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Martha's Vineyard

Coordinates:41°24′N70°37′W/ 41.400°N 70.617°W/41.400; -70.617
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Martha's Vineyard
Nickname: The Vineyard, The Rock
Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands
Martha's Vineyard is located in Massachusetts
Martha's Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard
Location of Martha's Vineyard inMassachusetts
Martha's Vineyard is located in the United States
Martha's Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard
Location in theUnited States
Geography
LocationDukes County, Massachusetts
Coordinates41°24′N70°37′W/ 41.400°N 70.617°W/41.400; -70.617
Major islandsMartha's Vineyard,Chappaquiddick
Area96 sq mi (250 km2)
Length20.5 mi (33 km)
Coastline200 km (124 mi)
Highest elevation311 ft (94.8 m)
Highest pointPeaked Hill
Administration
United States
StateMassachusetts
CountyDukes
Demographics
Population20,530 (2023)
Pop. density179.8/sq mi (69.42/km2)

Martha's Vineyard,often simply calledthe Vineyard,[1]is anislandin the U.S. state ofMassachusetts,lying just south ofCape Cod.It is known for being a popular, affluentsummer colony,and includes the smaller peninsulaChappaquiddick Island.It is the58th largest islandin the U.S., with a land area of about 96 square miles (250 km2),[2]and the third-largest on theEast Coast,afterLong IslandandMount Desert Island.Martha's Vineyard constitutes the bulk ofDukes County, Massachusetts,which also includes theElizabeth Islandsand the island ofNomans Land.

The island's year-round population has considerably increased since the 1960s. In the 2023 Martha's Vineyard Commission report, the year-round population was 20,530, an increase from 16,460 in 2010.[3]The summer population swells to more than 200,000 people. About 56 percent of the Vineyard's 14,621 homes are seasonally occupied.[4]

A study by the Martha's Vineyard Commission in 2006 found that the cost of living on the island is 60 percent higher than the national average, and housing prices are 96 percent higher.[5]A study of housing needs by the Commission found that the average weekly wage on Martha's Vineyard was "71 percent of the state average, the median home price was 54 percent above the state's and the median rent exceeded the state's by 17 percent," all leading to a stark example of severe income inequalities between year-round residents and their seasonal counterparts.[6][7]

Though many have suggested that the island was renamed after English explorerBartholomew Gosnold's daughter Martha, it is more likely that both the island and his daughter were namesakes of his wealthy mother-in-law, Martha (Judde) Golding, who partly funded his expedition in 1602 -- the first recorded European expedition toCape Cod.[a]A smaller island to the south was first to be named "Martha's Vineyard" but this later became associated with this island. It is the eighth-oldest surviving English place-name in the United States.[9]The island was subsequently known asMartin's Vineyard(possibly after a captain in the exploratory party, John Martin); many people and maps up to the 18th century called it by this name.[10]

When theUnited States Board on Geographic Namesworked to standardize placename spellings in the late 19th century, apostrophes were dropped. Thus for a time Martha's Vineyard was officially namedMarthas Vineyard,but the Board reversed its decision in the early 20th century, making Martha's Vineyard one of the five placenames in the United States that takes apossessive apostrophe.[b][12][13]

According to historian Henry Franklin Norton, the island was known by Native Americans asNoepeorCapawock.[14]It is referred to in the 1691Massachusetts Charter(which transferred the island from theProvince of New Yorkduring the breakup of theDominion of New England) asCappawock.

History

[edit]

Pre-European settlement

[edit]
Gay Head Cliffs and Lighthouse, Aquinnah

The island was originally inhabited byWampanoag people,when Martha's Vineyard was known in theMassachusett languageasNoepe,or "land amid the streams". In 1642, the Wampanoag numbered somewhere around 3,000 on the island. By 1764, that number had dropped to 313.[15]

Colonial era

[edit]
Old Whaling Church,Edgartown Village Historic District

European settlementbegan with the purchase of Martha's Vineyard,Nantucket,and the Elizabeth Islands byThomas MayhewofWatertown, Massachusetts,from two New England settlers. He had friendly relations with the Wampanoags on the island, in part because he was careful to honor their land rights. His son, also named Thomas Mayhew, established the first settlement on the island in 1642 at Great Harbor (laterEdgartown, Massachusetts).[16][17]

The younger Mayhew began a relationship withHiacoomes,aNative Americanneighbor, which eventually led to Hiacoomes' family converting toChristianity.DuringKing Philip's Warlater in the century, the Martha's Vineyard band did not join their tribal relatives in the uprising and remained armed, a testimony to the good relations cultivated by the Mayhews as the leaders of the colony.[citation needed] In 1657, the younger Thomas Mayhew was drowned when a ship he was travelling in was lost at sea on a voyage to England. Mayhew's grandsonsMatthew Mayhew(1648–), John Mayhew (1652–), and other members of his family assisted him in running his business and government.[18]In 1665, Mayhew's lands were included in a grant to theDuke of York.In 1671, a settlement was arranged which allowed Mayhew to continue in his position while placing his territory under the jurisdiction of theProvince of New York.

