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Meir Kahane

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For head of Ashkelon rabbinical court, seeMeir Kahana.

Meir Kahane
מאיר כהנא
Kahane in New York in 1984
Faction represented in theKnesset
1984–1988Kach
Personal details
Born
Martin David Kahane

(1932-08-01)August 1, 1932
Brooklyn,New York, U.S.
DiedNovember 5, 1990(1990-11-05)(aged 58)
Manhattan,New York, U.S.
Manner of deathAssassination by gunshot
Political partyKach
Spouse
Libby Blum
​
(m.1956)​
Children4, includingBinyamin
Education

Meir David HaKohen Kahane(/kəˈhɑːnə/kə-HAH-nə;Hebrew:רבי מאיר דוד הכהן כהנא;bornMartin David Kahane;[1]August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an American-born Israeli ordainedOrthodoxrabbi,writer, andultra-nationalistpolitician who served one term in Israel'sKnessetbefore being convicted of acts ofterrorism.He founded the Israeli political partyKach.A cofounder of theJewish Defense League(JDL), he espoused strong views againstantisemitism.

According to his widow, he organized defense squads and patrols in Jewish neighborhoods, and demanded that theSoviet UnionallowRefusenikto emigrate to Israel.[2]He supported violence against those he regarded as enemies of the Jewish people, and called for immediateJewish mass migration to Israelto avoid a potential "Holocaust"in the United States, popularizing the sloganNever Againthrough a book of the same name.[3]He also popularized the slogan "For Every Jew a.22."[4]He supported the restriction of Israel's democracy to its Jewish citizens, and endorsed the annexation of theWest BankandGaza Strip.[5]

In 1968, Kahane was one of the co-founders of the JDL in the United States. In 1971, he co-foundedKach( "Thus" ), a newpolitical party in Israel.That same year, he was convicted in New York forconspiracyto manufacture explosives and received a suspended sentence of five years.[6]In Israel, he was convicted for plotting to blow up theLibyan embassyin Brussels in revenge for themassacre of 11 Israeli athletesat the1972 Summer Olympicsin Munich, receiving a suspended sentence and probation.[7]In 1984, he became a member of the Knesset, when Kach gained its only-ever seat in parliamentary elections. Kahane wasboycotted across the aislesof the Knesset, and would often speak in front of an empty chamber. TheIsrael Broadcasting Authoritysimilarly avoided coverage of his activities. TheCentral Elections Committeetried to ban Kahane from running in the1984 elections,but this ban was overturned by theSupreme Courtbecause there was no law to support it. In response, the Knesset approved an ad hoc law that allowed for the banning of parties that are "racist" or "undemocratic". In 1988, despite polls showing Kach gaining popularity due in part to the ongoingFirst Intifada,Kach was banned from enteringthat year's elections.[8]

Kahane publicized hisKahanismideology through published works, weekly articles, speeches, debates on college campuses and in synagogues throughout the United States, and appearances on various televised programs and radio shows. In Israel, he proposed enforcinghalakha(Jewish law) as codified byMaimonides[9]and hoped that Israel would eventuallyadopt it as state law.[10]Non-Jews wishing to dwell in Israel would have three options: remain as "resident strangers"with limited rights,[11]leave Israel and receive compensation for their property, or be forcibly removed without compensation.[12]While serving in the Knesset in the mid-1980s Kahane proposed numerous laws, none of which passed, to emphasize Judaism in public schools, reduce Israel's bureaucracy, forbidsexual relations between Jews and non-Jews,separate Jewish and Arab neighborhoods, and end cultural meetings between Jewish and Arab students.[8]He went as far as to demand that non-Jews in Israel either become slaves or face deportation.[13]Kahane was assassinatedin a New York City hotel by an Egyptian-born U.S. citizen in November 1990. His legacy continues to influence militant andfar-rightpolitical groups active today in Israel.[14]

Personal life

Meir Kahane was born inBrooklyn,New York, to anOrthodox Jewishfamily.[15]Kahane was a member of an established rabbinic family, including his father, who was head of the Flatbush Board of Rabbis.[16]: 287 His father, Yechezkel Shragei (Charles) Kahane (1905–1978), was the rabbi of a large synagogue in Brooklyn, author of the interpretiveTorahtranslationTorah Yesharah,and a strong supporter of theRevisionist Zionistmovement.[17]Kahane's grandfather was Nachman Kahane (1869–1937), a leading rabbinic scholar inSafed,who was the son of Baruch David Kahane (1850–1925), the author ofHibat ha-Eretz,and a disciple ofChaim Halberstam of Sanz.Baruch David was a direct descendant ofSimcha Rappaport(1650–1718), of theRappaport rabbinic family,who were allegedly able to trace their ancestry back toEleazar ben Azariah,a 1st-century sage in theLand of Israel.Baruch David immigrated toOttoman Palestinefrom Poland in 1873.[18]Kahane's father was born in Safed while his mother Sonia was born inLatvia.[19]An uncle of Kahane's was killed in Safed during the1929 Palestine riots.[20]

