Jump to content

Mainz

Coordinates:49°59′58″N08°16′25″E/ 49.99944°N 8.27361°E/49.99944; 8.27361
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromMayence)

This article is about the city in Germany. For the light cruiser, seeSMSMainz.For the Mainz sword, seeGladius.For the school, seeMusic and Audio Institute of New Zealand.
Mainz
Määnz/Meenz(Hessian)
Mayence(French)
City
View ofMainz CathedralfromWiesbaden
Houses on Market Square
Old Town
St. Peter
Osteiner Hof
Drususstein
Judensand(Jews' Sand) cemetery
Christuskirche
Mainz CathedralandRhine(Upper Rhine)
Flag of Mainz
Flag
Coat of arms of Mainz
Coat of arms
Location of Mainz
Map
Mainz is located in Germany
Mainz
Mainz
Mainz is located in Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz
Mainz
Coordinates:49°59′58″N08°16′25″E/ 49.99944°N 8.27361°E/49.99944; 8.27361
CountryGermany
StateRhineland-Palatinate
DistrictUrban district
Founded13/12 BC
Subdivisions15 boroughs
Government
•Lord mayor(2023–31)Nino Haase[1](Ind.)
Area
• Total97.75 km2(37.74 sq mi)
Highest elevation
285 m (935 ft)
Lowest elevation
85 m (279 ft)
Population
(2022-12-31)[2]
• Total220,552
• Density2,300/km2(5,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
Postal codes
55116–55131
Dialling codes06131, 06136
Vehicle registrationMZ
Websitemainz.de
Official nameShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz
TypeCultural
Criteria(ii)(iii)(vi)
Designated2021
Reference no.[1]

Mainz(German:[maɪnts]ⓘ;see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state ofRhineland-Palatinate,and with around 221,000 inhabitants, it isGermany's 35th-largest city.It lies in theRhine-Main Metropolitan Region—Germany's second-largest metropolitan region afterRhine-Ruhr—which also encompasses the cities ofFrankfurt am Main,Wiesbaden,Darmstadt,Offenbach am Main,andHanau.

Mainz is located at the northern end of theUpper Rhine Plain,on the left bank of theRhine,opposite theHessiancapital ofWiesbadenand the mouth of theRiver Maininto the Rhine. It is the largest city ofRhenish Hesse,a region ofRhineland-Palatinatethat was historically part ofHesse,and isone of Germany's most important wine regionsbecause of its mild climate. Mainz is connected toFrankfurt am Mainby theRhine-Main S-Bahnrapid transit system. Before 1945, Mainz had six boroughs on the other side of the Rhine (see:de:Rechtsrheinische Stadtteile von Mainz). Three have been incorporated intoWiesbaden(see:de:AKK-Konflikt), and three are now independent.

Mainz was founded asCastrumMogontiacumbyRomangeneralNero Claudius Drususin the 1st century BC on the northern frontier of theRoman Empire,and became the capital of theRoman provinceofGermania Superior.The city was settled by theFranksfrom 459 on, and in the 8th century it became an important city within theHoly Roman Empire,as capital of theElectorate of Mainzand seat of theArchbishop-Elector of Mainz,theprimateof Germany.Mainz Cathedralis one of the three RhenishImperial Cathedralsalong withSpeyer CathedralandWorms Cathedral.

Since the 12th century, Mainz was one of theShUM-cities[de]—a league formed by the cities ofSpeyer,Wormsand Mainz—which are referred to as the cradle ofAshkenazi Jewishlife and as the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. The Jewish heritage of these cities is one of a kind, and has been declared the UNESCO World Heritage Site of "ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz"[de],[3]which includes theJudensand[de](Jews' Sand), the second-oldest Jewish cemetery in Europe after theHeiliger Sandin Worms.

Mainz is the birthplace ofJohannes Gutenberg,who introduced letterpressprintingto Europe with hismovable typeprinting press,starting the global spread of the printing press,and in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including theGutenberg Bibles,two of which are kept at the city'sGutenberg Museum.Mainz was heavily damaged inWorld War II;more than30 air raidsdestroyed around half of the old town in the city centre, but many buildings were rebuilt post-war.

Like most cities in theRhineland,Mainz holdsextensive carnival celebrations,that are known as the second-most important in Germany, after thecelebrations in Cologne.The borough of Lerchenberg is the seat ofZDF(Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen,lit."Second German Television" ), the second-most important German public service television broadcaster, as well as of3sat,another television broadcaster, that is jointly operated by public broadcasters from Germany (ARDandZDF), Austria (ORF), and Switzerland (SRG SSR).

Alternative names[edit]

Mainz has a number ofdifferent namesin other languages and dialects. InLatinit is known asMogontiacum(pronounced[mɔɡɔnˈti.akũː]) orMoguntiacumand, in the localHessiandialect, it isMäänz[mɛːnt͡s]orMeenz[meːnt͡s].It is known asMayence[majɑ̃s]in French,Magonza[maˈɡontsa][4]in Italian,Maguncia[maˈɣunθja]in Spanish,Mogúncia[muˈɣũsjɐ]in Portuguese,Moguncja[mɔˈɡunt͡sja]in Polish,Magentza(מגנצא) in Yiddish, andMohučin Czech and Slovak (Czech pronunciation:[ˈmoɦutʃ]).[5]

Before the 20th century, Mainz was commonly known in theAnglosphereeither asMentz,its English version, or by its French versionMayence.It is the namesake of two American cities namedMentz.[6]

Geography[edit]

Topography[edit]

