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Matsu Islands

Coordinates:26°09′04″N119°55′38″E/ 26.15111°N 119.92722°E/26.15111; 119.92722
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"Lienchiang County" redirects here. For a county of Fu gian of the same name in the People's Republic of China, seeLian gian g County.
For other uses, seeMatsu.
Lienchiang County
Liền giang huyện
Matsu Islands, Ma-tsu
County
Top: Magan Tianhou Temple in Nangan, Bottom left: Matsu display monument in Nangan, Bottom upper left: Lin Moniang Tomb in Mazu Temple, Bottom lower right: Dongyong Lighthouse
Top: Magan Tianhou Temple in Nangan, Bottom left: Matsu display monument in Nangan, Bottom upper left: Lin Moniang Tomb in Mazu Temple, Bottom lower right:Dongyong Lighthouse
Flag of Lienchiang County
Flag
Official seal of Lienchiang County
Emblem
Official logo of Lienchiang County
Logo
Map
Coordinates:26°09′04″N119°55′38″E/ 26.15111°N 119.92722°E/26.15111; 119.92722
CountryRepublic of China (Taiwan)
ProvinceFukien(nominal subdivision)
CountyLienchiang County
SeatNangan Township(Nankan)
Divisions4rural townships
22rural villages
Government
• Body
• County MagistrateWang Chung-ming(KMT)
Area
[1][2]
• Total29.60 km2(11.43 sq mi)
• Rank22 of 22
Population
(June 2016)[3]
• Total12,716
• Rank22 of 22
• Density430/km2(1,100/sq mi)
DemonymMatsunese
Time zoneUTC+08:00(NST)
ISO 3166 codeTW-LIE
WebsiteMatsu.gov.tw
Symbols
BirdChinese crested tern(Sterna bernsteini)
FlowerHairy bougainvillea(Bougainvillea glabra)
TreeAustralian laurel (Pittosporum tobira)
Map
Coastline133 km (82.6 mi)[2]
Matsu Islands
Traditional ChineseMã tổQuần đảo
Simplified ChineseMã tổQuần đảo
Literal meaningMatsuIslands
Lienchiang County
Traditional ChineseLiền giangHuyện
Simplified ChineseLiền giangHuyện
PostalLienkong Hsien

TheMatsu Islands[a](UK:/ˌmætˈsuː/orUS:/ˌmɑːtˈsuː/[4]), officiallyLienchiang County[b](/ljɛnˈdʒjɑːŋ/), are anarchipelagoof 36 islands andisletsin theEast China Seagoverned by theRepublic of China (Taiwan),situated alongside the southeastern coast ofmainland China.The archipelago forms the smallestcountyin theROC-controlled territoriesby area and population, as well as one of two counties that is a part of the nominalFuchien Province.

The current Lienchiang County of the ROC was once part of an intact Lienchiang County ofFu gianbefore its effective partition in 1949 following theChinese Civil War,which resulted in themainland portion of the countybeing controlled by thePeople's Republic of China(PRC), while the offshore islands of Matsu remained under ROC control. The circumstance has made the county the only former geographical unit with the same name which is now divided between the administrations ofthe ROC and the PRC.

Name

[edit]

Lienchiang County, Taiwan (R.O.C.)[5][6][7][8][9]uses thetraditional Chinese charactersname (Liền giang huyện) and theromanizedname Lienchiang which is derived from theWade-Gilesromanization (Lien²-chiang¹) of theMandarinpronunciation for those Chinese characters that also refer toLian gian g County,Fuzhou,Fu gianinmainland China.[10][11][12][13]Lienchiang has also been written asLien-chiangandLienkiang[14][15][16]and by apostal romanizationof the local language pronunciationLienkong.[11]The term Lienchiang can also refer to the homophonousLian gian ginZhan gian g,Guangdong,China.[11]

The Matsu Islands[17][18][19][20]are named after the main island,Nangan(Nankan). Nangan is also named Matsu Island[8]because of a temple on the island which is supposed to be the burial site of the similarly named goddessMazu(Mẹ tổ).[21]Matsu is theWade-Giles-derived romanization of theMandarinpronunciation (Ma³-tsu³) for the Chinese character name (Mã tổ) of the islands. The Matsu Islands are also known by other Chinese-language names includingChinese:Mã tổ quần đảo;pinyin:Mǎzǔ QúndǎoandMã tổ đảo;Foochow Romanized:Mā-cū dō̤).

In April 2003, the Lienchiang County government considered changing the name of the county to Matsu County in order to avoid confusion with the nearby Lian gian g County on the mainland. Then-MagistrateChen Hsueh-shengsaid some local people opposed the name change because they felt it reflected thepro-independenceviewpoint of theDemocratic Progressive Party.[22]

History

[edit]

Yuan dynasty

[edit]

ChinesefromFu gianandZhe gian gstarted migrating to the islands during theYuan dynasty.Most of the people on Matsu came from Houguan (Hầu quan) (todayChangle,Fu gian). The popular net fishing industry established the base for development of Fuao settlement and industrial development of the region over several hundred years.

Ming dynasty

[edit]

Some crewmen ofZheng Hetemporarily stayed on the islands.