As a teenager, Kahane became an ardent admirer ofEri JabotinskyandPeter Bergson,who were frequent guests in his parents' home. He joined theBetar(Brit Trumpeldor) youth wing of Revisionist Zionism. He was active in protests againstErnest Bevin,theBritish Foreign Secretarywho maintained restrictions on the immigration of Jews, evenHolocaust survivors,to Palestine after the end of theSecond World War.In 1947, Kahane was arrested for throwing eggs and tomatoes at Bevin, who was disembarking at Pier 84 on a visit to New York. A photo of the arrest appeared in theNew York Daily News.[21]In 1954, he became the Mazkir (Secretary) of Greater New York City's 16Bnei Akivachapters.[citation needed]

Kahane's formal education includedYeshiva of Flatbushfor elementary school andBrooklyn Talmudical Academyfor high school.[22]Kahane received hisrabbinical ordinationfrom theMir Yeshiva in Brooklyn,where he was especially admired by the head RabbiAbraham Kalmanowitz.[23]He was fully conversant in theTanakh(Jewish Bible), theTalmud,theMidrashandJewish law.Subsequently, Kahane earned a B.A. inpolitical sciencefromBrooklyn Collegein 1954, a Bachelor of Law – LL.B. fromNew York Law School,and an M.A. in International Relations fromNew York University.[1][24]

In 1956, Kahane married Libby Blum, with whom he had four children:[25]Tzipporah,[26]Tova, Baruch, andBinyamin.[25][27]Binyamin became an Orthodox Jewish scholar, rabbi, and far-right political leader aligned with Kahane's political movement, and was later killed in 2000.

In 1966, Kahane, under the alias of Michael King and while already married, had an affair and became engaged to marry the 21-year-old model Gloria Jean D'Argenio (who used the stage name Estelle Donna Evans).[28]Kahane sent a letter to D'Argenio in which he unilaterally ended their relationship. D'Argenio was never aware of Kahane's real identity and at the time she received the letter, she had been expecting him to marry her in two days and had recently learned she was pregnant by him.[28]Upon receiving the letter, D'Argenio jumped off theQueensboro Bridgeand died of her injuries the next day.[29][30]In 2008, Kahane's wife dismissed the incident as lacking proof.[31]

After D'Argenio's death, Kahane started the Estelle Donna Evans Foundation in her name.[28][31]Kahane claimed D'Argenio had been his former secretary in his failed consulting operation, had died of cancer, and that her "well-to-do" family had endowed the foundation.[28]In reality, the money was used to fund the JDL, including supplies for bombings and Kahane's lavish travel.[28]

Early career

Pulpit rabbi

Kahane inCanarsiein 1975

In 1958, Kahane became the rabbi of theHoward BeachJewish Center in Queens, New York City. Although the synagogue was originallyConservative,rather than strictlyOrthodox,the board of directors agreed to Kahane's conditions, which included resigning from the Conservative movement'sUnited Synagogue of America,installing apartition separating men and womenduring prayer, instituting traditional prayers, and maintaining akosherkitchen.[32]At the Jewish Center, Kahane influenced many of the synagogue's youngsters to adopt a more observant lifestyle, which often troubled parents.[33][34]He trainedArlo Guthriefor hisbar mitzvah.[35]When his contract was not renewed, he soon published an article entitled "End of the Miracle of Howard Beach". That was Kahane's first article inThe Jewish Press,an American Orthodox Jewish weekly for which he would continue to write for the rest of his life.[36]Kahane also used the pen name David Sinai, and the pseudonyms Michael King, David Borac, and Martin Keene.[37]

Infiltrating the John Birch Society

In the late 1950s and the early 1960s, Kahane's life of secrecy and his stronganticommunismlanded him a position as a consultant with theFBI.According to his wife, Libby, his assignment was to infiltrate the anticommunistJohn Birch Societyand report his findings to the FBI.[25]

Collaboration with Joseph Churba

Never Again! A Program for Survival(1972)

At some time in the late 1950s, Kahane assumed the persona of aGentile,along with the pseudonym Michael King.[38]Kahane began openly expressing his anticommunism. He andJoseph Churbacreated the July Fourth Movement, which was formed to counteract widespread opposition towards U.S. involvement in theVietnam War.[39]Subsequently, they coauthored the bookThe Jewish Stake in Vietnam,an attempt to convince American Jews of the "evil of Communism".[40]The introduction states that, "All Americans have a stake in this grim war against Communism... It is vital that Jews realize the threat to their very survival [should Communism succeed]." Churba had a major falling out with Kahane over the use of paramilitary activities[citation needed],and they parted ways permanently. Churba went on to pursue his own career, joining theU.S. Air Force,writing many books on the Middle East, and eventually becoming one ofRonald Reagan's consultants. Kahane chose to fight for Jewish rights, and was willing to use extreme measures. He even attempted to acquire and growbiological weaponsto use on a Soviet military installation.[41]He began using the phrase "Never again"[42]and conceived the Jewish Star and fist insignia, a symbol resembling that of theBlack Panther Party.However, Kahane himself opposed the Black Panthers, claiming they had supported anti-Jewish riots inMassachusettsand had left-wing views.