Attempted annexation by Rhode Island (1684)

[edit]

In 1682, Matthew Mayhew succeeded his grandfather as Governor and Chief Magistrate, and occasionally preached to the Native Americans. He was also appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Dukes county in 1697, and remained on the bench until 1700. He was judge of probate from 1696 to 1710.[19]In 1683,Dukes County, New Yorkwas incorporated, including Martha's Vineyard. In 1691, at the collapse of rule by SirEdmund Androsand the reorganization of Massachusetts as a royal colony, Dukes County was transferred to theProvince of Massachusetts Bay,and split into the county ofDukes County, MassachusettsandNantucket County, Massachusetts.[citation needed]Following the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter in 1684,William Coddington Jr.,who was governor ofRhode Islandat the time, attempted to seize Martha's Vineyard through a group of militia as "reparations for former damages of past leaders made by the settlers,"[20]most likely referring to thePuritanactions onRhode IslandleadersRoger WilliamsandAnne Hutchinson,as well as annex threats made by Massachusetts. It is possible thatCoddingtononly wanted to annex Martha's Vineyard due to its proximity to Rhode Island and the fact that it would have taken more labor for colonists in Massachusetts to reach Martha's Vineyard before Rhode Island could obtain full control of the island. The plan flopped: on the week that was taken to go to the island, Rhode Island militiamen were deployed in a group of three boats and "upon seeing men on Martha's Vineyard, the men immediately fled the vicinity of the island and returned home after The Governor dispatched them from their duties and made the plan defunct".[20]There is still wide debate as to who told leaders from Massachusetts about the plan. One story has prevailed, that a traveler going to and from Rhode Island and Massachusetts for business purposes heard the claim and reported it back to officials in Massachusetts.[21][22][23]Massachusetts, specifically Martha's Vineyard, was not intimidated by this attempt and thought Rhode Island to be weaker because of their immediate retreat.

As for the history following the attempted annexation, Native American literacy in the schools founded by Thomas Mayhew Jr. and taught byPeter Folger(the grandfather ofBenjamin Franklin) was such that the first Native American graduates of Harvard were from Martha's Vineyard, including the son of Hiacoomes,Joel Hiacoomes."The ship Joel Hiacoomes was sailing on, as he was returning to Boston from a trip home shortly before the graduation ceremonies, was found wrecked on the shores of Nantucket Island.Caleb Cheeshahteaumauk,the son of a sachem of Homes Hole, did graduate from Harvard in the class of 1665. "[24]Cheeshahteaumauk's Latin address to the corporation (New England Corporation), which begins "Honoratissimi benefactores" (most honored benefactors), has been preserved.[25]In addition to speaking Wampanoag andEnglish,they studied Hebrew, classical Greek, and Latin. All of the early Native American graduates died shortly after completing their course of study. Many native preachers on the island, however, also preached in theChristianchurches from time to time.[citation needed]

Historic house next to the Whaling Church

Mayhew's successor as leader of the community was the Hon. Leavitt Thaxter,[26]who married Martha Mayhew, a descendant of Thomas Mayhew, and was an Edgartown educator described by Indian CommissionerJohn Milton Earleas "a long and steadfast friend to the Indians."[27]After living inNorthampton,Thaxter, a lawyer,[28]returned home to Edgartown, where he took over the school founded by his father, Rev. Joseph Thaxter,[29][30]and served in the StateHouseand theSenate,was a member of theMassachusetts Governor's Council,and later served asU. S. Customs Collectorfor Martha's Vineyard.[31]Having rechristened his father's Edgartown school Thaxter Academy, on February 15, 1845, Thaxter was granted the sum of $50 per year for "the support of William Johnson, an Indian of the Chappequiddic tribe." By this time, Leavitt Thaxter[32]had taken on the role, described in an act passed by theGeneral Court of Massachusetts,as "guardian of the Indians and people of color resident at Chappequiddic and Indiantown in the County of Dukes County."[33]Thaxter Academy, founded by Leavitt Thaxter as first principal in 1825, became known for educating both white and Native American youth.[34]

19th century

[edit]
Gingerbread cottagesatWesleyan Grove,Oak Bluffs

Like the nearby island ofNantucket,Martha's Vineyard was brought to prominence in the 19th century by thewhalingindustry, during which ships were sent around the world to hunt whales for their oil andblubber.The discovery ofpetroleuminPennsylvaniagave rise to a cheaper source of oil for lamps and led to an almost complete collapse of the industry by 1870. After the Old Colony railroad came to mainland Woods Hole in 1872, summer residences began to develop on the island, such as the community ofHarthavenestablished by William H. Hart, and later, the community of Ocean Heights, developed near Sengekontacket Pond inEdgartownby the prominent island businessman, Robert Marsden Laidlaw.[35]Although the island struggled financially through theGreat Depression,its reputation as aresortfortouristsand the wealthy continued to grow. There is still a substantial Wampanoag population on the Vineyard, mainly located in the town ofAquinnah.Aquinnah means "land under the hill" in the Wampanoag language.[citation needed]