Qing dynasty

[edit]
The historical Fu gian Province including the Matsu Islands (1864)

During the earlyQing dynasty,piratesgathered here and the residents left temporarily. In contrast withTaiwanandPenghu,the Matsu Islands were not ceded to theJapanese Empirevia theTreaty of Shimonosekiin 1895. Due to its strategic location along the only route for the spice traffic, theBritishestablished theDongyong LighthouseinDongyin Islandin 1912 to facilitate ships navigation.[23]

Republic of China

[edit]

In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled after theXinhai Revolutionon 10 October 1911 and theRepublic of China(ROC) was established on 1 January 1912. Matsu Islands were subsequently governed under the administration ofFukien Provinceof the ROC. On 1 August 1927, theNanchang Uprisingbroke out between the rulingNationalist Party of China(KMT) andChinese Communist Party(CCP) which marked the beginning ofChinese Civil War.

Sheng-Chang Lin, a graduate student writing for theUniversity of NottinghamTaiwan Studies Programme, noted that in the pre-1949 period, the Matsu Islands did not have a significant relationship with Taiwan, which at the time was a colony of theEmpire of Japan.Additionally, he stated that the islands at the time had separate identities and did not have a collective identity as the Matsu Islands. Previous groups of islanders perceived themselves as Fu gian ese.[24]

On 10 September 1937, Japan occupied Beigan and Nangan via theCollaborationist Chinese Army,making the islands the first in Fu gian to fall to Japan.[25][26]The islands were not occupied by Japanese troops duringWorld War IIbecause they were not important militarily. The Lienchiang County seat was moved to Danyang Township on 19 April 1941 until theJapanese surrenderon August 15, 1945.

As a result of theChinese Civil War,in 1949 theChinese Communist Party(CCP) took overmainland Chinafrom theChinese Nationalist Party(Kuomintang, KMT). The CCP established thePeople's Republic of China(PRC) on 1 October 1949, which included administration of today'sLian gian g CountyofFu gian.The KMT retreated from mainland China to Taiwan at the end of 1949, but retained some of the offshore parts of Lienchiang County (namely, the Matsu Islands), and also most ofKinmen County(Quemoy). On 15 December 1950, the Matsu Administrative Office (Mã tổ cơ quan hành chính[zh]) ofFu gian Province, Republic of China,was established, including modern-day Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), as well as several islands in present-dayHaidao Township(Xiapu County) and Taishan (Đài sơn) (Fuding County)[27][28]which were lost to the PRC in 1950 and 1951.[29]

In early July 1953,Chinese Nationalistguerillas retreated from islands in the Xiyang Island (Chihchutao) area of present-day Haidao Township (PRC), and the area came under the control of the PRC.[30]In June 1955, the PRC undertook considerable road and military construction aroundHaitan Island,Pingtan County, Fuzhou, Fu gian, China, including roads leading to possible artillery positions on the mainland. Those positions might have been used to protect the Haitan Strait, which was considered a favorable staging area for amphibious operations against the Matsu Islands.[31]In July 1958, the PRC began massing forces opposite Kinmen (Quemoy) and Matsu (Lienchiang) and began bombarding them on 23 August, triggering theSecond Taiwan Strait Crisis.On 4 September 1958, the PRC announced the extension of its territorial waters by 20 kilometres (12 mi) to include the two islands. However, later that month, after talks between the US and PRC inWarsaw,Poland,a ceasefire was agreed and the status quo reaffirmed.[32]

The phrase "Quemoyand Matsu "became part of American political language in the1960 U.S. presidential election.During the debates, both candidates, Vice-presidentRichard Nixonand SenatorJohn F. Kennedy,pledged to use American forces if necessary to protect Taiwan from invasion by the PRC, which the United States did not recognize as the legitimate government of China. However, in the second debate on 7 October 1960, the two candidates stated different opinions about whether American forces should also be used to protectTaiwan's forward positions, Quemoy and Matsu.[33]Senator Kennedy stated that these islands—as little as 9 kilometres (5.5 mi) off the coast of China and as much as 170 kilometres (106 mi) from Taiwan—were strategically indefensible and were not essential to the defense of Taiwan. Vice-president Nixon maintained that since Quemoy and Matsu were in the "area of freedom", they should not, as a matter of principle, be surrendered to the Communists.[34]

Earlier in the debate, Nixon said:

In the Truman Administration 600 million people went behind theIron Curtainincluding the satellite countries of Eastern Europe andCommunist China.In this Administration we have stopped them at Quemoy and Matsu, we have stopped them inIndo China,we have stopped them inLebanon,we have stopped them in other parts of the world.

Later in the debate,Edward P. Morganasked Senator Kennedy:[35][36][37][38][39]

Senator, Saturday on television, you said that you had always thought that Quemoy and Matsu were unwise places to draw our defense line in the Far East. Would you comment further on that, and also address to this question: couldn't a pull-back from those islands be interpreted asappeasement?