Jewish Defense League

Kahane founded theJewish Defense League(JDL) in New York City in 1968. Its self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations ofanti-Semitism.[43]Kahane encouraged Jews to take up firearms, through his slogan "every Jew a.22".[3]

The JDL said it was committed to five fundamental principles:

  • Love of Jewry: One Jewish people, indivisible and united, from which flows the love for, and the feeling of pain of, all Jews.
  • Dignity and Pride: Pride in and knowledge ofJewish tradition,faith,culture,land,history,strength, pain, and peoplehood.
  • Iron: The need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means—even strength, force, and violence.
  • Discipline and Unity: The knowledge that he (or she) can and will do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality.
  • Faith in the Indestructibility of the Jewish People: Faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion, and our Land of Israel.

According to his wife Libby Kahane, the JDL favored "civil rightsforblacks,but opposed black anti-Semites[44]and racism of any form. "[45]In 1971, the JDL formed an alliance with a black rights group in what Kahane termed "a turning point inBlack-Jewish relations".[46]TheAnti-Defamation Leagueclaimed that Kahane "preached a radical form of Jewishnationalismwhich reflected racism, violence and political extremism "[43]that was replicated byIrv Rubin,the JDL's successor to Kahane.[47]

Terrorism and convictions

A number of the JDL's members and leaders, including Kahane, were convicted of acts related todomestic terrorism.[48]In 1971, Kahane was sentenced to a suspended five-year prison sentence and fined $5,000 for conspiring to manufacture explosives.[6]In 1975, Kahane was arrested for leading the attack on the Soviet United Nations mission and injuring two officers, but he was released after being given summonses fordisorderly conduct.Later the same year, Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and ship arms abroad from Israel. He was convicted of violating hisprobationfor the 1971 bombing conviction and was sentenced to one year in prison.[49]However, he served most of it in a hotel, with frequent unsupervised absences, because of a concession over the provision ofkosherfood.[50]

In a 1984 interview withWashington Postcorrespondent Carla Hall, Kahane admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian [Soviet] mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices".[51][52]

Immigration to Israel

Main article:Kach (political party)

In September 1971, Kahanemoved to Israel.At the time, he declared that he would focus onJewish education.[53]He later began gathering lists of Arab citizens of the State of Israel who were willing to emigrate for compensation, and eventually, he initiated protests that advocated the expulsion of Arabs from that country, and Israeli-occupied territories. In 1972, Jewish Defense League leaflets were distributed inHebron,calling for the mayor to stand trial for the1929 Hebron massacre.[54]Kahane was arrested dozens of times.[55]In 1971, he foundedKach,a political party that ran for theKnesset,the Israeli Parliament, during the1973 general electionsunder the name "The League List". It won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of theelectoral thresholdat the time (1%) for winning a Knesset seat. The party was even less successful in the1977 elections,winning only 4,836 votes.

In 1980, Kahane was arrested for the 62nd time since his emigration, and he was jailed for six months after a detention order that was based on allegations of him planning armed attacks againstPalestiniansin response to the killings of Jewish settlers.[56]Kahane was held in prison inRamla,where he wrote the bookThey Must Go.Kahane was banned from entering the UK in 1981.[57]

In 1981, Kahane's party again ran for the Knesset during the1981 elections,but it did not win a seat and received only 5,128 votes. In 1984, theIsraeli Central Elections Committeebanned him from being a candidate on the grounds that Kach was a racist party, but theSupreme Court of Israeloverturned the ban on the grounds that the committee was not authorized to ban Kahane's candidacy.[58]The Supreme Court suggested that the Knesset pass a law excluding racist parties from future elections. The Knesset responded in 1985 by amending the "Basic Law: Knesset" to include a prohibition (paragraph 7a) against the registration of parties that explicitly or implicitly incite racism.

Election to Knesset

In the1984 legislative elections,Kahane's Kach party received 25,907 votes (1.2%), gaining one seat in the Knesset, which was taken by Kahane.[59]He refused to take the standardoath of officeand insisted on adding a Biblical verse fromPsalmsto indicate that national laws were overruled by theTorahif they conflict. Kahane's legislative proposals focused on Jewish education, an open economy, transferring the Arab population out of theLand of Israel,revoking Israeli citizenship from non-Jews, and banningJewish-Gentile marriagesand sexual relations.

While his popularity in Israel grew, Kahane was boycotted in the Knesset, where his speeches were often made to an empty assembly except for the duty chairman and the transcriptionist. The Knesset revoked hisParliamentary immunityto prevent his freedom of movement in areas where his inflammatory rhetoric could cause harm. Kahane's legislative proposals and motions of no-confidence against the government were ignored or rejected. Kahane often pejoratively called other Knesset members "Hellenists,"a reference to Jews who assimilated intoGreek cultureafterJudea's occupation byAlexander the Great.