Mainz is on the 50th latitude north, on theleft bank of the Rhine.[7][8]The east of the city is opposite where theMainfalls into it.[7]As of 2021,the population was 217,272.[7]The city is part of the FrankfurtRheinMain area of 5.9 million people.[9]Mainz can easily be reached fromFrankfurt International Airportin 30 minutes by commuter railwayor regional trainsRE 2RE 3RB 31.[10] Theriver portof Mainz is located on theRhineand thus on one of the most important waterways in Germany.[11]Thecontainer port hubis north of the town centre.[11]

After thelast ice age,sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city. TheMainz Sand Dunesarea is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and raresteppevegetation for this area.[12][13]

While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associatedviciandcanabae(civilian settlements) were erected towards the Rhine. Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.[14]

View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
View north along the Rhine with the old Winterhafen in the lower left and the former port facilities further north
Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden
Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz
Line showing 50° north latitude on the Gutenbergplatz

Climate[edit]

Mainz experiences anoceanic climate(Köppen climate classification:Cfb).

Climate data for Mainz
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		5.3
(41.5) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19
(66) 		22.0
(71.6) 		24
(75) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8
(46) 		4.5
(40.1) 		14.0
(57.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		5.9
(42.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 38
(1.5) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		38
(1.5) 		51
(2) 		58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		41
(1.6) 		43
(1.7) 		48
(1.9) 		46
(1.8) 		550
(21.5)
Source:Intellicast[15]

History[edit]

See also:Timeline of Mainz

Roman Mogontiacum[edit]

Remains of a Roman town gate from the late 4th century

The Roman stronghold orcastrumMogontiacum,the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman generalDrususperhaps as early as 13/12 BC. As related bySuetoniusthe existence ofMogontiacumis well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral ofNero Claudius Drusus). Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of theMain,the name of Mainz is not fromMain,the similarity being perhaps reinforced byfolk-etymologicalreanalysis.Mainis from LatinMoenis(alsoMoenusorMenus), the name the Romans used for the river.Linguisticanalysis of the many forms that the name "Mainz" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification ofMogontiacum.[16]The name appears to beCeltic,[17]however, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.[17]The Roman soldiers defendingGalliahad adopted the Gallic godMogons(Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: "the great one", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such asAlexander magnus,"Alexander the Great" andPompeius magnus,"Pompey the great", or the god of "might" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.[18]

The Drusus monument orDrususstein(surrounded by the 17th-century citadel) raised by the troops ofNero Claudius Drususto commemorate him
Remains of theRoman aqueductof Mogontiacum

Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.[19]The town ofMogontiacumgrew up between the fort and the river. The castrum was the base ofLegio XIVGeminaandXVIGallica(AD 9–43),XXIIPrimigenia,IVMacedonica(43–70),IAdiutrix(70–88),XXIRapax(70–89), andXIVGemina(70–92), among others. Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, theClassis Germanica.Remains of Roman troop ships (navis lusoria) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in theMuseum für Antike Schifffahrt.A temple dedicated toIsis PantheaandMagna Materwas discovered in 2000[20]and is open to the public. The city was the provincial capital ofGermania Superior,and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away asLyon.Among the famous buildings were the largesttheatrenorth of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine. The city was also the site of the assassination of emperorSeverus Alexanderin 235.

Alemanniforces underRandosacked the city in 368. From the last day of 405[21]or 406, the Siling and AsdingVandals,theSuebi,theAlans,and other Germanic tribescrossed the Rhine,possibly at Mainz. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop,Aureus,was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.[22]

Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement. Different structures were built there at different times. The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts. It was used in World War II. One of the sights at the citadel is still thecenotaphraised by legionaries to commemorate their general,Drusus.[23]

Frankish Mainz[edit]

In the 4th century, Alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of Mogontiacum.[24]In 357, the city was liberated by the EmperorJulian.[24]The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz wasValentinian III(reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on hisMagister militum per Gallias,Flavius Aëtius.In 451,Attila'sHunssacked the city.[24]

Gold solidus of the Frankish kingTheudebert I,Mainz mint,c.534

TheFranksfrom the middle and upper Rhine area took Mainz shortly before 460.[25]After thefall of the Western Roman Empirein 476, theFranksunder the rule ofClovis Igained control over western Europe by the year 496.[26]Clovis, son ofChilderic,became king of the Salians in 481, ruling fromTournai.[27]He converted frompaganismtoCatholic Christianity.[27]Theudebert I(c.500–547 or 548) had installedSidonius[de][28]as bishop of Mainz.[29]Dagobert I(605/603–639) reinforced the walls of Mainz.[30][31]

Charlemagne(768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankish empire in Europe. Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.[32]Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks. After the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.[33][34]The Rhine roughly formed the border of their territories, whereby the three important episcopal cities of Mainz,WormsandSpeyerwith their counties to the left of the Rhine were assigned toEast Francia.[25][35]

Christian Mainz[edit]

See also:Free City of Mainz
Free City of Mainz
Freie Stadt Mainz
1244–1462
StatusImperial city
CapitalMainz
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• City established
c. 13 BC
1244
• Rival archbishops
1461
• Charter revoked by
Abp Adolph II
1462
• German Mediatisation
1803
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Archbishopric of Mainz
Archbishopric of Mainz

In the earlyMiddle Ages,Mainz played a significant role in theChristianisationof theGermanandSlavic peoples.The first archbishop in Mainz,Boniface,was killed in 754 while attempting to convert theFrisiansto Christianity and is buried inFulda.[36]Thearchbishopricof Mainz was established in 781 when Boniface's successorLullus[37]was granted the pallium byPope Adrian I.[38]Throughout history, the Archbishops of Mainz held high positions, including serving as archchancellors of the Holy Roman Empire. Notably, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called aHoly See(sancta sedes).