MA-TSU LIEH-TAO (Matsu Islands) including: TUNG-YIN LIEH-TAO (Dongyin), Lang Tao (Liang Island), Ch'ang-hsü Shan (Beigan), Ma-tsu Shan (Nangan), PAI-CH'ÜAN LIEH-TAO (Juguang)
"The Nationalist-held islands off the Chinese mainland are nominally a part of Fukien Province, but are presently under military administration." (1962)

Kennedy's response was:

Well, the United States has on occasion attempted, mostly in the middle '50s to persuadeChiang Kai-shekto pull his troops back to Formosa. I believe strongly in the defense of Formosa. These islands are a few miles, five or six miles[c]off the coast of Red China within a general harbor area, and more than a hundred miles[d]from Formosa. We have never said flatly that we will defend Quemoy and Matsu if it is attacked. We say we will defend it if it's part of a general attack on Formosa, but it is extremely difficult to make that judgment.
Now, Mr.Herter,in 1958, when he wasUnder Secretary of State,said they were strategically indefensible. AdmiralSpruanceandCollinsin 1955 said that we should not attempt to defend these islands in their conference on the Far East. GeneralRidgwayhas said the same thing. I believe that when you get into a war, if you're going to get into a war for the defense of Formosa, it ought to be on a clearly defined line. One of the problems, I think, at the time of South Korea was the question of whether the United States would defend it if it were attacked. I believe that we should defend Formosa, we should come to its defense. It leaves this rather in the air that we will defend it under some conditions but not under others, I think it is a mistake.
Secondly, I would not suggest a withdrawal at the point of the Communist guns. It is a decision finally that the Nationalists should make and I believe that we should consult with them and attempt to work out a plan by which the line is drawn at the Island of Formosa. It leaves 100 miles[e]between the sea. But with General Ridgway, Mr. Herter, General Collins, Admiral Spruance and many others, I think it is unwise to take the chance of being dragged into a war which may lead to a world war over two islands which are not strategically defensible, which are not according to their testimony, essential to the defense of Formosa.
I think that we should protect our commitments. I believe strongly we should do so inBerlin.I believe strongly we should do so in Formosa and I believe we should meet our commitments to every country whose security we've guaranteed. But I do not believe that that line, in case of a war, should be drawn on those islands, but instead on the island of Formosa. And as long as they are not essential to the defense of Formosa, it has been my judgement ever since 1954, at the time of theEisenhower Doctrinefor the Far East, that our line should be drawn in the sea around the island itself.

Vice President Nixon retorted:

I disagree completely with Senator Kennedy on this point.
I remember in the period immediately before the Korean War, South Korea was supposed to be indefensible as well. Generals testified to that, and SecretaryAchesonmade a very famous speech at thePress Clubearly in the year that the Korean War started, indicating in effect that South Korea was beyond the defense zone of the United States. I suppose it was hoped when he made that speech that we wouldn't get into a war, but it didn't mean that. We had to go in when they came in.
Now I think as far as Quemoy and Matsu are concerned, that the question is not these two little pieces of real estate- they are unimportant. It isn't the few people who live on them- they are not too important. It's the principle involved. These two islands are in the area of freedom. The Nationalists have these two islands. We should not force our Nationalist allies to get off of them and give them to the Communists. If we do that, we start a chain reaction, because the Communists aren't after Quemoy and Matsu, they're after Formosa. In my opinion, this is the same kind of woolly thinking that led to disaster for America in Korea, I'm against it, I would never tolerate it as President of the United States, and I will hope that Senator Kennedy will change his mind if he should be elected.

Matsu Islands in the upper left of the map on the obverse of the commemorativeNT$10 coin celebrating the 50th anniversary of Taiwan's retrocession

After the third debate on 13 October 1960, Kennedy's advisers spoke with then Secretary of State Herter and said Kennedy was willing to revise his position on the Quemoy and Matsu issue so as not to give the Communists the impression that the USA would not stand united against aggression. Nixon pointed out the change in Kennedy's position but decided not to press the point due to the importance of the USA's role in what was an extremely tense situation.[40]Polls of Republicans and Democrats showed overwhelming support for Nixon's position.[41]

Sheng-Chang Lin stated that the Matsu Islands gained a collective identity during the Cold War period. Additionally, the islands gained significant relationships to Taiwan, now sharing a government with them. By 2021 younger people identified as being from the Matsu Islands specifically.[24]

Self-governance of the county resumed in 1992, after the cessation of political warfare with the mainland and the abolition of Battle Field Administration on 7 November 1992.[42]Afterwards, local construction picked up pace. In 1999, the islands were designated as the Matsu National Scenic Area Administration.[23][43]In January 2001, direct cargo and passenger shipping started between Matsu and Fu gian Province of the PRC.[44]After 1 January 2015, tourists from mainland China could directly apply theExit and Entry Permitupon arrival in Matsu Islands. That privilege also applied toPenghuand Kinmen, as a means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[45]In December 2015, theHuangqi-Matsu ship route was introduced as part of the MiniThree Links.[46][47]

In 2020, rampantillegal sand miningby Chinese ships in the waters around the Matsu Islands[48]caused concern in the islands and in theExecutive Yuanabout damage to the marine environment, possible damage to underwater telecommunications cables, and the potential for coastal erosion. Auctioning impounded ships was seen as an easy way for the dredging companies to get their ships back via intermediaries, hence sinking the impounded ships was under consideration.[49]

In 2021, it was reported that hundreds of Chinese squid fishing boats surrounded Matsu, and the lights from the boats to attract the squid lit up the local sky in green at night.[50]

In February 2023, 2 submarine cables between Matsu and Taiwan island were completely cut, causing Matsu residents' communication services to be affected.[51][52]

Geography

[edit]
Dongju Island

The Matsu Islands comprise 19 islands and islets,[53]which include five major islands, which areNangan,Dongju and Xiju (both inJuguangTownship), Beigan and Dongyin.[19]Minor islands includeLiang Island,Gaodeng Island,Daqiu Islandand Xiaoqiu, which are part ofBeigan Township.[54]The shortest distance betweenHuangqi, Lian gian g Countyand the Matsu Islands is also the shortest distance between China (PRC) administered territory and territory in the ROC (Taiwan)-administered Matsu Islands.[55][56]

Dongyin is the northernmost and Dongju is the southernmost.