In 1987, Kahane opened ayeshiva( "HaRaayon HaYehudi" ) with funding from US supporters to teach "the Authentic Jewish Idea". Despite the boycott, his popularity grew among the Israeli public, especially for working-classSephardi Jews.[60]Polls showed that Kach would have likely received anywhere from four to twelve seats in the coming November 1988 elections.[61][62]

In 1985, the Knesset passed an amendment to theBasic Law of Israel,barring political parties that incited to racism. The Central Elections Committee banned Kahane a second time, and he appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court this time ruled in favor of the committee, disqualifying Kach from running in the1988 legislative elections.Kahane was thus the first candidate in Israel to be barred from election for racism. The move was criticized as being anti-democratic by the well-known lawyer and professorAlan Dershowitz.[63]

After Kahane's election to the Knesset in 1984, the United States government attempted to revoke his U.S. citizenship, an action which Kahane successfully challenged in court.[64][65]However, in 1987, the Knesset passed a law declaring that a Knesset member could only be an Israeli citizen.[66]To remain eligible for office, Kahane renounced his United States citizenship, but after being banned from the Knesset for his politics, he again filed suit to get his U.S. citizenship reinstated based on the argument that he was compelled to relinquish it by the Knesset. The court rejected this argument, but he was permitted to continue traveling to the United States.[67][68]

Assassination

Main article:Assassination of Meir Kahane

In November 1990, Kahane gave a speech to an audience of mostly Orthodox Jews fromBrooklyn,[69]where he warnedAmerican Jewstoemigrate to Israelbefore it was "too late".[69][70]As a crowd gathered around Kahane in the second-floor lecture hall inMidtown Manhattan'sNew York Marriott East Side,Kahane was assassinated[71][72][73]byEl Sayyid Nosair,an Egyptian-born U.S. citizen. He was initially charged and acquitted of the murder.[74]Nosair was later convicted of the murder in a U.S. district court for his involvement in the1993 World Trade Center bombing.Prosecutors were able to try Nosair again for the murder because the federal indictment included the killing as part of the alleged terrorist conspiracy.[75]He was sentenced to life imprisonment and later made a confession to federal agents.[76]

Kahane was buried onHar HaMenuchot,in Jerusalem. He was eulogized by supporters in both the U.S. and in Israel, including RabbiMoshe Tendlerand the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel,Mordechai Eliyahu,who spoke of how little the people understood of Kahane's true value.[citation needed]

A few hours after news of the assassination of Kahane reached Israel, two elderly Palestinians, Mohammed Ali (73) and Mariam Suleiman Hassan (71), were gunned down in an incident ascribed to Kach militants.Noam Federmanwas quoted as saying that the slayings had been committed as revenge by Kahane supporters, and that more violence was in the pipeline.[77]

Ideology

Main article:Kahanism
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Kahane argued that there was a glory in Jewish destiny, which came through the observance of theTorahandhalakha(Jewish law). He observed, "Democracy and Judaism are not the same thing."[78]Kahane was of the view a Jewish state and a Western democracy were incompatible, since Western democracy is religion-blind, and a Jewish state is religion-oriented by its very name. He feared non-Jewish citizens becoming a majority and voting against the Jewish character of the state: "The question is as follows: if the Arabs settle among us and make enough children to become a majority, will Israel continue to be a Jewish state? Do we have to accept that the Arab majority will decide?"[79]He also said that "you cannot have Zionism and democracy at the same... Western democracy has to be ruled out. For me, that's cut and dried: There's no question of setting up democracy in Israel, because democracy means equal rights for all, irrespective of racial or religious origins."[80]

Kahane proposed an "exchange of populations"that would continue theJewish exodus from Arab lands:"A total of some 750,000 Jews fled Arab lands since 1948. Surely it is time for Jews, worried over the huge growth of Arabs in Israel, to consider finishing the exchange of populations that began 35 years ago." Kahane proposed a $40,000 compensation plan for Arabs who would leave voluntarily, and forcible expulsion for those who "don't want to leave".[79]He encouraged retaliatory violence against Arabs who attacked Jews: "I approve of anybody who commits such acts of violence. Really, I don't think that we can sit back and watch Arabs throwing rocks at buses whenever they feel like it. They must understand that a bomb thrown at a Jewish bus is going to mean a bomb thrown at an Arab bus."[79]

In some of his writings, Kahane argued that Israel should never start a war for territory but that if a war were launched against Israel, Biblical territory should be annexed.[81]However, in an interview, he defined Israel's "minimal borders" as follows: "The southern boundary goes up to El Arish, which takes in all of northernSinai,includingYamit.To the east, the frontier runs along the western part of the East Bank of theJordan River,hence part of what is now Jordan.Eretz Yisraelalso includes part of Lebanon and certain parts of Syria, and part of Iraq, all the way to theEuphrates River."[79]When critics suggested that following Kahane's plans would mean a perpetual war between Jews and Arabs, Kahane responded, "There will be a perpetual war. With or without Kahane."[82]