In 1244, ArchbishopSiegfried IIIgranted Mainz a city charter, allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council.[39]In 1461, a feud between two archbishops,Diether von IsenburgandAdolf II von Nassau,caused unrest in the city. Following Archbishop Adolf's raid on Mainz in 1462, those who opposed him, includingJohannes Gutenberg,were either expelled or imprisoned. Ultimately, after the death of Archbishop Adolf II, Diether von Isenburg was reinstated as the Archbishop of Mainz, duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the Pope.[40]

Early Jewish community[edit]

Main article:Jewish community of Mainz
Interior of the Weisenau Synagogue, built in the first half of the 18th century

The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century CE. It is noted for its religious education. RabbiGershom ben Judah(960–1040) taught there, among others.[41]He concentrated on the study of theTalmud,creating a German Jewish tradition. Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred RabbiAmnon of Mainz,composer of theUnetanneh Tokefprayer.[42]From the late 12th century rabbis met in synods.[43]

The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving in a capricious manner towards them. Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted. The Jews were expelled in 1438, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1470.[44]Jews were attacked in theRhineland massacres of 1096and by mobs in 1283.[45]Outbreaks of theBlack Deathwere usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the murder of 6000 Jews in 1349.[46]

Outside of the medieval city centre, there is a Jewish cemetery, with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries.[41]The earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063, and these early gravestones resemble those found in Italy in the 8th–9th centuries.[41]

Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and anew synagogueby the architectManuel Herzwas constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis onKristallnachtin 1938.[47][48][49]As of 2021,the Jewish community Mainz has 985 members.[50]

Republic of Mainz[edit]

Main article:Republic of Mainz

During theFrench Revolution,the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop-elector of Mainz,Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal,had already fled toAschaffenburgby the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, theJacobinsof Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in theRhenish Palatinate,proclaimed the 'Republic of Mainz'. Led byGeorg Forster,representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late:Prussiawas not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic). Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March 1793. After asiegeof 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. It came to theBattle of Mainzin 1795 betweenAustriaand France. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.[51]

Tombstone ofJeanbon Baron de St. André,Prefect of Napoleonic Mainz

In 1797, the French returned. The army ofNapoleon Bonaparteoccupied the German territory to the west of theRhine,and theTreaty of Campo Formioawarded France this entire area, initially as theCisrhenian Republic.On 17 February 1800, the FrenchDépartement du Mont-Tonnerrewas founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during theWar of the Sixth Coalition,the weakened Napoleon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.[52]

Rhenish Hesse[edit]

In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today asRhenish Hesse(German:Rheinhessen) was awarded to theHesse-Darmstadt,Mainz being the capital of the newHessianprovince of Rhenish Hesse. From 1816 to 1866, a part of theGerman Confederation,Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison ofAustrian,Prussian andBavariantroops.[53]

On the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, thePulverturm,exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as thePowder Tower ExplosionorPowder Explosion.[54][55][56]

During theAustro-Prussian Warin 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.[57][58]After the founding of theGerman Empirein 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in theFranco-Prussian WarFrance had lost the territory ofAlsace-Lorraineto Germany (which France had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.[59]

Industrial expansion[edit]

Mainz towards the Rhine (around 1890)

For centuries the inhabitants of thefortress of Mainzhad suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences. In 1872 MayorCarl Wallauand the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated theGartenfeld,an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of theRhineto the north of the rampart.[60]The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in theindustrial revolutionwhich had previously avoided the city for decades.[60]

Eduard Kreyßig[de]was the man who made this happen.[60]Having been the master-builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, theNeustadt.[60]He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town.The main stationwas built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans ofPhilipp Johann Berdellé[de].[61]

Mainz including expansion zone the Rhine (1898)

Kreyßig constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue,[62]the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.[63]Kreyßig's last work wasChrist Church(Christuskirche), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.[64]In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and theRheingauwallwas taken in hand, according to the imperial order ofWilhelm II.[65]

20th century[edit]

During theGerman Revolution of 1918theMainz Workers' and Soldiers' Councilwas formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of theoccupation of the Rhinelandagreed in theArmistice.The French occupation was confirmed by theTreaty of Versailleswhich went into effect 28 June 1919. TheRhineland(in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing theTriple Entente,was to stay until reparations were paid.[66]

In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed aRhenish Republic.[67]It collapsed in 1924.[67]The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.[67]Adolf Hitlerbecame chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of theSocial Democratic Party,were either incarcerated or murdered.[68]Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.[68]One was the political organizer for the SPD,Friedrich Kellner,who went to Laubach, where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-pagediary.[69][70]

In March 1933, a detachment from theNational Socialist PartyinWormsbrought the party to Mainz. They hoisted theswastikaon all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazisremilitarized the Rhinelandwith great fanfare, the first move ofNazi Germany's meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.[71]

During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted theOflag XII-Bprisoner of war camp.[72]The city was also the location of four subcamps of theHinzert concentration camp,mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.[73]

During World War II, severalair raidsdestroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[74]Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945[74]against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the90th Infantry DivisionunderWilliam A. McNulty,a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by GeneralGeorge S. PattonJr.[75]

From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of theFrench zone of occupation.When the state ofRhineland-Palatinatewas founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zoneMarie Pierre Kœnig,Mainz became the capital of the new state.[76]In 1962, the diarist,Friedrich Kellner,returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of hiswritings,is the subject of the Canadian documentaryMy Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.[77]

Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, theUnited States Army Europeoccupied the military bases in Mainz. TodayUnited States Army Europe and Africaonly occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and theMainz Sand Dunesfor the training areas. Mainz is home to the headquarters of theBundeswehr'sLandeskommando Rhineland-Palatinate[de]and other units.[78]