Areas:

  • Nangan: 10.43 km2(4.03 sq mi)
  • Beigan: 8.86 km2(3.42 sq mi)
  • Dongyin: 4.35 km2(1.68 sq mi)
  • Juguang islands: seeJuguang

Geology

[edit]

The islands are predominantly composed ofJurassicandCretaceousintrusive(emplaced ≈160 Ma, ≈130 Ma and ≈94 Ma)graniteanddiabase.[57]

Climate

[edit]

Average annualtemperatureis 18.6 °C (65 °F), with the average low being at 13 °C (55 °F) and average high at 29 °C (85 °F). The daily temperature varies greatly during day and night. The region experiences subtropical maritime climate, which is influenced by monsoon and ocean currents and its geographic location. Matsu has four seasons: during winter it is cold and wet, during summer and spring it is foggy, and during autumn the weather is generally stable.[58][59]

Climate data for Matsu Islands (Nangan) (2005–2020, extremes 2004–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.1
(95.2) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.6
(97.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		36.6
(97.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.4
(88.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		22.3
(72.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		17.4
(63.3)
Record low °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		2.1
(35.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.3
(32.5)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 50.2
(1.98) 		74.5
(2.93) 		107.6
(4.24) 		117.4
(4.62) 		144.8
(5.70) 		181.9
(7.16) 		104.2
(4.10) 		117.1
(4.61) 		94.1
(3.70) 		38.2
(1.50) 		64.4
(2.54) 		46.0
(1.81) 		1,140.4
(44.89)
Average precipitation days 8.3 11.4 14.6 13.6 15.5 13.5 6.1 9.9 9.6 6.0 8.5 7.3 124.3
Averagerelative humidity(%) 80.8 84.2 83.1 83.9 86.9 88.0 85.8 86.4 82.4 76.6 80.4 77.7 83.0
Mean monthlysunshine hours 90.3 73.4 107.6 120.7 120.1 146.0 258.8 235.0 171.4 160.3 101.2 108.7 1,693.5
Source: Central Weather Bureau[60][61][62][63][64]

Politics and government

[edit]
Townships of Lienchiang County
Nangan Township,the seat of Lienchiang County
Wang Chung-ming,the incumbent Magistrate of Lienchiang County
Lienchiang County Government
Lienchiang County Council

The Matsu Islands are administered as Lienchiang County under theFu gian Provincial Government.Nangan Townshipis the county seat which houses theLienchiang County GovernmentandLienchiang County Council.The county is headed by a magistrate,electedevery four years in the ROC local elections. The incumbent magistrate isLiu Cheng-yingofKuomintang.TheLienchiang County Councilseat is dominated byKuomintanglegislators.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Lienchiang County is divided into fourrural townships.[65]It is further divided into 22 villages and 137 neighborhoods ( lân ). Lienchiang County is the only county in Taiwan which does not have acityor anurban township.Thecounty seatisNangan Township(Nankan).

Name Chinese Wade–Giles Pinyin Foochow Romanized
Rural townships
Beigan Township Bắc canHương Pei³-kan¹ Hsiang¹ Běigān Xiāng Báe̤k-găng Hiŏng
Dongyin Township Đông dẫnHương Tung¹-yin³ Hsiang¹ Dōngyǐn Xiāng Dĕ̤ng-īng Hiŏng
Juguang Township Cử quangHương Chü³-kuang¹ Hsiang¹ Jǔguāng Xiāng Gṳ̄-guŏng Hiŏng
Nangan Township Nam canHương Nan²-kan¹ Hsiang¹ Nángān Xiāng Nàng-găng Hiŏng

All the townships administer more than one island.

Magistrates

[edit]

Before 1993, county magistrates were appointed.

  • Elected magistrates
  1. Tsao Chang-Shun (Tào thường thuận) (1993–1997) (KMT)
  2. Liu Li-Chun (Lưu lập đàn) (1997–2001) (KMT)
  3. Chen Hsueh-sheng,also the current national representative of Matsu. (2001–2009) (PFP,later KMT)
  4. Yang Sui-sheng(2009–2014) (KMT)
  5. Liu Cheng-ying(2014–2022) (KMT)
  6. Wang Chung-ming(2022–present) (KMT)

Military

[edit]

The Matsu Islands are protected by theROC Army Matsu Defense Command[zh].

Politics

[edit]

Lienchang County voted oneKuomintanglegislator out of one seat to be in theLegislative Yuanduring the2016 Republic of China legislative election.[66] While theDemocratic Progressive Partyhave had difficulty winning a county-level election in this area, most of the competitions are among local strategies. In 2018, aGreen Partymember,Su Bo Hao[zh]attempted to run for magistrate but failed.