The island was the last refuge of theheath hen,an extinct subspecies of thegreater prairie chicken,which was a once common game bird throughout theNortheastern United States.Despite 19th century efforts to protect the hen, by 1927, the population of birds had dropped to 13. The last known heath hen, named "Booming Ben", perished on Martha's Vineyard in 1932.[36]

Modern era

[edit]
See also:Martha's Vineyard in World War II

Martha's Vineyard was used by the Army, Navy and Air Force from 1941 through 1945 for training missions that ranged from landings on beaches to climbing cliffs and bombing practice.

The linguistWilliam Labovwrote hismaster's thesison changes in the Martha's Vineyard dialect of English.[37]The 1963 study is widely recognized as a seminal work in the foundation ofsociolinguistics.[38]

Dike Bridge, Chappaquiddick

The island received international notoriety after the "Chappaquiddick incident"of July 18, 1969, in whichMary Jo Kopechnewas killed in a car driven off the Dike Bridge by U.S. SenatorEdward "Ted" Kennedy.The bridge crossed Poucha Pond onChappaquiddick Island(a smaller island formerly connected to the Vineyard and part of Edgartown). The bridge was intended for people on foot andbicycles,as well as the occasional emergency vehicle when conditions warranted. Currently,4×4vehicles with passes are allowed to cross the reconstructed bridge.[39]

On November 23, 1970, in the Atlantic Ocean just west of Aquinnah,Simas Kudirka,a Soviet seaman ofLithuaniannationality,attempted to defectto the United States by leaping onto aUnited States Coast Guardcutter from a Soviet fishing trawler and asking for asylum. The Coast Guard allowed a detachment of four seamen from the Soviet ship to board the cutter and "drag the kicking, screaming Kudirka back to their vessel." He was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Soviet Union.[40][41]


In 1974,Steven Spielbergfilmed the movieJawson Martha's Vineyard, most notably in the fishing village ofMenemshaand the town ofChilmark.Spielberg selected island natives Christopher Rebello as Chief Brody's oldest son, Michael Brody; Jay Mello as the younger son, Sean Brody; andLee Fierroas Mrs. Kintner. Scores of other island natives appeared in the film asextras.Later, scenes fromJaws 2andJaws: The Revengewere filmed on the island, as well. In June 2005 the island celebrated the 30th anniversary ofJawswith a weekend-long Jawsfest.[42]

Martha's Vineyard secession flag

In 1977, distressed over losing their guaranteed seat in the Massachusetts General Court, inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard considered the possibility ofsecessionfrom the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, either to become part of another state (having received offers from bothVermontandHawaii), reincorporating as a separate U.S. territory, or as the nation's51st state.The separatist flag, consisting of a white seagull over an orange disk on a sky-blue background, is still seen on the island today. Although the idea of separation from Massachusetts eventually proved impracticable, it did receive attention in the local, regional, and even national media.[43]

On March 5, 1982,John Belushidied of a drug overdose in Los Angeles, California, and was buried four days later in Abel's Hill Cemetery in Chilmark. Belushi often visited the Vineyard and his family felt it fitting to bury him there. On his gravestone is the quote: "Though I may be gone, Rock 'N' Roll lives on." Because of the many visitors to his grave and the threat of vandalism, his body was moved somewhere near the grave site. His grave remains a popular site for visitors to Chilmark and they often leave tokens in memory of the late comedian.[44][45]

Since the 1990s,Bill Clintonhas spent regular vacation time on the island during and after his presidency, along with his wife,Hillary Clinton,and their daughter,Chelsea.Clinton was not the first president to visit the islands;Ulysses S. Grantvisited the vacation residence of his friend, BishopGilbert Havenon August 24, 1874. As a coincidental footnote in history, Bishop Haven'sgingerbread cottagewas located in Oak Bluffs at 10 Clinton Avenue. The avenue was named in 1851 and was designated as the main promenade of theMartha's Vineyard Campmeeting Association campgrounds.[46]In December 2019, PresidentBarack Obamacompleted the purchase of a 30-acre (12 ha) homestead on the Edgartown Great Pond.[47]

On July 16, 1999, asmall plane crashedoff the coast of Martha's Vineyard, claiming the lives of pilotJohn F. Kennedy Jr.,his wifeCarolyn Bessette,and her sister Lauren Bessette. Kennedy's mother, former U.S. first ladyJacqueline Kennedy Onassis,maintained a home in Aquinnah (formerly "Gay Head" ) until her death in 1994.[48]

