORj.ctv8d5tb6.19.
- Peter Kehne:Marbod.In:Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde,vol. 19 (2001), p. 258-262.
- Tacitus,Annals,Book 1&Book 2.
External links
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