Cityscape[edit]

Mainz skyline May 2007, from South Railway bridge over the Rhine looking north
Mainz skyline May 2007, fromSouth Railway bridgeover the Rhine looking north
Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast
Mainz May 2011, Schillerplatz, looking southeast
Market square and cathedral
Market square and cathedral

Architecture[edit]

The destruction caused by theBombing of Mainz in World War IIled to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town. During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.[79]The attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then. The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely levelled.[80][81][82] Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly. While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz. The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and become a model city. Mainz lay within theFrench-controlled sector of Germanyand it was a French architect and town-planner,Marcel Lods,who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.[83][84][85]But the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas. Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes GutenbergUniversity of Mainz,elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of theMainz carnival) driving the city in a positive development after the war. The City Plan of 1958 byErnst Mayallowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time. In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann. At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente (intersection of the old town), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension. By 1970 there remained only a few ruins. The new town hall of Mainz had been designed byArne Jacobsenand finished byDissing+Weitling.[86]The town used Jacobsens activity for the DanishNovocompany[87]erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him. Theurban renewalof the old town changed the inner city. In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium,pedestrian zoneswere developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten. The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich. During the 1990s the Kisselberg[88]and the "Fort Malakoff Center" at the site of the old police barracks[89]were built.

Town Hall by Jacobsen
Town Hall by Jacobsen

Main sights[edit]

TheDeutschhaus,the House of Parliament of Rhineland-Palatinate
Kaiserstraße ( "Emperor Street" ) with boulevard andChristuskirche
Theodor Heuss Bridge
Interior of theAugustinian Church

Administration[edit]

Mainz Rad and FSV Mainz 05 flags on the Domplatz

The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz. Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration. This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by Mainz's municipal council.[90]

In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act ofRhineland-Palatinate,which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.[90]

Districts of the town are:[91]

Until 1945, the districts ofBischofsheim(now an independent town),Ginsheim-Gustavsburg(which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz. The former districtsAmöneburg,Kastel,andKostheim– (in short,AKK) are now administered by the city ofWiesbaden(on the north bank of the river). The AKK was separated from Mainz when theRhinewas designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state ofRhineland-Palatinate) and the U.S. occupation zone (Hesse) in 1945.[92][93]

Coat of arms[edit]

Main article:Wheel of Mainz

The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of theArchbishops of Mainzand features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.[94]

Population[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
5016,000—
7505,000−68.8%
130024,000+380.0%
154510,000−58.3%
170020,000+100.0%
181625,251+26.3%
187153,902+113.5%
190084,251+56.3%
1910110,634+31.3%
1925108,552−1.9%
1933142,627+31.4%
1939158,333+11.0%
194540,000−74.7%
195196,005+140.0%
1956115,812+20.6%
1961135,192+16.7%
1966149,387+10.5%
1971178,639+19.6%
1981187,564+5.0%
1991182,867−2.5%
2001185,293+1.3%
2006196,425+6.0%
2011200,957+2.3%
2016213,528+6.3%
2019218,578+2.4%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Mainz has a population of about 220,000 and is the largest city inRhineland-Palatinate.Mainz passed 100,000 in 1908. In 1945, After WWII, right side of theRhineriver, which were a part of Mainz, became a part ofWiesbadenand other part ofHessedue to its occupation zone where Mainz and Rhineland-Palatinate wereFrench occupation zoneand Wiesbaden and Hesse wereAmerican occupation zonewhere both cities became its state capital in 1946. Mainz lost 21.1% of population at this time. Mainz and Wiesbaden has rivalries who the better city on the Rhine river are even today. Mainz became an attractive city, especially for young people due to its radio and television broadcasters, Universities and good workplaces. Mainz's population grow normally and Mainz passed 200,000 in 2011.

Foreign populations[edit]

The following list shows the largest foreign populations in Mainz as of 2022:

Rank Nationality Population (2022)
1 Turkey 5,424
2 Italy 3,875
3 Poland 3,300
4 Serbia 2,739
5 Ukraine 2,587
6 Bulgaria 2,126
7 Portugal 1,920
8 Russia 1,790
9 Syria 1,612
10 Morocco 1,325
11 Spain 1,106
12 France 942

Politics[edit]

Mayor[edit]

Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election

The mayor of Mainz was Michael Ebling of theSocial Democratic Party(SPD) until he was promoted State Minister of the Interior in the government of Rhineland-Palatinate in 2022. The new mayoral election was held on 12 February 2023, with a runoff afterMainz carnival.The final election took place 5 March 2023. The new elected is Nino Haase, independent.[95]

Election 2019 of the council:[needs update]

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Michael Ebling Social Democratic Party 30,278 41.0 35,752 55.2
Nino Haase Independent(CDU,ÖDP,FW) 23,968 32.4 29,029 44.8
Tabea Rößner Alliance 90/The Greens 16,621 22.5
Martin Malcherek The Left 2,063 2.8
Martin Ehrhardt Die PARTEI 999 1.4
Valid votes 73,929 99.6 64,781 99.4
Invalid votes 289 0.4 372 0.6
Total 74,218 100.0 65,153 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 161,967 45.8 162,030 40.2
Source: City of Mainz (1st round,2nd round)

City council[edit]