In the summer of 2000, an outbreak oftularemia,also known as rabbit fever, resulted in one death and piqued the interest of theCDC,which wanted to test the island as a potential investigative ground for aerosolizedFrancisella tularensis.Over the following summers, Martha's Vineyard was identified as the only place in the world where documented cases of tularemia resulted fromlawn mowing.[49]The research could prove valuable in preventingbioterrorism.[citation needed]In the television showThe X-Files,Fox Mulder's parents live on the island,[50]and it was also the setting for Robert Harris' 2007 novelThe Ghost.[50]

In September 2022, Florida governorRon DeSantisflew two planeloads of Venezuelanmigrants to Martha's Vineyardin an effort to draw attention to what Republican governors consider "the Biden administration's failed border policies".[51]Some observers criticized DeSantis because the migrants were flown there unannounced. For nearly two days, island residents provided clothing, food, toys, toiletries, and temporary shelter, before removing the migrants from the island.[52][53]

African American history on Martha's Vineyard

[edit]

People were bought, sold, and probated as property on Martha's Vineyard. In 1700, ReverendSamuel Sewall,a seasonal resident of Martha's Vineyard, was one of the first to publicly oppose slavery in the New England Colonies.[54]In 1646, magistrates in Massachusetts ruled that two Africans who had been enslaved and imported be returned to their native country. In 1652, Rhode Island passed a law abolishing slavery and ordering that Africans be freed after a term of 10 years, just like indentured servants.[55]In addition to that, "at no time during its history did people of color lose the right to use the courts to challenge their status. Nor did they lose the right to inherit property in certain circumstances."[56]

On October 15, 2020, Edgartown Harbor was officially recognized as anUnderground RailroadSite by theNational Park Service.[57]This recognition was given after a submission from a nonprofit corporation, the African American Heritage Trail of Martha's Vineyard. The corporation was founded in 1998 by Martha's Vineyard NAACP vice president Carrie Camillo Tankard and teacher Elaine Cawley Weintraub. Their mission is to "continue to research and publish previously undocumented history and to involve the Island community in the identification and celebration of the contributions made by people of color to the island of Martha's Vineyard."[56]The trail consists of 31 sites all marked by a descriptive plaque.[57]

Hereditary deafness and sign language

[edit]

Martha's Vineyard became known as an "everyone signs" community after three centuries of an unusually high level of hereditary deafness[58]caused Martha's Vineyard to be labeled a "deaf utopia".[59]The island's deaf heritage cannot be traced to one common ancestor and is thought to have originated in theWeald,a region that overlaps the borders of the English counties ofKentandSussex,prior to immigration. Researcher Nora Groce estimates that by the late 19th century, one in 155 people on the Vineyard was born deaf (0.7 percent) — about 37 times the estimate for the nation at large (1 in 5,728, or 0.02 percent)[58]— because of a "recessive pattern" of genetic deafness, circulated throughendogamousmarriage patterns.[60]

Deaf Vineyarders generally earned an average or above-average income (proved by tax records) and they participated in church affairs with passion.[61]The deafness on the island affected both females and males in approximately the same percentage. In the late 19th century, the mixed marriages between deaf and hearing spouses comprised 65 percent of all deaf marriages on the island, as compared to the rate of 20 percent deaf-hearing marriage in the mainland.[62]The sign language used by Vineyarders is calledMartha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL),and it is different fromAmerican Sign Language(ASL). However, the geographical, time, and population proximities state that MVSL and ASL are impossible to develop in complete isolation from each other.[63]MVSL was commonly used by hearing residents as well as deaf ones until the middle of the 20th century.[64]No language barrier created a smooth communication environment for all the residents of the island.

In the 20th century, tourism became a mainstay in the island economy, and new tourism-related jobs appeared. However, jobs in tourism were not as deaf-friendly as fishing and farming had been. Consequently, as intermarriage and further migration joined the people of Martha's Vineyard to the mainland, the island community more and more resembled the oral community there.[65]The last deaf person born into the island's sign-language tradition, Katie West, died in 1952, but a few elderly residents were able to recall MVSL as recently as the 1980s when research into the language began.[58][66]

Climate

[edit]
Edgartown Harbor Lightin Autumn

According to theKöppen climate classificationsystem, the climate of the island borders between ahumid continental climate(Dfa/Dfb), ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa), and anoceanic climate(Cfb), the latter a climate type rarely found on the east coast of North America.[67]Martha's Vineyard's climate is highly influenced by the surroundingAtlantic Ocean,which moderates temperatures throughout the year, although this moderation is nowhere near as strong as on opposite sides of the Atlantic (Porto,Portugal) or the Pacific coast of the United States (Crescent City) at similar latitudes.

