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Medford, Massachusetts

Coordinates:42°25′06″N71°06′24″W/ 42.41833°N 71.10667°W/42.41833; -71.10667
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Medford, Massachusetts
City
Left-right from top: Medford Square,Medford High School,Eaton Hall ofTufts University,Wellington MBTA station
Official seal of Medford, Massachusetts
Seal
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
Medford, Massachusetts is located in the United States
Medford, Massachusetts
Medford, Massachusetts
Location in the United States
Coordinates:42°25′06″N71°06′24″W/ 42.41833°N 71.10667°W/42.41833; -71.10667
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyMiddlesex
RegionNew England
Settled1630
Incorporated1630
City1892
Government
• TypeMayor-council city
• MayorBreanna Lungo-Koehn
Area
[1]
• Total8.66 sq mi (22.43 km2)
• Land8.10 sq mi (20.98 km2)
• Water0.56 sq mi (1.45 km2)
Elevation
14 ft (4 m)
Population
(2020)
• Total59,659
• Density7,366.22/sq mi (2,844.14/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5(Eastern)
• Summer (DST)UTC−4(Eastern)
ZIP Codes
02153, 02155–02156
Area code781/339
FIPS code25-39835
GNISfeature ID0612778
Websitehttps:// medfordma.org/

Medfordis a city 6.7 miles (10.8 km) northwest of downtownBostonon theMystic RiverinMiddlesex County, Massachusetts,United States. At the time of the2020 U.S. Census,Medford's population was 59,659. It is home toTufts University,which has its campus on both sides of the Medford andSomervilleborder.

History[edit]

Indigenous history[edit]

Detail of William Wood's 1634 map of New England, showing Naumkeag sachem Wonohaquaham, known by English colonists as Sagamore John, in Medford[2]

Native Americansinhabited the area that would become Medford for thousands of years prior toEuropean colonization of the Americas.At the time of European contact and exploration, Medford was the winter home of theNaumkeagpeople, who farmed corn and created fishing weirs at multiple sites along theMystic River.[3]NaumkeagsachemNanepashemetwas killed and buried at his fortification in present-day Medford during a war with theTarrantinesin 1619.[4]The contact period introduced a number of European infectious diseases which would decimate native populations invirgin soil epidemics,including a smallpox epidemic which in 1633 killed Nanepashemet's sons, sachemsMontowompateandWonohaquaham.Sagamore Park in West Medford is a native burial site from the contact period which includes the remains of a likely sachem, either Nanepashemet or Wonohaquaham.[4][3]After the 1633 epidemic, Nanepashemet's widow, known only as theSquaw Sachem of Mistick,led the Naumkeag, and over the next two decades would deed large parts of Naumkeag territory to English settlers. In 1639, theMassachusetts General Courtpurchased the land that would become present day Medford, then within the boundaries ofCharlestown,from the Squaw Sachem.[5]

17th century[edit]

Medford was settled in 1630 by English colonists as part ofCharlestown,of theMassachusetts Bay Colony.The settlement was originally called "Mistick" byThomas Dudley,based on the indigenous name for the area'sriver.Thomas Dudley's party renamed the settlement "Meadford".[6]The name may have come from a description of the "meadowby theford"in the Mystic River, or from two locations in England that Cradock may have known: the hamlet of Mayford or Metford inStaffordshirenearCaverswall,or from the parish of Maidford or Medford (nowTowcester,Northamptonshire).[7]In 1634, the land north of the Mystic River was developed as the private plantation ofMatthew Cradock,a former governor. Across the river wasTen Hills Farm,which belonged toJohn Winthrop,Governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.[8]

A stone with the dates of the early Cradock Bridge in Medford

In 1637, the first bridge (atoll bridge) across the Mystic River was built at the site of the present-day Cradock Bridge, which carries Main Street into Medford Square.[9]It would be the only bridge across the Mystic until 1787, and as such became a major route for traffic coming into Boston from the north (though ferries and fords were also used).[10]The bridge would be rebuilt in 1880, 1909, and 2018.[9]