Results of the 2019 city council election

The Mainz city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Alliance 90/The Greens(Grüne) 1,582,459 27.7 Increase7.5 17 Increase5
Christian Democratic Union(CDU) 1,339,561 23.5 Decrease6.9 14 Decrease4
Social Democratic Party(SPD) 1,151,572 20.2 Decrease7.2 12 Decrease5
Free Democratic Party(FDP) 340,501 6.0 Increase0.9 4 Increase1
The Left(Die Linke) 335,459 5.9 Increase1.3 4 Increase1
Alternative for Germany(AfD) 302,604 5.3 Increase2.3 3 Increase1
Ecological Democratic Party(ÖDP) 238,727 4.2 Increase0.2 2 ±0
Die PARTEI 127,581 2.2 New 1 New
Free Voters(FW) 108,701 1.9 Increase0.9 1 ±0
Pirate Party(Piraten) 78,595 1.4 Decrease0.4 1 ±0
Volt Germany(Volt) 67,376 1.2 New 1 New
Alliance for Innovation and Justice(BIG) 31,419 0.6 Increase0.1 0 ±0
Total votes 5,704,555 100.0
Total ballots 100,522 100.0 60 ±0
Electorate/voter turnout 162,321 61.9 Increase11.0
Source:City of Mainz

Culture[edit]

Mainz is home to aCarnival,theMainzer FassenachtorFastnacht,which has developed since the early 19th century. Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells. Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past. The height of the carnival season is onRosenmontag( "rose Monday" ), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.[96][97]

The first-everKatholikentag,a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.[98]

Forum of theJohannes Gutenberg Universityof Mainz

Johannes Gutenberg,credited with the invention of a modernprinting presswith movable type, was born here and died here.[99]Since 1968 theMainzer Johannisnachtcommemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city. TheMainz University,which was refounded in 1946, is named afterGutenberg;the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.[100]

Mainz was one of three important centres of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages. Known collectively asShum,the cities ofSpeyer,Wormsand Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.[101][102]

The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, "Second German Television",ZDF), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters. There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz. TheMainzer Stadtschreiber(City clerk in Mainz) is an annual German literature award.[103]

Other cultural aspects of the city include:

Education[edit]

Sports[edit]

The local football club1. FSV Mainz 05has a long history in the German football leagues. Since 2004 it has competed in theBundesliga(First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season. Mainz is closely associated with renowned coachJürgen Klopp,who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time. After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching aChampions Leaguefinal withBorussia Dortmund.In the summer of 2011, the club opened its new stadium calledCoface Arena,which was later renamed Opel Arena. Further relevant football clubs areTSV Schott Mainz,[104]SV Gonsenheim,[105]Fontana Finthen,[106]FC Fortuna Mombach[107]and FVgg Mombach 03.[108]

Mewa Arena
Mewa Arena

The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, theBundesliga.In 1973, 1977 and 2012 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.[109]

In 2007 theMainz Athleticswon theGerman Men's Championship in baseball.[110][111]

As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.[112]

The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz. Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.DBBL.[113]

USC Mainz[edit]

Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz(University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz (Germany). It was founded on 9 September 1959[114]by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz. It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany. 50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships. In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966, Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals. In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points). The most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump). The most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.[115]

Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz. For the discus thrower, Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001). Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.[116]

The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB). As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cupagainst the Italian Cup winners ofFides Napoli.[117]

Mainz Athletics[edit]

Main article:Mainz Athletics

TheBaseball and Softball Club Mainz Athleticsis a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz inRhineland-Palatinate.The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in theBaseball-Bundesliga Südin terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players. The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016.

Economy[edit]

Bonifatius center building

Wine centre[edit]

Mainz has been a wine-growing region since Roman times and is one of the centres of theGerman wineindustry.[118]Since 2008, the city is a member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.[119]Many wine traders work in the city. Thesparkling wineproducer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim andHenkell– now located on the other side of the river Rhine – were once founded in Mainz. The famousBlue Nun,one of the first branded wines, was marketed by the Sichel family. TheHaus des Deutschen Weines(House of German Wine), is located in the city. The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.[120]

Other industries[edit]

TheSchott AG,one of the world's largest glass manufactures,[121]as well as theWerner & Mertz,a large chemical factory,[122]are based in Mainz. Other companies such asIBM,QUINN Plastics,orNovo Nordiskhave their German administration in Mainz as well.BioNTech,abiotechnologycompany developingimmunotherapiesincluding a vaccine againstcoronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) was founded in 2008 in Mainz by scientistsUğur Şahin,andÖzlem Türeci,with the Austrian oncologist Christoph Huber.[123]

Johann-Joseph Krug[de],founder of France's famousKrugchampagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.[124]

Transport[edit]

View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010
View to the Rheinreede, container cranes 2007, laid down in 2010

Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany. It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany. ThePort of Mainz,now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine. In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.[125]

Rail[edit]

Aerial photograph of Mainz

Mainz Central StationorMainz Hauptbahnhof,is frequented by 80,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore one of the busiest 21 stations in Germany. It is a stop for theS-BahnlineS8of theRhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund.Additionally, theMainbahnline toFrankfurt Hbfstarts at the station. It is served by 440 daily local and regional trains (StadtExpress,REandRB) and 78 long-distance trains (IC,ECandICE). Intercity-Express lines connect Mainz with Frankfurt (Main),Karlsruhe Hbf,Worms HauptbahnhofandKoblenz Hauptbahnhof.It is a terminus of theWest Rhine Railwayand theMainz–Ludwigshafen railway,as well as theAlzey–Mainz Railwayerected by theHessische Ludwigsbahnin 1871. Access to theEast Rhine Railwayis provided by theKaiserbrücke,a railway bridge across the Rhine at the north end of Mainz.[126]

Operational usage[edit]

In brief
Number of passenger tracks
above ground: 		7main line,
1 branch,
1 tramway station,
2 tracks each
Trains
(daily): 		78 long-distance
440 regional