As a result, winter temperatures tend to be a few degrees warmer while summer temperatures tend to be cooler than inland locations. Winters are cool to cold with a January average of just slightly below 32 °F (0.0 °C).[68]Owing to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, temperatures below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) are rare, occurring at one day per year, with most days during the winter months rising above freezing.[68]The average annual snowfall is 25.3 inches (643 mm). Summers are warm and mild with temperatures rarely exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C), with only one or two days reaching or exceeding it.[68]During the summer months, the island's warmest months (July and August) average around 71.5 °F (21.9 °C)

Spring and fall are transition seasons with spring being cooler than fall. The highest daily maximum temperature was 99 °F (37.2 °C) on August 27, 1948, and the highest daily minimum temperature was 76 °F (24.4 °C) on September 4, 2010. The lowest daily maximum temperature was 7 °F (−13.9 °C) on December 26, 1980, and the lowest daily minimum temperature was −9 °F (−22.8 °C) on February 2 and 3, 1961.[68]Martha's Vineyard receives 46.94 inches (1,192 mm) ofprecipitationper year, which is evenly distributed throughout the year. Thehardiness zoneis 7a in the central and most of the western areas of the main island and 7b on the east end including Chappaquiddick and the southwest end.[69]

Climate data for Martha's Vineyard (Edgartown, Massachusetts) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18) 		64
(18) 		75
(24) 		90
(32) 		91
(33) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		99
(37) 		92
(33) 		88
(31) 		74
(23) 		67
(19) 		99
(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 55.1
(12.8) 		54.9
(12.7) 		60.6
(15.9) 		70.2
(21.2) 		80.5
(26.9) 		86.1
(30.1) 		89.7
(32.1) 		87.6
(30.9) 		83.6
(28.7) 		75.7
(24.3) 		67.1
(19.5) 		59.1
(15.1) 		91.0
(32.8)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 40.1
(4.5) 		41.5
(5.3) 		46.4
(8.0) 		55.4
(13.0) 		64.9
(18.3) 		73.8
(23.2) 		80.4
(26.9) 		79.9
(26.6) 		74.0
(23.3) 		64.0
(17.8) 		54.4
(12.4) 		45.5
(7.5) 		60.0
(15.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 32.9
(0.5) 		34.1
(1.2) 		39.0
(3.9) 		47.5
(8.6) 		56.7
(13.7) 		65.7
(18.7) 		72.3
(22.4) 		71.9
(22.2) 		66.2
(19.0) 		56.1
(13.4) 		47.0
(8.3) 		38.4
(3.6) 		52.3
(11.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25.6
(−3.6) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		39.5
(4.2) 		48.6
(9.2) 		57.6
(14.2) 		64.2
(17.9) 		63.9
(17.7) 		58.4
(14.7) 		48.2
(9.0) 		39.7
(4.3) 		31.3
(−0.4) 		44.6
(7.0)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 6.8
(−14.0) 		10.1
(−12.2) 		16.3
(−8.7) 		27.5
(−2.5) 		35.1
(1.7) 		45.8
(7.7) 		53.7
(12.1) 		53.0
(11.7) 		44.0
(6.7) 		32.8
(0.4) 		22.7
(−5.2) 		15.1
(−9.4) 		5.1
(−14.9)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−9
(−23) 		−7
(−22) 		12
(−11) 		28
(−2) 		37
(3) 		45
(7) 		41
(5) 		32
(0) 		22
(−6) 		14
(−10) 		−5
(−21) 		−9
(−23)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) 4.10
(104) 		3.57
(91) 		4.80
(122) 		4.18
(106) 		3.74
(95) 		3.39
(86) 		2.64
(67) 		3.72
(94) 		3.89
(99) 		4.63
(118) 		4.21
(107) 		4.84
(123) 		47.71
(1,212)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		8.1
(21) 		4.7
(12) 		0.3
(0.76) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		3.4
(8.6) 		25.3
(64)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) 11.9 9.8 11.4 11.9 12.0 10.2 7.8 8.9 9.3 11.2 11.4 12.1 127.9
Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) 3.5 3.3 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 10.5
Source:NOAA[70][71]

Towns

[edit]
Ocean Park bandstand,Oak Bluffs

Martha's Vineyard is divided into six towns. Each town is governed by aselect boardelected by town voters, along with annual and periodictown meetings.Each town is also a member of the Martha's Vineyard Commission, which regulates island-wide building, environmental, and aesthetic concerns.[72][73]

Some government programs on the island—such as the public school system, emergency management, and waste management—have been regionalized. There is a growing push for further regionalization areas of law enforcement, water treatment, and possible government regionalization.[citation needed]

Each town also follows certain regulations from Dukes County. The towns are:[citation needed]