Support

  • Shlomo Avinerstated that Kahane was a righteous man who displayed self-sacrifice for the Jewish nation and also referred to him as a "Torah hero" whose every word was rooted in Torah sources.[83]
  • Herbert Bomzerreferred to Kahane as "truly immersed in Torah all the time."[83]
  • Irving M. Bunimwas a strong supporter and admirer of Kahane.[84]
  • Shlomo Carlebachand Kahane organized one of the firstNoahideconferences in the 1980s for non-Jews wishing to accept the Noahide laws.[85]
  • Bob Dylanmade positive comments about Kahane. In a 1971 interview forTimemagazine, Dylan said, "He's a really sincere guy. He's really put it all together."[86][87]According to Kahane, Dylan attended several meetings of the Jewish Defense League to find out "what we're all about",[88]and he started to have talks with the rabbi.[89]Subsequently, Dylan downplayed the extent of his contact with Kahane.[90]
  • Mordechai Eliyahuwas one of Kahane's staunchest supporters. He wrote a glowing approbation to one of Kahane's books, and eulogized him at his funeral inmessianicterms.[91]
  • Zvi Yehuda Kookendorsed Kahane in his bid for a Knesset seat. In his letter of support for Kahane, Kook stated, "The presence of Rabbi Meir Kahane and his uncompromising words from the Knesset platform will undoubtedly add strength and value to the obligatory struggle on behalf of the entire Land of Israel."[92]
  • Yosef Mendelevitchsaid "Kahane was a representative for us. His activities made us feel good. His actions showed that Jews cared. His actions may have been controversial, but his role was very important. He was a symbol for Russian Jews."[93]
  • Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoffsaid, "You can't imagine the influence Kahane had on so many young people. Kahane was atalmid chacham(Torah scholar) that we all looked up to. "[83]
  • Menachem Mendel Schneersonsupported Kahane on many issues concerning Israel, including the issue of Arabs, relinquishing land, building settlements and the incorporation of Jewish law into Israeli policy. After hearing of Kahane's death, Schneerson remarked that "one of the greatest Jewish leaders in history has fallen." He later blessed Kahane's son to be successful in fulfilling his "holy father's" work.[83]
  • Avraham Shapirastated that Kahane was an inseparable part of Orthodox Judaism. He later openly backed Kahane's State of Judea movement.[83]
  • After the Kach party was outlawed, a member of theSicariiterrorist group pledged allegiance to Kahane and his political party during a phone call.[94]
  • Ahron Soloveichikstated, "What Kahane said was absolutely correct, just we don't say it because the world will criticize us, but somebody had to say it."[83]
  • Noach Weinbergwanted to hire Kahane for his staff.[83]
  • Ya'akov Yosefdescribed Kahane as one who fulfilled his role faithfully. He declared that "we must learn from his great actions in order that we learn the way of the Torah."[83]

Legacy

In Hebrew: "Today, Everybody Knows: Rabbi Kahane was Right"
Stickers in Hebrew: "Today Everybody Knows: Kahane was Right"

Following Kahane's death, no leader emerged to replace him in the movement. However, the idea of transferring populations, attributed mainly to Kahane, was subsequently incorporated into the political platform of several parties in Israel, such asMoledet(applying to Arab non-citizen residents of the West Bank) andYisrael Beiteinu(in the form of population exchange).[citation needed]Two small Kahanist factions later emerged; one under the nameKach,and the other under the nameKahane Chai(Hebrew: כהנא חי, literally "Kahane lives [on]" ), the second one being led by his younger son,Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane.Neither one was permitted to participate in the Knesset elections by theCentral Elections Committee.[citation needed]

In 1994, following theCave of the Patriarchs massacreof Palestinian Muslim worshippers inHebronby Kach supporterBaruch Goldstein,in which 29 Muslim worshipers were killed, the Israeli government declared both parties to beterroristorganizations.[95][96]The US State Department also added Kach and Kahane Chai to itslist of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.

In the2003 Knesset elections,Herut,which had split off from theNational Unionlist, ran withMichael Kleinerand former Kach activistBaruch Marzeltaking the top two spots on the list. The joint effort narrowly missed the 1.5% barrier. In the following2006 elections,theJewish National Front,led byBaruch Marzel,fared better, but it also failed to pass the minimum threshold. A follower of Kahane who was involved with Kach for many years,Michael Ben-Ari,was elected to the Knesset in the2009 electionson renewedNational Unionlist. He stood again in the2013 electionsas the second candidate on the list ofOtzma LeYisrael,but the party failed to pass the minimum threshold.

In 2007, the FBI released over a thousand documents relating to its daily surveillance of Kahane from the early 1960s.[97]

In 2015, Kahane's grandson,Meir Ettinger,was detained by Israeli law enforcement. He was the alleged leader of the radical Jewish group "The Revolt".[98]In an online "manifesto" echoing some of his grandfather's teachings, Ettinger promotes the "dispossession of gentiles" who live in Israel and the establishment of a new "kingdom of Israel", atheocracyruled according to theHalacha.Ettinger's writings condemned Israel's government, mainstream rabbis, and the IDF, and also have denounced Christian churches as "idolatry".[99]

Libby Kahane, his widow, published the first volume of a biographyRabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Vol. One: 1932–1975around 2008. A contributor toHaaretzsaid the book "lacks serious analysis", "ignores important unflattering details" and "serves as an apologetic".[25]In 2016, Libby Kahane claimed that modern Jewish extremists in Israel do not follow the ideology of her late husband. She justified that claim by arguing that, unlike modern Jewish extremists, Rabbi Kahane had a more mature approach that did not encourage illegal activities.[100]

"Gas the Arabs!JDL"graffiti in Hebron.[101][102]The persistent graffiti in Hebron that calls for the expulsion or killing of Arabs has been characterized as Kahane's legacy.[103][104]