Public transportation[edit]

The Mainz Central Station is an interchange point for theMainz tramway network,and an important bus junction for the city and region (RNN,ORNandMVG).[127]

Cycling[edit]

Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes. TheRheinradweg(Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of 1,300 km (810 mi). Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to theMiddle Rhine,aUNESCO World Heritage Site (2002).[128]

Air transportation[edit]

Mainz is served byFrankfurt Airport,the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009. Located about 10 miles (16 kilometres) east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by anS-Bahn line.[129]

The smallMainz Finthen Airport,located just 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Mainz, is used bygeneral aviationonly. Another airport,Frankfurt-Hahn Airportlocated about 50 miles (80 km) west of Mainz, is served by a fewlow-cost carriers.[129]

Notable people[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Mainz istwinnedwith:[130]

Mainz has friendly relations with:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

  1. ^Wahl der Oberbürgermeister der kreisfreien Städte,Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  2. ^"Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden"(PDF)(in German).Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz.2023.
  3. ^abCentre, UNESCO World Heritage."ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archivedfrom the original on 22 August 2016.Retrieved14 April2022.
  4. ^"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana".dizionario.rai.it.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  5. ^"Query in the KNAB database. Foreign names".EKI.ee.Retrieved31 January2023.
  6. ^"Neue Heimat Amerika".Lokale Nachrichten aus Mainz und Rheinhessen(in German). 14 May 2022.Retrieved31 January2023.
  7. ^abc"Landeshauptstadt Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 19 December 2014.Retrieved30 January2023.
  8. ^"Mainz".pfalz-info(in German).Retrieved30 January2023.
  9. ^"Metropolregion FrankfurtRheinMain".IHK Frankfurt am Main(in German). 28 November 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  10. ^"RMV-Fahrplanauskunft".RMV.DE.16 December 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  11. ^ab"Logistik und Transport".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 18 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  12. ^"Der Mainzer Sand".mainzer-sand(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  13. ^"Mainzer Sand".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 23 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  14. ^Olaf Höckmann:Mainz als römische Hafenstadt.p. 87–106. in: Michael J. Klein (editor):Die Römer und ihr Erbe. Fortschritt durch Innovation und Integration.Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003,ISBN3-8053-2948-2.
  15. ^"Mainz historic weather averages".Intellicast. June 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2018.Retrieved21 September2009.
  16. ^von Elbe, Joachim (1975).Roman Germany: a guide to sites and museums.Mainz: P. von Zabern. p. 253.
  17. ^ab"Namenskunde: Den Kelten auf der Spur".Spektrum der Wissenschaft(in German). 13 January 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  18. ^A second hypothesis suggests that Moguns was a wealthy Celt whose estate was taken for the fort and that a tax district was formed on the area parallel to other tax districts with a -iacum suffix (Arenacum, Mannaricium). There is no evidence for this supposedly wealthy man or his estate, but there is plenty for the god. According toCarl Darling BuckinComparative Grammar of Greek and Latin,-yo- and -k- are general Indo-European formative suffices and are not related to taxes. As the loyalty of theVangioneswas unquestioned and Drusus was campaigning over the Rhine, it is unlikely Mogontiacum would have been built to collect taxes from the Vangiones, who were not a Romanmunicipium.
  19. ^Dumont, Stefan."Mogontiacum".Mainz als römische Militärbasis(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  20. ^"Mainz, Temple of Isis – Livius".livius.org.Archivedfrom the original on 26 November 2020.Retrieved26 March2020.
  21. ^Michael Kulikowski, "Barbarians in Gaul, Usurpers in Britain"Britannia31(2000:325–345).
  22. ^"Mainz".Catholic Answers.19 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  23. ^Dumont, Stefan."Drususstein".Festung Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  24. ^abc"Mogontiacum (Mainz)".Livius.13 October 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  25. ^ab"500 bis 785".Portal Rheinische Geschichte(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  26. ^Grube, August Wilhelm."Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage. Zweiter Theil: Das Mittelalter".Projekt Gutenberg-DE(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  27. ^ab"Chlodwig I."Deutsche Biographie(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  28. ^Mellone, Rebecca."regionalgeschichte.net".Die Baugeschichte des Mainzer Doms.Archivedfrom the original on 6 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  29. ^"Broschuere Blick auf Mainzer Frauen"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 October 2021.Retrieved31 January2023.
  30. ^Dumont, Stefan."Neumann: Militärbauverwaltungen".Festung Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  31. ^"II. Zeitalter der Merowinger und Karolinger. (486–911.)".Hessische Geschichte im Anschlusse an die deutsche und unter Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichte.De Gruyter. 31 December 1897. pp. 8–17.doi:10.1515/9783111654201-005.ISBN978-3-11-165420-1.
  32. ^"Sektion 1".Kaiser2020(in German). 11 February 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  33. ^Kaufmann, Sabine (2 November 2015)."Mittelalter: Karl der Große".Planet Wissen(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  34. ^"Fünftes Kapitel. Der Wettstreit Zwischen Ostfranken Und Westfranken. (872–880.)".Die Zeit der Reichsgründungen (382–911).Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. 31 December 1927. pp. 316–327.doi:10.1515/9783486752670-035.ISBN978-3-486-75267-0.
  35. ^Gengler, H.G.P.; de Wall, J. (1849).Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte im Grundrisse(in German). Palm. p. 95-IA1.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  36. ^"Mainz".Sankt Bonifatius.1 October 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  37. ^"Lullus von Mainz".Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  38. ^"Lullus".Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS)(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  39. ^"50 1230–1249 Siegfried III. von Eppstein".Institut für Mainzer Kirchengeschichte Bistum Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  40. ^"Diether von Isenburg".regionalgeschichte.net.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  41. ^abc"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz: Nomination Dossier".Ministry for Science, Further Education and Culture Rhineland-Palatinate. 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2022.Retrieved8 October2022.