  • Tisbury,which includes the main village ofVineyard Havenand theWest Choppeninsula. It is the island's primary port of entry for people and cargo, supplemented by the seasonal port in Oak Bluffs.
  • Edgartown,which includesChappaquiddick IslandandKatama.Edgartown is noted for its rich whaling tradition and is the island's largest town by population and area.
  • Oak Bluffsis best known for itsgingerbread cottages,its open harbor, and its vibrant town along busy Circuit Avenue. Oak Bluffs enjoys a reputation as one of the more active night-life towns on the island for both residents and tourists. It was known as "Cottage City" from its separation from Edgartown in 1880 until its reincorporation as Oak Bluffs in 1907. Oak Bluffs includes several communities that have been popular destinations for affluent African Americans since the early 20th century.[74]It also includes theEast Choppeninsula, Lagoon Heights andHarthaven.
  • West Tisburyis the island's agricultural center, and it hosts the well-known Martha's Vineyard Agricultural Fair in late August each year.
  • Chilmark,including the fishing village ofMenemsha.Chilmark is also rural, and it features the island's hilliest terrain. It is the birthplace ofGeorge Claghorn,master shipbuilder of theUSSConstitution,a.k.a."Old Ironsides".
  • Aquinnah,formerly called Gay Head, is home to the Wampanoag Indian tribe and clay cliffs.

The three "Down-Island" towns ofEdgartown,Tisbury,andOak Bluffsare "wet" towns—serving alcohol.West TisburyandAquinnahare "soggy" towns that serve only beer and wine, andChilmarkis a "dry" town.

Transportation

[edit]

Water

[edit]
Ferries running between Woods Hole and Martha's Vineyard operated by the Steamship Authority

Martha's Vineyard is located approximately seven miles off the southern coast ofCape Cod.It is reached by a ferry that departs fromWoods Hole, Massachusetts,and by several other ferries departing fromFalmouth,New Bedford,Hyannis,Quonset Point, Rhode Island,and the East 35th Street ferry terminal inManhattan.TheSteamship Authorityoperates most of the shorter routes, while Martha's Vineyard Fast Ferry andHy-Line Cruisesrun faster, longer distance ferries to Rhode Island and Hyannis. There are direct ferries to each place.SeaStreakoperates the seasonal, weekendNew York Cityto Martha's Vineyard route. One ferry departs New York City on Friday afternoon and returns on Sunday night. The trip through Long Island Sound and along the shoreline of Rhode Island and Massachusetts takes about five and a quarter hours.[75]In the era before modern highways and jet planes, travelers tookNew York, New Haven & Hartford Railroadtrains fromNew York CityorBostonto Woods Hole or Hyannis, at which point they would embark on ferries to the island.

Air

[edit]
Main article:Martha's Vineyard Airport

Commuter airlineCape Airoffers frequent service to the island via theMartha's Vineyard Airport(MVY). It provides year-round service to and fromBoston,Hyannis,New Bedford,andNantucket,and seasonal service to White Plains, New York.American Airlinesoperates seasonal service toWashington-Reagan,New York-LaGuardia,Philadelphiaand as wellCharlotte.JetBlueserves the island out of New York'sKennedy Airport,Boston,Newark,New York–LaGuardia,andWashington–National.Delta Connectionalso operates seasonal service toNew York-LaGuardiaandNew York-JFK.Seasonal service flights are also available out of White Plains, New York once a day on Elite Airways to and from MVY. The airport also handles muchgeneral aviationtraffic. Katama airpark, with grass runways, is popular with private pilots; it is located near South Beach.[citation needed].

Mass transit

[edit]

Bus service is provided on the island year-round by theMartha's Vineyard Transit Authority(VTA).[76]

Education

[edit]
Martha's Vineyard Regional High School

Martha's Vineyard is served by Martha's Vineyard Public Schools:

Five of the six towns have their own elementary schools, while Aquinnah residents usually attend nearby Chilmark's elementary school. The Chilmark school serves only grades pre-K to 5, so students in grades 6–8 must attend another middle school—usually the West Tisbury school. The Martha's Vineyard Public Charter School, located in West Tisbury, provides grades K–12 and serves the entire island; it also welcomes off-island students. Martha's Vineyard Regional High School, which is located inOak Bluffs,serves the entire island.[84]

Tourism and culture

[edit]

The Vineyard grew as a tourist destination primarily because of its very pleasant summer weather (during summers, the temperature rarely breaks 90 °F (32 °C)) and many beautiful beaches. It is primarily a place where people go to relax, and the island offers a range of tourist accommodations including large hotels such as the Harbor View Hotel, Mansion House Hotel and Winnetu Resort, modern boutique hotels like the Nobnocket Boutique Inn, as well as traditional inns and bed and breakfasts such as Outermost Inn, Beach Plum Inn, Ashley Inn, Pequot House and Oak Bluffs Inn. Many visitors also rent private homes.