Cross-Strait relations

[edit]

The historical Lienchiang County roughly included the northern three townships of today's Matsu Islands (Lienchiang County) and the area of today'sLian gian g County of the People's Republic of China(PRC).[citation needed]The PRC claims the three northern townships of the Matsu Islands asMatsu Township(Mã tổ hương;Mǎzǔ Xiāng;Mā-cū hiŏng)[67][68][69][70]and theJuguang Islands(the southernmost islands, formerly named the Baiquan Islands) as part ofChangle District.[67][71]

Vessels from the Taiwan'sCoast Guard Administration(CGA) have confronted sand dredging by Chinese vessels near the Matsu Islands.[72]This dredging activity began in 2018.[72]Since March 2019, theLienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forumstarted as an official forum between Lienchiang County of the Republic of China (Taiwan) andLian gian g Countyof thePeople's Republic of Chinato discuss matters regarding the two sides.[73]

Demographics and culture

[edit]
Matsu Nangan Tianhou Temple

Population

[edit]

The majority of native Matsu Islands residents originated from Northern Fu gian. Several of the islands of Matsu are not inhabited permanently. Some of these are garrisoned by soldiers from theRepublic of China Armed Forcesstationed in the county since the end of theChinese Civil Warin 1949 and during theFirstandSecond Taiwan Strait Crisisin 1954 and 1958 respectively. Due to that high military demand large numbers of military personnel stationed on the islands produced unprecedented population growth in the county. The population reached its peak in 1971 with a total of 17,088 people. After those periods of high growth the population decreased year after year due to the poor economic growth which resulted in mass youth emigration due to lack of employment opportunities. In recent years the population in the county has gradually increased because of immigration. The population has stabilized due to the improved transportation between Taiwan Island and Matsu Islands as well as mass construction projects.[23]

Languages

[edit]

The native language spoken by Matsu residents is theMatsu dialect,a subdialect of theFuzhou dialect,which is one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the Matsu Islands.[74][53]Mandarin Chineseis one of the official languages of Lienchiang County.

Previously theEastern Minvarieties in the Matsu Islands were seen as a part of general Fu gian varieties. The establishment of thePeople's Republic of Chinain 1949 severed the Matsu Islands from the rest of Fu gian province, and as communications were cut off between the Republic of China (now including Taiwan and without mainland China) and the PRC, the identity of the Matsu Islands specifically became established. Additionally, the varieties of Eastern Min on the Matsu Islands became seen as a Matsu dialect.[24]

Name

[edit]

Chen( trần ) is the most commonsurname,thenLin( lâm ),Wang( vương ),Tsao( tào ) andLiu( Lưu ).

Belief

[edit]

Matsu, though named after the goddessMatsu,is written with a different character that has a different tone. But the Matsu Islands are not the birthplace of the goddess as the human Lin Muoniang -Meizhou Islandis — but her death place (on a seaport named after her on Nangan Island).[75]

The Matsu Nangan Tianhou Temple (Mã tổ nam can thiên hậu cung), a temple dedicated to the goddess, contains the sarcophagus of Lin Muoniang. It is, however, not as popular as the Meizhou temple.

Most Taiwanese pilgrims to Meizhou start off their journey in the Matsu Islands because they are the closest ROC-controlled territory to Meizhou, which is controlled by the PRC.

Economy

[edit]
Vegetable farming parkin Nangan Township

Due to its geographically remote location, the manufacturing business of Matsu has never been fully developed. Among them, the wine making industry ofMatsu Distilleryis the most distinguished feature. Tourism has become a highly important feature of the economy.[76]

However, most of its commercial trading focuses on retail businesses and restaurants for stationed military consumption. Farm products of Matsu includerice,sugar cane,tea plant,oranges.Sea animals, such asfish,clams,andjellyfish,are also popular exports due to its nature as the major traditional industry in Matsu. However, the flourishing fishing ground is almost exhausted by arbitrary fish bombing by mainland China fishing boats, while the fish population is decreasing as well.[23]

In July 2012, Matsu residents voted in favor of the establishment ofcasinos,which led to the prospect of gaming industries in the county and the passing of the Gaming Act (Chinese:Ngắm cảnh sòng bạc quản lý điều lệ).[77]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Zhushan Power Plant

Power generation

[edit]

On 1 July 1975, the Matsu Power Company was founded to operate all of the power plants in the county. On 1 July 1986, the company was incorporated intoTaiwan Power Company.[78]The county is powered up by its fuel-fired (diesel)Zhushan Power Plantlocated in Cingshuei Village ofNangan Townshipwith a capacity of 15.4 MW commissioned on 22 March 2010. The other power plants areBeigan Power PlantinBeigan Township,Dongyin Power PlantinDongyin Townshipand Dongju Power Plant in Dongju Island andXiju Power Plantin Xiju Island ofJuguang Township.The county is also powered up by itsphotovoltaic systemwith a capacity of 0.074 MW.[79]

Telecommunication

[edit]

For telecommucation, Matsu Islands is connected via threesubmarine communications cablesnamed Taima Cables (Chinese:Đài mã;pinyin:Táimǎ). To Taiwan Island, the Taima Cable No. 2 connectsDongyin Townshipin the county toTamsui DistrictinNew Taipeiand Taima Cable No. 3 connectsNangan TownshiptoTaoyuan City.As of 2023, the fourth cable is under construction with expected completion date in 2025. The first cable is no longer in use.[80][81]

Pollution

[edit]

Generally, the environment of Matsu Islands is still well-preserved. The major source of pollution is from family and military household waste. There are, however, concerns that the continued lack of modern sewage facilities results in household waste seeping into groundwater.[23]

Tourism

[edit]
Beihai Tunnelin Nangan Township
Dongyong Lighthouse

Tourism has become a critical sector in the local economy.[76]Lienchiang County Government is making an effort to attract more visitors to the Matsu Islands, especially among foreigners.[82][83]Dongyin Visitor Centeris the main visitor center of the township.