  42. ^Berger, Michelle (2 September 2013)."Untaneh Tokef".Jüdische Allgemeine(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  43. ^"Magenza".regionalgeschichte.net(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  44. ^"Mainz".SchUM Städte e.V.(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  45. ^"Mainz-Magenza".regionalgeschichte.net.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  46. ^Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (3 August 2011).A distant mirror.Random House Digital, Inc. p. 113.ISBN978-0-307-29160-8.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved27 August2011.
  47. ^"Neue Synagoge".Rheinhessen.de(in German). 2 January 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  48. ^"Licht der Diaspora – Synagoge von Manuel Herz in Mainz eingeweiht".BauNetz(in German). 3 September 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  49. ^"Synagogue Mainz Manuel Herz Architekten".German-Architects(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  50. ^"Gemeinden".Zentralrat der Juden(in German). 13 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  51. ^Dumont, Franz; Dumont, Stefan (2013).Die Mainzer Republik 1792/93 französischer Revolutionsexport und deutscher Demokratieversuch(in German). Mainz. p. 60.ISBN978-3-9811001-3-6.OCLC846966137.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  52. ^Jean-Denis G.G. Lepage (2009).French Fortifications, 1715–1815: An Illustrated History.McFarland. p. 244.ISBN978-0-7864-5807-3.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved27 December2015.
  53. ^Dumont, Stefan (2018)."Soldaten und Mainzerinnen in der Festung Mainz 1816‒1866".Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz(in German).doi:10.25358/OPENSCIENCE-4435.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  54. ^Mathieux, J.P. (1857).Schilderung der Pulverexplosion zu Mainz am 18 November 1857, und die Verpflichtung Deutschlands diesem Unglücke gegenüber(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  55. ^Die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz.Illustrirte Depeschen (in German). Brockhaus. 1857.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  56. ^Gondlach, C. (1932).Zu den Erinnerungen an die Pulver-Explosion in Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  57. ^Dumont, Stefan."Mainz als Reichsfestung 1870/71-1918".Festung Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  58. ^Bockenheimer, K.G. (1907).Mainz im Jahre 1866: von K. G. Bockenheimer(in German). P. von Zabern.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  59. ^Büllesbach, Rudolf."Festung Mainz- Fort Muhl bei Ebersheim".Festung Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  60. ^abcd"Mainz im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts – eine einzige Baustelle".regionalgeschichte.net(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  61. ^"Hauptbahnhof".regionalgeschichte.net(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  62. ^"Das jüdische Mainz".Architekturinstitut der Hochschule Mainz(in German). 13 July 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  63. ^Schug, Markus (23 September 2022)."150 Jahre Mainzer Neustadt: Warteschlange gehört zum Lebensgefühl".FAZ.NET(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  64. ^"Evangelische Christuskirche in Mainz-Neustadt".Objektansicht(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  65. ^Büllesbach, Rudolf; Hollich, Hiltrud; Tautenhahn, Elke (2014).Bollwerk Mainz die Selzstellung in Rheinhessen(in German). München: morisel.ISBN978-3-943915-04-4.OCLC889297859.
  66. ^"Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930)".Portal Rheinische Geschichte(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  67. ^abc"regionalgeschichte.net".Mainz 1918–1930(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  68. ^ab"regionalgeschichte.net".Machtergreifung 1933.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  69. ^Lölhöffel, Helmut (14 June 2011)."Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur".Süddeutsche.de(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  70. ^Kellner, Friedrich (25 January 2018). Kellner, Robert Scott (ed.).My Opposition.Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/9781108289696.ISBN978-1-108-28969-6.
  71. ^"1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg".Portal Rheinische Geschichte(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  72. ^"Mainzer Zitadelle".regionalgeschichte.net(in German). 5 April 2006.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  73. ^Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009).The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I.Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 834–837.ISBN978-0-253-35328-3.
  74. ^ab"Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948".regionalgeschichte.net(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  75. ^Stanton, Shelby,World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946,Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164
  76. ^original text of Kœnig's order No. 57Archived28 September 2011 at theWayback Machine;as can be found onLandeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate)Archived24 May 2011 at theWayback Machine
  77. ^Levitt, Fern; Zipursky, Arnie; Abella Entertainment; Chip Taylor Communications (2006),Anti-Nazi: my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner,Derry, NH: Chip Taylor Communications,OCLC186469537
  78. ^"Landeskommando Rheinland-Pfalz".Bundeswehr(in German). 22 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  79. ^"Mainz Cathedral (Mainzer Dom)".sacred-destinations.Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2009.Retrieved14 February2009.
  80. ^For an aerial view of the total destruction from the repeated US & RAF bombing raids on the city by photographerMargaret Bourke-White,see"Bombing Of Mainz, Germany – Hosted by Google".images.google.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2013.Retrieved8 January2023.
  81. ^For an aerial view of bomb-damaged theater, St. Quintins church, St. Johannis church and old university after an Allied air attack, see"LIFE – Hosted by Google".images.google.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2016.Retrieved8 January2023.
  82. ^Aerial viewArchived9 August 2018 at theWayback Machineof Mainz-Neustadt and the port of Mainz forLifemagazine
  83. ^Eric Paul Mumford:CIAMDiscourse on Urbanism 1928–1960p. 159
  84. ^Jeffry M. Diefendorf:In the Wake of War: The Reconstruction of German Cities After World War 2p. 357