The prosecution argued that Arab MKHaneen Zoabishould be banned for denying the Jewish people's existence, and she was banned by the Central Elections Committee, which uses the Kahane precedent. A week later, the ruling was unanimously overturned by the Supreme Court. Attempts to ban theStrong IsraelandBaladpolitical parties by using the Kahane precedent were also overturned.[105][106]

In 2017,The Forwardreported that some of Kahane's followers were aligning themselves withwhite nationalistsand thealt-right.[107]Other Kahanists declared that such moves did not reflect Kahane's teachings, and they supported that declaration by arguing that Kahane worked together with African Americans.[108]

Publications

  • (Partially under pseudonym Michael King; withJoseph Churba)The Jewish Stake in Vietnam,Crossroads, 1967[109]
  • Never Again! A Program for Survival,Pyramid Books, 1972[110]
  • Time to Go Home,Nash, 1972.[111]
  • Letters from Prison,Jewish Identity Center, 1974[112]
  • Our Challenge: The Chosen Land,1974[113]
  • The Story of the Jewish Defense League,Chilton, 1975, 2nd edition, Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane, (Brooklyn, NY), 2000
  • Why Be Jewish? Intermarriage, Assimilation, and Alienation,Stein & Day, 1977
  • Listen, Vanessa, I Am a Zionist,Institute of the Authentic Jewish Idea, 1978
  • They Must Go,Grosset & Dunlop, 1981[114]
  • Forty Years,Institute of the Jewish Idea, 2nd edition, 1983
  • Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews,Lyle Stuart, 1987[115]
  • Israel: Revolution or Referendum,Barricade Books (Secaucus, NJ), 1990
  • Or ha-ra'yon,English title:The Jewish Idea,n.p. (Jerusalem), 1992, translated from the Hebrew by Raphael Blumberg, Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1996
  • On Jews and Judaism: Selected Articles 1961–1990,Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1993
  • Perush ha-Makabi: al Sefer Devarim,Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1993, 1995
  • Pirush HaMaccabee: al Sefer Shemu'el u-Nevi'im rishonim,Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1994
  • Listen World, Listen Jew,3rd edition, Institute for the Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1995[116]
  • Beyond Words,1st edition, Institute for the Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 2010.
  • Kohen ve-navi: osef ma'amarim,ha-Makhon le-hotsa'at kitve ha-Rav Kahana (Jerusalem), 2000
  • Cuckooland,illustrated by Shulamith bar Itzhak (yet unpublished).