Nangan is the capital of Matsu and it is noted for its granite tunnel and theIron Fort.It has two interconnected main roads.

The Beihai Tunnels are manmade granite tunnels. Both tunnels were remarkable for their time, and they took great effort to construct. Thetunnel in Nanganwas built in 1968. The completion of Beihai Tunnel took the effort of thousands of men. The 700 metre (800 yard) tunnel has a width of 10 metres (33') and a height of 16 metres (52'). It was completed in 820 days with shovels, spades and explosives; the tunnel also took the life of a platoon of soldiers. The tunnel was considered a military location and was not opened to the public until 1990.

The Iron Fort is located on the Southwest side of Nangan island. Located by a small cliff, it is a vulnerable spot for outside attacks or illegal smuggling of materials. With that in mind, the fort was built for defence. It is equipped with multiple machinegun rooms and rudimentary living facilities. It is now open to the public, and although most of the equipment has been removed from the site, the site itself brings back a vivid image of what it was like for soldiers at that time.

Museums in Matsu including theMatsu Blue Tears Ecological Museum,Matsu Folk Culture Museum,Ching-kuo Memorial HallandWar and Peace Memorial Park Exhibition Center.

Nature

[edit]

Since 1990, the county manages theMatsu Islands Bird Sanctuary[zh],which spreads across eight islands and islets in Nangan, Beigan and Tongyin Townships. It contains 30speciesin 15orders,mostlygullsandterns.In 2000, four pairs of thecritically endangeredChinese crested tern,previously thought to beextinct,were discovered nesting on the Matsu Islands, giving them global conservation importance.

There are alsomossesandfernsrare or absent elsewhere in theROC.[84]

Cetaceanspecies that have become rare along Chinese coasts are still present here such asfalse killer whalesandfinless porpoises,[85]providing opportunisticobservationsat times.[86]Finless porpoises in this areas are generally smaller than other subspecies,[87]and it is unique that two subspecies inhabit in this region where Matsu region is the northern limit for one of them.

Transportation

[edit]
Matsu Nangan Airport
Fuao Harbor

Air

[edit]

BothNanganandBeiganhave airports which are theMatsu Nangan AirportandMatsu Beigan Airportrespectively.DongyinandJuguang(in Xiju Island) house heliports which only operate during winter time and priority is given to local residents to travel toNangan.[88]

Sea

[edit]

Due to the main airport being located in Nangan, boats are the main form of transportation between the islands in the county.

There are two ferry rides to mainland China. One arrives atMawei DistrictofFuzhouand departs from Fuao Harbor atNangan Townshipin which the journey normally takes 90 minutes while in Nangan.[89]Another arrives atHuangqi(Hoàng kỳ trấn) ofLian gian gand departs fromBeigan Townshipin which the journey takes only 20 minutes.[90]Dongyin Townshiphouses theZhongzhu Harbor.

Road

[edit]

Due to their size, travelling by motorized scooter is an ideal way to get around the main islands such as Nangan and Beigan, despite the steep hills. Both Islands have regular buses and taxis are also economical. In October 2019, mainland China announced 'initial plans' to build a bridge linkingFuzhouto the Matsu Islands. Taiwan'sMainland Affairs Council(MAC) said that the plans were made unilaterally by Mainland's Fu gian as part of its schemes to absorb Taiwan and divide Taiwanese society and that they see no need for bridges linking either Matsu orKinmento mainland China.[91]Legislators representing Matsu have said that their thinking is different from the Mainland Affairs Council, and that they were optimistic about the idea of a bridge.[92]

Notable persons

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Chinese:Mã tổ quần đảo;pinyin:Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo;Wade–Giles:Ma³-tsu³ Lieh⁴-tao³;Foochow Romanized:Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤
  2. ^Chinese:Liền giangHuyện;pinyin:Liánjiāng Xiàn;Wade–Giles:Lien²-chiang¹ Hsien⁴;Foochow Romanized:Lièng-gŏng-gâing
  3. ^Gaodeng Islandis 5.75 miles from the Beijiao Peninsula. In Kinmen County, the northern coast of Greater Kinmen (Quemoy) is about five or six miles from the nearest point on mainland Asia in places. Some ROC-controlled areas are closer than five miles from PRC-controlled areas. For instance, Jiaoyu inDadeng Subdistrictis a little more than one mile from the tip of Greater Kinmen inJinsha Township.
  4. ^Juguang, LienchiangandDongyin, Lienchiangare a little more than ninety miles from the closest point on the main island of Taiwan (Formosa), andWuqiu, Kinmenis about eighty miles from the closest point. The main islandsNangan(Matsu) andGreater Kinmen(Quemoy) are over one hundred miles from Taiwan Island.
  5. ^The island of Taiwan is separated from the southeast coast ofChinaby theTaiwan Strait,which ranges from 220 km (140 mi) at its widest point to 130 km (81 mi) at its narrowest.