Until 1656, all of northern Medford was owned by Cradock, his heirs, or Edward Collins. Medford was governed as a "peculiar" or private plantation. As the land began to be divided among several people from different families, the new owners began to meet and make decisions locally and increasingly independently from the Charlestown town meeting. In 1674, a Board of Selectmen was elected; in 1684, the colonial legislature granted the ability to raise money independently; and in 1689, a representative to the legislature was chosen. The town got its own religious meeting room in 1690, and a secular meeting house in 1696.[10]

In 1692, the town engaged its first ordained preacher, Rev.John Hancock Sr.During his time of service Rev. Hancock lived in Medford, serving until November 1693. One of his grandsons wasJohn Hancock,who was a later notable figure of the American Revolutionary War and later elected as first and third governor of Massachusetts.[10][11]

18th and 19th centuries[edit]

The land south of the Mystic River, present-daySouth Medford,was originally known as "Mistick Field". It was transferred from Charlestown to Medford in 1754.[12]This grant also included the "Charlestown woodlots" (the Medford part of the Middlesex Fells), and part of what was at the timeWoburn(nowWinchester).[13]Other parts of Medford were transferred from Charlestown in 1811, Winchester in 1850 ( "Upper Medford" ), and Malden in 1879. Additional land was transferred to Medford from Malden (1817), Everett (1875), and Malden (1877) again.[7][14]

The population of Medford rose from 230 in 1700 to 1,114 in 1800. After 1880, the population rapidly expanded, reaching 18,244 by 1900.[15]Farmland was divided into lots and sold to build residential and commercial buildings, starting in the 1840s and 1850s; government services expanded with the population (schools, police, post office) and technological advancement (gas lighting, electricity, telephones, railways).[14]Tufts University was chartered in 1852 and theCrane Theological Schoolat Tufts opened in 1869. In 1865 theLawrence Riflesvolunteer militia company was formed in Medford during theCivil War.

Medford was incorporated as a city in 1892, and was a center of industry, including the manufacture oftilesandcrackers,[16]bricks,[17]rum,[18]andclipperships,[19]such as theWhite Swallowand theKingfisher,both built by Hayden & Cudworth.[20]

Transportation[edit]

During the 17th century, a handful of major public roads (High Street, Main Street, Salem Street, "the road to Stoneham", and South Street) served the population, but the road network started a long-term expansion in the 18th century.[21]The Medford Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1803, and (as was reasonably common at the time) turned what is now Mystic Avenue over to the city in 1866. The Andover Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1805, and turned what is now Forest Street and Fellsway West over to Medford in 1830.[14]

Other major commercial transportation projects included theMiddlesex Canalby 1803,[22]theBoston and Lowell Railroadin West Medford in the 1830s, and theBoston and Maine Railroadto Medford Center in 1847.

Ahorse-powered street railwaybegan running to Somerville and Charlestown in 1860. The street railway network expanded in the hands of various private companies, and went electric in the late 1890s, when trolleys to Everett and downtown Boston were available.[14]Streetcars were converted to buses in the 20th century.Interstate 93was constructed between 1956 and 1963.[23]

Spongy moth[edit]

In 1868, a Frenchastronomerand naturalist,Leopold Trouvelot,was attempting to breed a bettersilkwormusingspongy moths.Several of themothsescaped from his home, at 27 Myrtle Street. Within ten years, the insect had denuded the vegetation in the neighborhood. It spread over North America.[24][25]

Holiday songs[edit]

In Simpson's Tavern, a tavern and boarding house on High Street, in the late 19th century, local residentJames Pierpontis rumored to have written "Jingle Bells"after watching asleighrace from Medford toMalden.There is also a claim that Pierpont wrote it while he was the music director atUnitarian Universalist ChurchinSavannah, Georgia.He copyrighted the song while there.[26][27]

Another local resident,Lydia Maria Child(1802–1880), made a poem out of the trip across town to hergrandparents' house,now the song "Over the River and Through the Wood".

Other notables[edit]

1790 bird's-eye view fromBunker Hillof the "Malden Bridge" across theMystic River,with Medford in the background
Pomp's Wall and Historical Marker

Paul Revere's famous midnight ride traveled along Main Street, continuing onto High Street in Medford Square. An annual re-enactment takes place honoring the historic event.