  85. ^See the plan for the reconstruction of the German city of Mainz by Marcel Lods, 1947, inFingerhuth, Carl (2004).Learning from China: The Tao Of The City.Springer Science & Business Media. p. 59.ISBN978-3-7643-6943-9.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  86. ^"Mainz – Das moderne Monument".BAUWELT(in German). 21 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  87. ^"Novo Nordisk feiert 50-jähriges Jubiläum in Deutschland – Dänisches Pharmaunternehmen ist nicht nur mit Insulinen erfolgreich".Informationsdienst Wissenschaft – Nachrichten(in German). 6 February 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  88. ^"Studierendenwerk Mainz: Kisselberg".Studierendenwerk Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  89. ^"Geschäftszentrum Fort-Malakoff-Park Mainz".Architektur-Bildarchiv(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  90. ^ab"Stadtratsfraktionen und Ratsinformationssystem".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 19 September 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  91. ^"Landeshauptstadt Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 22 September 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  92. ^"Mainz oder Wiesbaden? Der lächerliche Kampf um Amöneburg, Kastel, Kostheim".Focus(in German). 23 August 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  93. ^"Geschichte".Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  94. ^"Landeshauptstadt Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 19 December 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  95. ^"Nino Haase wird neuer OB von Mainz".swr.online(in German). 5 March 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 5 March 2023.Retrieved6 March2023.
  96. ^Kirschstein, Gisela (12 February 2018)."Phantastischer Rosenmontag in Mainz – Mehr als 500.000 feiern friedlich große Narrenparty, Rosenmontagszug rollt störungsfrei".Mainz&.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  97. ^"Nahezu 500.000 Zuschauer".Frankfurter Rundschau(in German). 24 February 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  98. ^Arning, Holger; Wolf, Hubert; Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; Deutscher Katholikentag 2016 Leipzig (2016).Hundert Katholikentage von Mainz 1848 bis Leipzig 2016: das Buch zum 100. Deutschen Katholikentag(in German). Darmstadt: WBG.ISBN978-3-534-26772-9.OCLC932021369.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ^Hessels, John Henry (1911)."Gutenberg, Johann".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 739–741, (1) see page 739, first line and (2) page 741....(1) is supposed to have been born c. 1398–1399 at Mainz & (2) Gutenberg seems to have died at Mainz at the beginning of 1468
  100. ^"Die Gründung der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität".regionalgeschichte.net(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  101. ^"ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.27 July 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  102. ^Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Unversität (1 December 2022)."SchUM-Stätten zum UNESCO-Welterbe ernannt".JGU Magazin(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  103. ^"Der Mainzer Stadtschreiber Literaturpreis".ZDFmediathek(in German). 17 January 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  104. ^"Sport ist unsere Leidenschaft".TSV SCHOTT Mainz(in German). 24 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  105. ^"SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V."SV 1919 Gonsenheim e.V.(in German). 11 August 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  106. ^"Fontana Finthen eV".Fontana Finthen eV(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  107. ^"Startseite".FC Fortuna Mombach 1975 e.V.(in German). 1 January 1970.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  108. ^"Fußball aus Leidenschaft".FVgg. 1903 Mainz-Mombach e.V.(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  109. ^Fasel, Torben."ASV Mainz 88".ASV Mainz 88(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  110. ^"Home page".Mainz Athletics(in German). 31 December 1989.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  111. ^"Baseball – Mainz Athletics < 1. Bundesliga".Landeshauptstadt Mainz(in German). 23 March 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  112. ^Meuren, Daniel (7 September 2008)."1:2 gegen Irland: Georgier kraftlos im Exil".FAZ.NET(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2023.Retrieved30 January2023.
  113. ^"ASC Theresianum Mainz Basketball |".Asc-theresianum-mainz.de. 13 April 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 18 December 2014.Retrieved10 December2014.
  114. ^"Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: USC Mainz".usc-mainz.de.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  115. ^"Universitäts Sportclub Mainz: Olympiateilnehmer".Universitäts Sportclub Mainz(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  116. ^Peter H. Eisenhuth in der Mainzer Rhein-Zeitung 9 September 2009.
  117. ^"Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72".Linguasport.Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2011.Retrieved8 January2023.
  118. ^"Culture, Museums, Science".Mainz city council.Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2023.
  119. ^"Great Wine Capitals – Global Network – A world of Excellence".Great Wine Capitals.Archivedfrom the original on 4 February 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  120. ^"Mainzer Weinmarkt".Mainzer Weinmarkt(in German). 14 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  121. ^"SCHOTT Mainz".SCHOTT(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  122. ^"werner-mertz.de".Das Unternehmen(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  123. ^"Home".Biontech(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  124. ^"Krug, Johann Joseph (1800–1866)".geschichte-des-weines.de(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  125. ^Schug, Markus (7 May 2009)."Ingelheimer Aue: Im Hafen kommt fast alles in die Kiste".FAZ.NET(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.Retrieved31 January2023.
  126. ^van den Ende, Vincent."Rechte Rheinstrecke".Rheinmodellbahn(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 31 January 2023.
  127. ^"Mainzer Mobilität – Ihre Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft"(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.
  128. ^"Rhine Cycle Route".Euregio Rhine-Waal.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved25 November2011.
  129. ^ab"How to get to Mainz".Landeshauptstadt Mainz. Archived fromthe originalon 18 December 2012.Retrieved26 November2011.
  130. ^"Partnerstädte".mainz.de(in German). Mainz.Archivedfrom the original on 23 August 2023.Retrieved23 February2021.

Further reading[edit]

See also:Bibliography of the history of Mainz

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toMainz.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forMainz.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainz&oldid=1234034182"