References

[edit]
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  2. ^abThành thị giới thiệu.Matsu Health Bureau Web site liền giang huyện vệ sinh phúc lợi cục(in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived fromthe originalon 19 February 2020.Retrieved23 August2020.Quần đảo lục vực diện tích vì 29.60 km vuông, toàn huyện các đảo đường ven biển tổng trưởng vì 133 km
  3. ^Tính đến 106 năm 6 cuối tháng mã tổ tổng dân cư số 12716 người.Matsu Daily(in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14 July 2016.Retrieved8 September2019.Tổng cộng: 2768 hộ, 12716 người, nam tính 7244 người, nữ tính 5472 người.
  4. ^Longman, J.C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3 ed.). Pearson Education ESL.ISBN978-1405881173.
  5. ^"Lienchiang County".Lienchiang County.Retrieved22 August2019.Address: No.76, Jieshou Village, Nangan Township, Lienchiang County 209, Taiwan (R.O.C.) {...} Lienchiang County Copyright ©2016 Lienchiang County Government.
  6. ^Đài Loan khu vực hương trấn nội thành cấp trở lên khu vực hành chính tên trung anh đối chiếu biểu(PDF)(in Chinese (Taiwan) and English). Online Translation System of Geographic Name,Ministry of Interior.16 June 2011. p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 March 2012.Huyện thị hương trấn khác nhau quốc tế quen dùng danh Hán ngữ ghép vần dịch viết ghi chú {...} liền giang huyện Lienchiang County Lian gian g County thành phố trực thuộc trung ương, huyện ( thị ) cấp trở lên khu vực hành chính tên hệ y quốc tế quen dùng phương thức dịch viết
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  8. ^ab"Matsu Island".Encyclopædia Britannica Online.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2019.Retrieved12 October2020.Matsu is the main island of a group of 19, the Matsu Islands, which constitute Lien-kiang (Lienchiang)hsien(county).
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  13. ^"Current Intelligence Bulletin".CIA.7 February 1956. p. 4.Retrieved22 August2019– viaInternet Archive.Lienchiang
  14. ^"Topography of Fukien; situation and boundaries of the province; its area and population; subdivisions, mountains, rivers, harbors &c".The Chinese Repository.11(12):652.December 1842 – viaInternet Archive.6 liền giang Lienkiáng
  15. ^A Pictorial History of the Republic of China: Its Founding and Development.Vol. 2.Taipei:Modern China Press. 1981. p.528– viaInternet Archive.Outlying the island of Kinmen, the Matsu Islands are well known to the world because of its valiant defense. These consist of Kaoteng, Peikan, Nankan, Tungchuan and Sichuan and spread out at the mouth of the Min River. They form a part of Lienkiang county, Fukien.
  16. ^Gwillim Law (1999).Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998.McFarland & Company.p.357– viaInternet Archive.The other is Lienkiang (islands of Matsu, Changhsu Chan, Tungyin Tao, Tungchuan Tao).
  17. ^"About Matsu".Lienchiang County.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2019.Retrieved22 August2019.Matsu islands
  18. ^"History and Customs".Matsu National Scenic Area.19 January 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 12 September 2018.Retrieved22 August2019.The oldest traces of settlements in the Matsu Islands were on the island of Dongju, and have been determined to be relics from the Neolithic era.
  19. ^ab"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1955–1957, CHINA".Office of the Historian,US Department of State.Washington, D.C.16 March 1955.Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2020.Retrieved28 August2019.158. National Intelligence Estimate{...}3.In the context of this estimate the term "Matsu Group" or "Matsus" denotes those Chinese Nationalist-held islands lying essentially between 25 and 27 degrees north latitude and consisting of Tung-yin Shan, Lang Tao, Kao-teng Hsu, Pei-kan Tang, Matsu Shan, Pai-chuan and Lieh Tao [sic] (White Dogs), Wu-chiu, and Hsia Wu-chiu. "Matsu" used singly applies only to Matsu-Shan proper.
  20. ^Hu Meidong; Lin Shujuan (26 December 2015)."Further options open for Straits travel".China Daily.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2020.Retrieved16 March2020.A passenger ferry route between Huangqi in Fu gian province and Matsu has allowed tourists and commuters a cheaper and faster choice for cross-Straits travel. Huangqi, a port under the administration of the capital Fuzhou, is the closest mainland port to Matsu, which has also been connected with Mawei port in Fuzhou since 2001. A direct passenger ferry trip along the latter route takes around 90 minutes. Each trip along the Huangqi-Matsu route, which crosses an 8-kilometer strip of sea, takes 25 minutes and costs 135 yuan ($21). "The Huangqi-Matsu route has made daily commuting between Lian gian g and Matsu much easier," said Yang Wen gian, head of Lian gian g-Matsu Cultural Research Society, an NGO dedicated to promoting civil exchanges between the two places.
  21. ^“Mã tổ” địa danh ngọn nguồn ( liền giang huyện chí tục tu - địa lý chí sơ thảo ).
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    Chín tháng 10 ngày