ThePeter Tufts House(350 Riverside Ave.) is thought to be the oldest all-brick building in New England. Another important site is the "Slave Wall" on Grove Street, built by "Pomp",[28]an enslaved person owned by the prominent Brooks family.[29]TheRoyall House and Slave Quarters,which once belonged to one ofHarvard Law School's founders,Isaac Royall, Jr.,is aNational Historic Landmarkand a local history museum. The house was used byContinental Armytroops, includingGeorge WashingtonandJohn Stark,during theAmerican Revolutionary War.

George Luther Stearns,an American industrialist and one of John Brown'sSecret Six.His passion for the abolitionist cause shaped his life, bringing him into contact with the likes ofAbraham LincolnandRalph Waldo Emersonand startingThe Nationmagazine. He was given the rank of major by Massachusetts GovernorJohn Andrewand spent most of the Civil War recruiting for the54thand55th Massachusetts regimentsand the 5th cavalry.

Medford was home toFannie Farmer,author of one of the world's most famous cookbooks—as well as James Plimpton, the man credited with the 1863 invention of the first practical four-wheeledroller skate,which set off a roller craze that quickly spread across the United States and Europe.[30]

Amelia Earhartlived in Medford while working as a social worker in 1925.

Elizabeth Short,the victim of an infamous Hollywood murder and who became known asThe Black Dahlia,was born inHyde Park(the southernmost neighborhood of the city ofBoston,Massachusetts) but raised in Medford before going to the West Coast looking for fame.

Medford has sent more than its share of athletes to theNational Hockey League;Shawn Bates,though born inMelrose,grew up in Medford, as didKeith Tkachuk,Mike Morrison,David SaccoandJoe Sacco.Former Red Sox pitcherBill Monbouquettegrew up in Medford, as did former Major League Baseball infielderMike Pagliarulo.

Medford was home toMichael Bloomberg,American businessman, philanthropist, and the founder ofBloomberg L.P.He was theMayor of New York Cityfrom 2002 to 2013. Mayor Bloomberg attended Medford High School and resided in Medford until after he graduated from college at Johns Hopkins University.[31]His mother remained a resident of Medford until her death in 2011.

The only cryobank ofamniotic stem cellsin the United States is located in Medford, built byBiocell Center,a biotechnology company led byGiuseppe Simoni.

Notorious crimes[edit]

Medford was the location of some infamous crimes:

  • One of the biggest bank robberies and jewel heists in world history[32][33]happened on Memorial Day weekend in 1980, when several crooked officers of the Medford Police and Metropolitan District Commission Police forces robbed the Depositors Trust Bank in Medford Square, yielding an estimated $25 million. The bookThe Cops Are Robbers: A Convicted Cop's True Story of Police Corruptionis based upon this event. Salvatore's Restaurant, located at 55 High Street in Medford Square, is partially in the same location as the bank that was robbed. The private dining room in the restaurant uses the bank's vault door as an entrance way, and the hole in the corner of the ceiling that the robbers crawled through was left intact for nostalgia.[34]
  • An admitted Mob execution bySomerville'sWinter Hill Gangof Joe "Indian-Joe" Notarangeli took place at the "Pewter Pot" café in Medford Square, now called the "Lighthouse Cafe."[35]
  • In October 1989, the FBI recorded aMafia initiation ceremonyheld by thePatriarca crime familyat a home on Guild St. in Medford.[36]

Geography[edit]

Medford is located at42°25′12″N71°6′29″W/ 42.42000°N 71.10806°W/42.42000; -71.10806(42.419996, −71.107942).[37]

According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 8.6 square miles (22 km2), of which 8.1 square miles (21 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (5.79%) is water.

A park called theMiddlesex Fells Reservation,to the north, lies partly within the city. This 2,060-acre (8 km2) preserve is shared by Medford with the municipalities ofWinchester,Stoneham,Melrose,andMalden.TheMystic Riverflows roughly west to southeast through the middle of the city.