See also

References

  1. ^ab"Meir Kahane: Israeli political extremist and rabbi".Encyclopædia Britannica.November 1, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on October 27, 2020.RetrievedDecember 25,2019.
  2. ^Kahane, Libby (2008),Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought,archived fromthe original(abstract)on August 13, 2010
  3. ^abBurack, Emily (October 16, 2021)"How Some of Extremist Rabbi, Onetime MK Kahane's Ideas Entered Jewish Mainstream"ArchivedDecember 20, 2022, at theWayback Machine,The Times of Israel.Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  4. ^"How some of extremist rabbi, onetime MK Kahane's ideas entered Jewish mainstream".The Times of Israel.October 16, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2022.RetrievedDecember 20,2022.
  5. ^Meir Kahane (1987).Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews.Lyle Stuart. p.270.ISBN978-0818404382.The Jew is forbidden to give up any part of the Land of Israel, which has been liberated. The land belongs to the G-d of Israel, and the Jew, given it by G-d, has no right to give away any part of it. All the areas liberated in 1967 will be annexed and made part of the State of Israel. Jewish settlement in every part of the land, including cities that today are sadlyJudenrein,will be unlimited.
  6. ^abKaplan, Morris (July 24, 1971)."Kahane Gets 5-Year Suspended Sentence in Bomb Plot".The New York Times.p. 26.Archivedfrom the original on July 29, 2022.RetrievedJuly 29,2022.
  7. ^Friedman, Robert I. (November 8, 1987)."Kahane's Money Tree".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on June 17, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 8,2020.
  8. ^abBrinkley, Joel."Israel Bans Kahane Party From Election"ArchivedSeptember 3, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times,October 6, 1988.
  9. ^Maimonides.Mishne Torah, Laws of Kings, Ch. 6.
  10. ^Meir Kahane.Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews.p. 265.The pity is-the tragedy is-that most Jews do not believe that Judaism is Divine and therefore do not accept it as the foundation of the state. And so, because of that-but only because any attempt to establish a true Torah state would lead to bitter civil war among Jews-I would not be prepared to establish a state that would bar elections involving parties that do not accept Torah law as authority.
  11. ^Meir Kahane.Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews.p. 250.AllArabswho are prepared to accept the State of Israel as the exclusive state of the Jewish people and of no one else, will be allowed to remain in the land with the status of "resident stranger", as per Jewish laws. They will be granted personal rights, but no national ones. They will have general economic, social, cultural, and religious freedom, but will not be citizens of the Jewish State and will have nothing to say in its future in any way. Accepting this status, they are welcome to remain, and are entitled to all the respect and decency that Judaism demands we grant to all humans who are resident strangers in our land and who bow to its laws and concepts.
  12. ^Meir Kahane (1981).They Must Go.Grosset & Dunlap.ISBN9780448120263.Those who refuse to accept noncitizen status shall be compensated for property, but not given a bonus, and shall be transferred only to Arab – not Western – lands. The transfer shall be effected peacefully, if possible, but if the Arab still refuses, then forcibly and without compensation.
  13. ^Zogby, James (March 23, 2021)."Netanyahu Is Letting Israel's Fascists Enter by the Front Door".ISSN0027-8378.Archivedfrom the original on October 27, 2023.RetrievedMarch 20,2024.
  14. ^"Why Racist Rabbi Meir Kahane Is Roiling Israeli Politics 30 Years After His Death".Haaretz.February 21, 2019.RetrievedOctober 1,2019.
  15. ^Beckerman, Gal (2010).When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry.ISBN978-0-5475-0443-8.
  16. ^Abramovitch, Ilana; Galvin, Seán, eds. (November 1, 2001).Jews of Brooklyn.Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press.ISBN9781584650034.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^Yosef Lindell,When Rabbi Meir Kahane’s Father Translated the TorahArchivedMarch 30, 2023, at theWayback Machine
  18. ^Rosenstein, Neil (1990).The Unbroken Chain: Biographical Sketches and the Genealogy of Illustrious Jewish Families from the 15th–20th Century.Vol. 3. CIS Publishers. p. 43.ISBN978-0-9610578-4-8.
  19. ^"הרבה נכתב על הרב כהנא המנוח במשך השנים. דמותו ותורתו השנויה במחלוקת עוררו תגובות אוהדות מחד, ונזעמות מאידך. חלק ראשון מתוך שניים".Archivedfrom the original on August 22, 2023.RetrievedNovember 18,2023.
  20. ^Shaul Magid,'Kahane Won:How the radical rabbi’s ideas and disciples took over Israeli politics, and why it’s dangerous,'ArchivedMay 21, 2022, at theWayback MachineTabletMarch 15, 2019
  21. ^Friedman, Robert I.The false prophet – Rabbi Meir Kahane – from FBI informant to Knesset member,New York, 1990, p.9.ISBN1-55652-078-6
  22. ^also seetalk:Meir Kahane#High school stunt
  23. ^Libby Kahane.Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought (Vol. 1).p. 50.Rabbi Abraham Kalmanowitz had a great love for Meir... [He once told Meir:] 'Because you sanctified G-d's name... your name and fame shall spread far and wide.'
  24. ^Libby Kahane, "Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought" vol. 2, chap 6, note 3 p. 577.
  25. ^abcdNathan-Kazis, Josh (January 6, 2009)."Carrying a torch".Haaretz.Archivedfrom the original on July 29, 2022.RetrievedJuly 29,2022.
  26. ^Aharon, Eliran (June 25, 2017)."Tzipi Kaplan, daughter of Rabbi Kahane, passes away".Arutz Sheva.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2021.RetrievedOctober 14,2021.
  27. ^Miskin, Maayana (November 30, 2010)."Kahane Family Sues as Radio Ads Pulled over Peace Now Pressure".Arutz Sheva.Archivedfrom the original on December 22, 2014.RetrievedJune 23,2014.
  28. ^abcdeWeinman, Sarah (April 12, 2020)."The Woman on the Bridge".The Cut.Archivedfrom the original on April 15, 2020.RetrievedApril 15,2020.
  29. ^Kaufman, Michael T. (March 6, 1994)."Remembering Kahane, and the Woman on the Bridge".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on October 5, 2021.RetrievedOctober 14,2021.
  30. ^Hewitt, Bill; Podolsky, J.D.; Avrech, Mira (November 19, 1990)."After a Career of Preaching Hatred for Arabs, Rabbi Meir Kahane Is Cut Down by An Assassin's Bullet".People.Archivedfrom the original on February 12, 2020.RetrievedJanuary 5,2020.
  31. ^abGross, Netty C. (September 1, 2008)."Never Again, Indeed (Extract)".The Jerusalem Report.Archivedfrom the original on March 8, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 5,2020.