During the whaling era, wealthyBostonsea captains and merchant traders often created estates on Martha's Vineyard with their trading profits. Today, the Vineyard has become one of theNortheastern United States' most prominent summering havens, having attracted numerous celebrity regulars.[85]

The island now has a year-round population of about 20,530 people in six towns; in summer, the population increases to 200,000 residents,[86]with more than 25,000 additional short-term visitors coming and going on theferriesduring the summer season. The most crowded weekend is July 4, followed by the late-August weekend of the Agricultural Fair. In general, the summer season runs from June through Labor Day weekend, coinciding with the months most American children are not in school.[87]

In 1985, the two islands of Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island were included in a newAmerican Viticultural Areadesignation forwineappellationof origin specification:Martha's Vineyard AVA.Wines produced fromgrapesgrown on the two islands can be sold with labels that carry the Martha's Vineyard AVA designation. Martha's Vineyard was the home to the winemaker Chicama Vineyards in West Tisbury, though it closed after 37 years on August 10, 2008.[88]

Other popular attractions include the annualGrand Illuminationin Oak Bluffs; the Martha's Vineyard Film Center, an arthouse cinema which is run by the non-profit Martha's Vineyard Film Society,[89]and which screens independent and world cinema all year long; the historic Capawock and Strand theatres, also run by the Martha's Vineyard Film Society, the Martha's Vineyard Film Festival,[90]which runs a winter film festival in March, a Summer Film Series and Cinema Circus every Wednesday in July and August, the Martha's Vineyard African-American Film Festival,[91]which showcases the works of independent and established African-American filmmakers in August, and Martha's Vineyard International Film Festival in September; the Farm Institute at Katama Farm in Edgartown;[92] and theFlying Horses Carouselin Oak Bluffs, the oldest operating platformcarouselin the United States.[citation needed]

Across the Edgartown Vineyard Haven Road from theMartha's Vineyard Regional High Schoolin the town of Oak Bluffs, theMartha's Vineyard Skateparkis a concrete skatepark open to the public, offering a range of ramps and obstacles.[93]

Island life and residents

[edit]

Its relatively small year-round population has led to a very activist citizenry who are highly involved in the island's day-to-day activities. Tourism, overdevelopment, politics, and environmentalism are of keen interest to the community. Keeping the balance between the much needed tourist economy and theecologyandwildlifeof the island is of paramount importance to residents. In contrast to the seasonal influx of wealthy visitors, Dukes County remains one of the poorest in the state. Residents have established resources to balance the contradictions and stresses that can arise in these circumstances, notably the Martha's Vineyard Commission[94]and Martha's Vineyard Community Services,[95]founded by the late Dr. Milton Mazer, author ofPeople and Predicaments: Of Life and Distress on Martha's Vineyard.[96]

The majority of the Vineyard's residents during the summer are well-established seasonal vacationers. While many of these come from all over the United States and abroad, the island tends to be a destination for especially those whose primary residence lies within close proximity in the Northeastern U.S. Many communities around the island tend to have deep family roots on the island that have matured over the years to create hamlets of good friends and neighbors. Nevertheless, many visitors are summer renters and weekenders, for whom the island is simply a "home away from home".[citation needed]

Martha's Vineyard has also been or is home to a number of artists and musicians, includingAlbert Alcalay,Evan Dando,Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burtonof theMighty Mighty Bosstones,James Taylor,Carly Simon,Livingston Taylor,Kate Taylor,Alex Taylor,Tom Rush,Rick Marotta,Geoff Muldaur,Maria Muldaur,Willy Mason,UnbustedandMike Nichols.Historian and authorDavid McCulloughwas also an island resident, as are authorSusan Branchand the young-adult books authorsJudy BlumeandNorman Bridwell,and crime/political intrigue novelistsRichard North PattersonandLinda Fairstein.Late authorsShel SilversteinandWilliam Styronalso lived on the Vineyard, as did writer, journalist and teacherJohn Hersey,poet and novelistDorothy Westand artistThomas Hart Benton.Various writers have been inspired by the island—including the mystery writerPhilip R. Craigwho set several novels on the island. On a related note,Martha's Vineyard Poet Laureate,Lee H. McCormack, has written many poems about the island. The Academy Award-winningPatricia Nealowned a home on South Water St in Edgartown, andJames Cagney,Lillian Hellman(who is buried in Abel's Hill Cemetery near the site of Belushi's grave), andKatharine Cornellall found the Vineyard an exciting, rewarding place to live.[citation needed]In addition, the famousLifemagazine photographerAlfred Eisenstaedtwas a fifty-year summer resident of the Vineyard until his death in 1995. Since 2006 the Australian-born authorGeraldine Brooks,writer of the Pulitzer Prize winning novel[97]March,has lived there with her husband,Tony Horwitz,himself a Pulitzer Prize winner and successful novelist, and their two sons.[98]

Brooks wrote a book of historical fictionCaleb's Crossingin whichCaleb Cheeshahteaumuckis the title character and depicts early colonial settlement of Martha's Vineyard.[99]