Neighborhoods[edit]

People from Medford often identify themselves with a particular neighborhood.

  • West Medford
    • Brooks Estates
  • Fulton Heights/The Heights (North Medford)
  • Wellington (East Medford)
  • Glenwood
  • Lawrence Estates
  • South Medford
  • Medford Hillside

Demographics[edit]

See also:List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
Historical population
YearPop.±%
17901,029—
18001,114+8.3%
18101,443+29.5%
18201,474+2.1%
18301,755+19.1%
18402,478+41.2%
18503,749+51.3%
18604,842+29.2%
18705,717+18.1%
18807,573+32.5%
189011,079+46.3%
190018,244+64.7%
191023,150+26.9%
192039,038+68.6%
193059,714+53.0%
194063,083+5.6%
195066,113+4.8%
196064,971−1.7%
197064,397−0.9%
198058,076−9.8%
199057,407−1.2%
200055,765−2.9%
201056,173+0.7%
202059,659+6.2%
2022*65,399+9.6%
* = population estimate.
Source:United States censusrecords andPopulation Estimates Programdata.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[50]

Irish-Americans are a strong presence in the city and live in all areas.South Medfordis a traditionally Italian neighborhood. West Medford, the most affluent of Medford's many neighborhoods, was once the bastion of some of Boston's elite families—includingPeter Chardon Brooks,one of the wealthiest men in post-colonial America, and father-in-law toCharles Francis Adams—and is also home to an historicAfrican-American neighborhoodthat dates to the Civil War.[52]

Between 2021 and 2022, the United States Census Bureau ranked Medford as having one of the nation's fastest-growing populations.[53]

As of the census[54]of 2010, there were 56,173 people, 22,810 households, and 13,207 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,859.9 inhabitants per square mile (2,648.6/km2). There were 24,046 housing units at an average density of 2,796.0 per square mile (1,079.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.6%White,8.80%African American,0.2%Native American,6.9%Asian,0.01%Pacific Islander,2.8% fromother races,and 2.7% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 4.4% of the population.

There were 22,810 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 13.8% under the age of 15, 14.3% from 15 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.[55]

The median income for a household in the city was $52,476, and the median income for a family was $62,409. Males had a median income of $41,704 versus $34,948 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,707. About 4.1% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

Medford has threePublic, educational, and government access(PEG) cable TV channels. ThePublic-access televisionchannel isTV3,TheEducational-access televisionis channel 15 and 16 is theGovernment-access television(GATV) municipal channel.

Education[edit]

Medford is home to many schools, public and private.

Elementary
Public
Main article:Medford Public Schools § Elementary Schools
  • Missituk Elementary School
  • Brooks Elementary School
  • John J. McGlynn Elementary School
  • Milton Fuller Roberts Elementary School
Private (non-sectarian)
  • Eliot-Pearson Children's School (Pre-K–2)[56]
  • Gentle-Dragon Preschool (Pre-K)[57]
  • Merry-Go-Round Nursery School (Pre-K)
  • Play Academy Learning Center (Pre-K–K)[58]
  • Oakland Park Children's Center (Pre-K)
  • Six Acres Nursery School (Pre-K–K) (non-sectarian, but run through Medford Jewish Community Center)[59]
Private (sectarian)
  • St. Joseph's (K–8)[60]
  • St. Raphael's (Pre-K–8)[61]
Middle School
Main article:Medford Public Schools § Secondary Schools
  • John J. McGlynn Middle School
  • Madeline Dugger Andrews Middle School
High School
Public
Main article:Medford Public Schools § Secondary Schools
College
Private
Miscellaneous education
Private

Government[edit]

County government:Middlesex County
Clerk of Courts: Michael A. Sullivan
District attorney: Marian Ryan
Register of Deeds: Richard P. Howe, Jr. (North at Lowell)
Eugene C. Brune (South at Cambridge)
Register of Probate: Tara E. DeCristofaro
County Sheriff: Peter Koutou gian(D)
State government
State Representative(s): Paul Donato(D)
Sean Garballey(D)
Christine Barber(D)
State Senator(s): Patricia D. Jehlen(D,2nd Middlesex district)
Governor's Councilor(s): Terrence W. Kennedy (D)
Federal government
U.S. Representative(s): Katherine Clark(D-5th District)
U.S. Senators: Elizabeth Warren(D),Ed Markey(D)
Voter registration and party enrollment as of February 1, 2023[63]
Party Number of voters Percentage
Unaffiliated 22,834 55.88%
Democratic 15,480 37.88%
Republican 2,167 5.30%
Libertarian 105 0.25%
Total 40,861 100%