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  68. ^2018 năm thống kê dùng phân ranh giới số hiệu cùng thành hương phân chia số hiệu: Liền giang huyện[2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Lian gian g County] (in Simplified Chinese).National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.2018.Retrieved22 August2019.Thống kê dùng phân ranh giới số hiệu tên {...}350122400000 mã tổ hương
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  70. ^Liền giang huyện lịch sử duyên cách[Lian gian g County Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 16 June 2015.Retrieved22 August2019.1949 năm hoa vì ngao giang, Đan Dương, đông úc, quản đầu, tiêu định, hoàng rêu 6 trấn cùng hà sơn, phổ dương, kính sơn, địch hồ, Phan khê, tiểu thương, chu liễu, sở nam, tượng hạ, quan đường, can đường, Tây Dương 12 hương, sau lại cũng vì 8 cái khu, 31 cái hương ( trấn ), trong đó mã tổ hương thượng đãi thống nhất. {...}2000 năm lần thứ năm dân cư tổng điều tra, liền giang huyện thường trụ tổng dân cư 599962 người, {...} ( không chứa mã tổ hương ) 2003 năm mạt, liền giang huyện hộ tịch dân cư 61.31 vạn người, trong đó phi nông nghiệp dân cư 10.63 vạn người. 2004 năm, toàn huyện hạt 22 cái hương trấn ( không chứa mã tổ hương ), 268 cái thôn ( cư ), tổng dân cư 62 vạn người. 2007 năm mạt, liền giang huyện tổng diện tích 1190.7 bình phương cây số ( hàm mã tổ quần đảo 23.5 bình phương cây số ). Tổng dân cư vì 613354 người ( không chứa mã tổ quần đảo ), trong đó thành trấn dân cư 128298 người.
  71. ^Trường Nhạc thị chính phủ nhân dân về in và phát hành 《 Trường Nhạc thị khí tượng tai hoạ phòng ngự quy hoạch 》 thông tri.Phúc Châu thị trưởng nhạc khu chính phủ nhân dân(in Simplified Chinese). 28 March 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2019.Retrieved22 August2019.Toàn cảnh lục địa diện tích 723 km vuông, đường ven biển trường 103 km. Có lớn nhỏ đảo nhỏ 30 dư cái, trong đó lấy bạch khuyển quần đảo lớn nhất.Translation: "Changle covers an area of 723 sq km, and has 103 km of coastline. Changle includes more than thirty islands of various sizes. Among these, the largest are the Baiquan Islands."
  72. ^ab"Chinese sand dredging vessels dispersed near Matsu".
  73. ^Feng, Shao-fu; Lim, Emerson (6 March 2019)."Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum focuses on sea transportation".Focus Taiwan.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2019.Retrieved7 March2019.
  74. ^Đại chúng phương tiện chuyên chở phát thanh ngôn ngữ bình đẳng bảo đảm pháp[circular reference]
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  76. ^ab"Taiwan's small islands turn to tourism to stay afloat".Financial Times.3 June 2013.Retrieved2021-01-14.
  77. ^"Matsu votes to allow building of casino".8 July 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-01-02.Retrieved2014-09-17.
  78. ^"Hsieh-ho Power Plant - Zhushan Branch Power Plant".Taipower.7 September 2020.Retrieved7 December2020.
  79. ^"Overview of the Development of Renewable Energy".Taipower.23 March 2020.Retrieved31 December2020.
  80. ^Hioe, Brian (17 February 2023)."Cut Submarine Cables between Taiwan and Matsu Raise Concerns about Chinese Interference".New Bloom.Retrieved3 March2023.
  81. ^Ting, Yi; Madjar, Kayleigh (10 February 2023)."Damaged cables shut off Matsu Internet".Taipei Times.Retrieved3 March2023.
  82. ^"Matsu Island opens doors to tourists".Taiwan Today.March 3, 2010. Archived fromthe originalon October 9, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 8,2011.
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  85. ^"A natural aquatic menagerie".Lienchiang County Government.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-01-03.Retrieved2015-01-03.
  86. ^Hải dương sinh thái bảo khố.The Midwest News. 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-11-29.Retrieved2015-10-13.
  87. ^Jefferson A.T.; Wang Y.J. (2011)."Revision of the taxonomy of finless porpoises (genus Neophocaena): The existence of two species"(PDF).Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology.4(1). The Oceanographic Environmental Research Society. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-01-03.Retrieved2015-01-03.
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  91. ^Teng, Pei-ju (14 October 2019)."China announces 'initial plans' to build bridges to Taiwan's outlying islands Matsu, Kinmen".Taiwan News.Retrieved15 October2019.A Chinese state-run news channel reported on Sunday (Oct. 13) that Beijing has completed "initial plans" for bridges linking the country to Taiwan's outlying islands Matsu and Kinmen. Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) said on Monday that the plans were made unilaterally by China as part of its schemes to absorb Taiwan and divide Taiwanese society, reported Liberty Times. Beijing has long disregarded the existence of Taiwan and shown a lack of respect for its democratic values and system, the MAC said.{...}According to Communist China's mouthpiece CCTV, a total of 40 experts from both sides of the Taiwan Strait gathered in Fu gian 's provincial capital, Fuzhou, on Sunday to discuss plans for the bridges connecting Fuzhou to Matsu and Xiamen to Kinmen.
  92. ^Thomson, Jono (2023-09-15)."China says its ready to build rail link to Taiwan".Taiwan News.Retrieved2024-01-06.
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