Other well-known celebrities who live on or have regularly visited the island: Harlem Renaissance artistLois Mailou Jones;former presidentBill Clintonand his wife, former Secretary of StateHillary Clinton;former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama;[100][101]comedian and talk show hostDavid Letterman;Bill Murray;Tony Shalhoub;Quincy Jones;Ted Dansonand wifeMary Steenburgen;Larry David;theFarrelly brothers;Meg Ryan;andChelsea Handler.Mike Wallaceof60 Minuteswas a summer resident of Martha's Vineyard. Late anchormanWalter Cronkitewas a prominent summer resident as well. Other regularly appearing celebrities include film writer/directorSpike Lee,attorneyAlan Dershowitz,comediansDan AykroydandJames Belushi,politicoVernon Jordan,television news reporterDiane Sawyer,fashion designerKenneth Cole,former Ambassador and President of theMetropolitan Museum of ArtWilliam H. Luers,andCharlayne Hunter-Gault.Despite popular perceptions of the Vineyard as "Hollywood East", the island is very low-key and quiet; celebrities go to the Vineyard to enjoy the atmosphere, and not to be seen. Locals tend to be protective ofcelebrity privacy,though recent coverage of celebrity sightings (most notably in the two local newspapers on the Island) has begun to erode that respect for privacy through more frequent reporting on celebrity sightings and famous visitors.[102]In August 2014, both President Obama and Hillary Clinton planned to have overlapping visits to the island, where the presence of security details that create traffic challenges is becoming an annual affair.[103]

Many of the country's most affluent African-American families have enjoyed a century-old tradition of summering on the island. Concentrated primarily in and around the town of Oak Bluffs, and the East Chop area, these families have historically represented the black elite from Boston, Washington, D.C., and New York City. Today, affluent families from around the country have taken to the Vineyard, and the community is known as a popular summer destination for judges, physicians, business executives, surgeons, attorneys, writers, politicians, and professors. The historic presence of African-American residents in Oak Bluffs resulted in its Town Beach being pejoratively called "The Inkwell", a nickname which wasreappropriatedas an emblem of pride.[104]The Inkwell(1994), directed byMatty Rich,dealt with this close-knit Vineyard community.[citation needed]The Run&Shoot Filmworks Martha's Vineyard African-American Film Festival, held every second week in August, highlights the works of independent and established filmmakers from across the globe. This annual event draws attendees from all across the world.[105]

Since the 19th century, the island has had a sizable community ofPortuguese-Americans,concentrated primarily in the three down-Island towns of Oak Bluffs, Tisbury, and Edgartown; they have traditionally worked alongside other island residents in whaling and fishing. It also has a large community ofBrazilianimmigrantswho work mainly in the maintenance of the island's vacation facilities.[106]

The island's permanent residents were profiled in a LondonTelegrapharticle showing "the dark side of Martha's Vineyard".[107]In the same month an article titled "Edgartown's Darker Side" appeared in theBoston Globedetailing the extremely poor working conditions suffered by Irish and Serbian students in a newly built private members club in Edgartown.[108]Concerns over munitions that may be buried on Martha's Vineyard, most from World War II,[109]have led to an 8.1 million dollar project to remove and rebuild part of a privately owned barrier beach off theTisbury Great Pond.[110]

The year-round working population of Martha's Vineyard earns 30 percent less on average than other residents of the state while keeping up with a cost of living that is 60 percent higher than average.[111]Many people are moving to more affordable areas.[citation needed]Schools have seen a successive drop in enrollment over the past few years.[citation needed]Typically home to artists, musicians, and other creative types, the Island has many residents who manage by working several jobs in the summer and taking some time off in the winter.[citation needed]The lack of affordable housing on the island has forced many families to move off-island.[citation needed]

Many high-profile residents, movie stars, politicians, writers, and artists contribute to fundraisers and benefits that raise awareness of the fragile ecosystem of the Vineyard and support community organizations and services. The largest of these is the annual Possible Dreams Auction.[112]

Media

[edit]

Local newspapers and magazines

[edit]

Radio

[edit]

FM

[edit]

Television

[edit]

Over-the-air

[edit]

Television broadcasts are available using varied methods from nearby broadcast markets.

Cable

[edit]
  • MVTV: Martha's Vineyard Community Television (Comcast Channels 13, 14, 15)[113]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Gosnold's daughter was christened in St. James' Church (nowSt. Edmundsbury Cathedral),Bury St. EdmundsinSuffolk,England and is buried in the Great Churchyard that lies in front of theAbbey ruinsbetween St. Mary's Church and the Cathedral.[8]
  2. ^The others areCarlos Elmer's Joshua View,Arizona;Clark's Mountain,Oregon;Ike's Point,New Jersey; andJohn E's Pond,Rhode Island.[11]

References

[edit]
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Additional sources
  • Gookin,Historical Collections,53; Railton, "Vineyard's First Harvard men", 91–112.
  • Monaghan, E.J. (2005).Learning to Read and Write in Colonial AmericaUniversity of Massachusetts Press.Boston: MA
[edit]
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