Local government[edit]

  • Breanna Lungo-Koehn, Mayor[64]
  • Adam L. Hurtubise, City Clerk[65]
  • Nina Nazarian, Chief of Staff[66]

City Council

  • Nicole Morell, President
  • Isaac B. "Zac" Bears, Vice President
  • Richard F. Caraviello
  • Kit Collins
  • Adam Knight
  • George A. Scarpelli
  • Justin Tseng

[67]

School Committee

  • Breanna Lungo-Koehn, Chair
  • Jenny R. Graham, Vice Chair
  • Sharon Hays
  • Kathy Kreatz
  • Melanie P. McLaughlin
  • Mea Quinn Mustone
  • Paul Ruseau, Secretary

[68]

Local media and news[edit]

The City of Medford has several local news and media outlets:

Print[edit]

Transportation[edit]

ThreeMBTA subwaystations are located in Medford:Wellingtonon theOrange Line,plusMedford/​TuftsandBall Squareon theGreen Line.TheMBTA Commuter RailLowell Linestops atWest Medford.Medford is served byMBTA buslocal routes 80, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 108, 134, and 710, plus express routes 325 and 326.

Interstate 93travels roughly north–south through the city. State routes passing through Medford include16,28,38,and60.

Points of interest[edit]

Further information:List of Registered Historic Places in Medford, Massachusetts
1852 map of Boston area showing Medford and rail lines
Clipper shipThatcher Magoun

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedMay 21,2022.
  2. ^"The south part of New England as it planted this yeare, 1634".digitalcommonwealth.org.RetrievedDecember 11,2021.
  3. ^abMassachusetts Historical Commission (1980)."MHC Reconnaissance Town Reports: Medford"(PDF).
  4. ^abBradford, William; Winslow, Edward; Dexter, Henry Martyn (1865).Mourt's relation or journal of the plantation at Plymouth.Harvard University. Boston, J. K. Wiggin.
  5. ^"Medford Historical Society Papers, Volume 24., The Indians of the Mystic valley and the litigation over their land".perseus.tufts.edu.RetrievedDecember 11,2021.
  6. ^History of the Town of Medford, p. 30
  7. ^abHistory of Middlesex County, p. 158
  8. ^History of the Town of Medford, p. 39
  9. ^abBencks, Jarret (October 27, 2011)."Cradock Bridge to Be Replaced in 2012 or 2013 – Medford, MA Patch".Medford.patch.AOL Inc.RetrievedMarch 20,2012.
  10. ^abc"A Peculiar Plantation: 17th Century Medford – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  11. ^abJohn H. Hooper (1906).Proceedings of the Celebration of the Two Hundred and Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Settlement of Medford, Massachusetts, June, Nineteen Hundred and Five: Prefaced by a Brief History of the Town and City from the Day of Settlement.Executive Committee. p.62.RetrievedSeptember 21,2017.
  12. ^History of the Town of Medford, p. 5
  13. ^"A Quiet Country Town: 18th Century Medford – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  14. ^abcd"The Emerging City: 19th Century Medford – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  15. ^United States census
  16. ^Medford city history
  17. ^"Making Bricks in Medford – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  18. ^"Medford Rum – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  19. ^"Medford-Built Sailing Ships – Medford Historical Society & Museum".medfordhistorical.org.February 22, 2013.
  20. ^ Gleason, Hall (1937).Old Ships and Ship-Building Days of Medford.Medford, MA: J.C. Miller. p. 76.
  21. ^History of the Town of Medford,"Roads" chapter.
  22. ^"Medfordhistorical.org".Archived fromthe originalon September 19, 2008.RetrievedAugust 20,2020.
  23. ^"Northern Expressway (I-93)".bostonroads.
  24. ^ Forbush, E. H. (1896).The Gypsy Moth.Boston, MA: Wright & Potter. pp. 2–44.
  25. ^"Learning from the Legacy of Leopold Trouvelot"(PDF).Bulletin of the ESA Summer 1989.RetrievedSeptember 13,2012.
  26. ^Pierpont, J. (September 16, 1857)."One Horse Open Sleigh".Boston: Oliver Ditson & Co.RetrievedDecember 26,2006.
  27. ^"Was ‘Jingle Bells’ actually written in Savannah? Local historian discusses popular holiday song’s origins"– WSAV, December 25, 2020
  28. ^"Contributions of Enslaved Peoples in Medford".Medford Historical Society & Museum.February 25, 2013.RetrievedOctober 24,2023.
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  30. ^Skating, National Museum of Roller."National Museum of Roller Skating: Homework Help".rollerskatingmuseum.Archived fromthe originalon September 30, 2013.RetrievedJanuary 24,2018.
  31. ^Town, Your (October 12, 2009)."New Michael Bloomberg biography takes a few jabs at Medford".Boston Globe.
  32. ^NEILSON, LARZ F. (February 12, 2011)."Splitting the loot on Oxford Road".Homenewshere.RetrievedAugust 20,2020.
  33. ^Murphy, Shelley (March 9, 2000)."Burglar caught in violent web".Boston.RetrievedAugust 20,2020– via The Boston Globe.
  34. ^"Salvatores - Medford Square".resdiary.RetrievedAugust 20,2020.
  35. ^"Black Mass: The Irish Mob, the Boston FBI and a Devil's Deal," Dick Lehr (author), Gerard O'Neill (author) 1-891-62040-1 Public Affairs Press
  36. ^"Jury Hears Tapes Of Mafia Induction Ceremony".AP NEWS.RetrievedAugust 20,2020.
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  44. ^"1920 Census of Population"(PDF).Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  45. ^"1890 Census of the Population"(PDF).Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  46. ^"1870 Census of the Population"(PDF).Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  47. ^"1860 Census"(PDF).Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  48. ^"1850 Census"(PDF).Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.
  49. ^"1950 Census of Population"(PDF).1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920.RetrievedJuly 12,2011.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  50. ^"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States".Census.gov.RetrievedSeptember 16,2021.
  51. ^"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedMay 22,2023.
  52. ^Scott, Helman."Change on the Mystic".Boston Globe.RetrievedJanuary 15,2014.
  53. ^"Large Southern Cities Lead Nation in Population Growth".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedMay 22,2023.
  54. ^"American FactFinder".United States Census Bureau.Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
  55. ^"American FactFinder - Results".Archived fromthe originalon November 29, 2014.RetrievedNovember 15,2016.
  56. ^"Eliot-Pearson Children's School – Tufts University".ase.tufts.edu.
  57. ^"Gentle Dragon Preschool – Parent cooperative preschool providing a mixed-age environment for 13 children aged 2.9 to 5 years".gentledragonpreschool.org.
  58. ^"Play Academy Learning Center, Medford, MA 02155".play-academy.
  59. ^"Website Disabled".6acres.homestead.
  60. ^"Saint Joseph School Medford MA | Let Us Be Your Catholic School".St. Joseph School Medford MA.RetrievedAugust 20,2020.
  61. ^"Saint Raphael Parish School – Saint Raphael Parish".saintraphaelparish.org.Archived fromthe originalon August 10, 2013.RetrievedApril 25,2011.
  62. ^"Contact".Saturdays (In-person) Medford High School 489 Winthrop Street Medford, MA 02155 [...] All other days The Japanese Language School Arlington Office 792 Massachusetts Avenue Arlington, MA 02476
  63. ^"Registered Voters and Party Enrollment as of February 1, 2023"(PDF).Massachusetts Elections Division.RetrievedFebruary 1,2023.
  64. ^"City of Medford | Mayor's Office".medfordma.org.RetrievedJanuary 6,2020.
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External links[edit]

Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Medford".
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