  32. ^Kahane, Libby (2008).Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Vol. One: 1932–1975.Israel: Urim Publications. p. 42.ISBN978-965-524-008-5.Meir accepted the rabbinical position at the Howard Beach Jewish Center (HBJC) with certain conditions. He demanded Orthodox practices, even though none of the synagogue's members were observant: a kosher kitchen, traditional prayers, and separate seating for men and women with a mechitza (partition) between them. Another condition was that the synagogue resign from the Conservative movement's United Synagogues of America. Remarkably, the board of directors agreed to all these terms, perhaps because the salary which Meir accepted was far lower than that of a Reform or Conservative rabbi.
  33. ^Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff (2011).From Washington Avenue to Washington Street.Gefen Books.ISBN978-965-229-5651.Meir's primary success in this position was to be his undoing. Many of the youngsters were enchanted by the new rabbi and his mesmerizing personality. Much to their parents' chagrin, some of these children began to observe the dietary andSabbathlaws.
  34. ^"Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought", pp. 48, 49.
  35. ^Tugend, Tom (December 2, 2004)."A Jewish Visit to Guthrie's Land".JewishJournal.Tribe Media Corp.Archivedfrom the original on May 29, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 1,2012.
  36. ^Rakeffet-Rothkoff, Aaron.Review ofRabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and ThoughtHe also served as an assistant rabbi in the Young Israel of Laurelton, and as rabbi of the Rochdale Village Jewish Center.ArchivedSeptember 13, 2009, at theWayback Machine,Jewish Action.
  37. ^"Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought",Jewish Action,OU, 2008, archived fromthe originalon September 13, 2009
  38. ^When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet JewryatGoogle Books
  39. ^Libby Kahane.Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought (Vol. 1).p. 79.
  40. ^The Jewish stake in VietnamatGoogle Books
  41. ^"Informant: Meir Kahane Planned Biological Terror Attack On USSR".October 6, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon June 29, 2013.RetrievedNovember 16,2013.
  42. ^"But Meir Kahane's Message Refuses to Die; Source of 'Never Again'".The New York Times.November 19, 1990.Archivedfrom the original on December 19, 2013.RetrievedNovember 16,2013.
  43. ^ab"Anti-Defamation League on JDL".Adl.org. Archived fromthe originalon April 14, 2010.RetrievedNovember 23,2011.
  44. ^Kahane, Libby (2008).Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought, Volume 1.Urim Publications. p. 106.ISBN978-965-524-008-5.The JDL favored civil rights for blacks, and opposed only black anti-Semites.
  45. ^Kahane, Libby (2008).Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought, Volume 1.Urim Publications. p. 80.ISBN978-965-524-008-5.
  46. ^"Black Group, Jdl Pledge Common Action for Soviet Jews, Black-jewish Relations".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. May 19, 1971.Archivedfrom the original on March 7, 2016.RetrievedMarch 3,2016.The leader of a black self help group and the national chairman of the Jewish Defense League met today and pledged "brotherhood". The unprecedented meeting between a black organization and the JDL, termed by Rabbi Kahane as a "turning point in Black-Jewish relations", took place in the Harlem headquarters of NEGRO (National Economic Growth and Reconstruction Organization).
  47. ^"ADL Commends FBI for Thwarting Alleged Bombing Plot By Jewish Extremists".Adl.org. Archived fromthe originalon September 26, 2011.RetrievedNovember 23,2011.
  48. ^"Middle East History: Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America".wrmea.Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2005.RetrievedNovember 23,2011.
  49. ^"Kahane gets year in '71 conviction".The New York Times.February 22, 1975. p. 18.
  50. ^Carmody, Deirdre (November 15, 1975). "Kahane enjoys freedom as an Inmate".The New York Times.p. 56.
  51. ^Kushner, Harvey W.(2003).Encyclopedia of Terrorism.SAGE. pp. 192–193.ISBN978-0-7619-2408-1.Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 25,2015.
  52. ^Hall, Carla (September 11, 1984)."The Message of Meir Kahane: In Silver Spring, Boos and Applause for the Knesset Member Meir Kahane".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon October 19, 2012.RetrievedJuly 6,2017.
  53. ^Sprinzak, Ehud (1999).Brother against Brother.The Free Press. p. 189.
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  59. ^Friedman, Robert I. (February 13, 2016)."The Sayings of Rabbi Kahane".The New York Review of Books.33(2).Archivedfrom the original on July 29, 2022.RetrievedJuly 29,2022.
  60. ^Hewitt, Bill; Podolsky, J. D.; Avrech, Mira (November 19, 1990)."After a Career of Preaching Hatred for Arabs, Rabbi Meir Kahane Is Cut Down by An Assassin's Bullet".People.Vol. 34, no. 29.Archivedfrom the original on November 4, 2021.RetrievedNovember 4,2021.
  61. ^"Jewish Defense League Unleashes Campaign of Violence in America".The New York Times.October 17, 1988.Archivedfrom the original on October 8, 2010 – via washington-report.org.
  62. ^Freedman, Samuel G.Jew vs. Jew: the struggle for the soul of American Jewry,p. 196, atGoogle Books
  63. ^Dershowitz, Alan M.(1992).Chutzpah.Touchstone. pp. 191–192.ISBN978-0-671-76089-2– via Google Books.
  64. ^Weissbrodt, David; Danielson, Laura (2004)."Concepts of Citizenship".hrlibrary.umn.edu.University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.Archivedfrom the original on July 28, 2019.RetrievedJuly 28,2019.Kahane was a U.S. citizen at birth. He moved to Israel where he became active in politics and was elected to the Israeli Parliament. Kahane, aware of the fact that accepting an office under a foreign government was an expatriating act listed in INA 349 (a)(4), communicated on several occasions with the State Department that he did not intend to give up his U.S. citizenship. The State Department nonetheless claimed that Kahane committed the expatriating act by shifting his allegiance to Israel. The court rejected this argument because an actor who contemporaneously with the expatriating act declares his intent to stay a U.S. citizen automatically preserves his citizenship.Kahane v. Shultz(E.D.N.Y.1987).
  65. ^"Kahane v. Shultz".1987.Archivedfrom the original on August 2, 2021.RetrievedAugust 17,2020– via law.justia.
  66. ^"Israel: Basic Law of 1958, The Knesset (with amendments)".refworld.org.United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.Archivedfrom the original on September 15, 2023.RetrievedAugust 17,2020.... added by the Amendment No. 10, passed by the Knesset on 19 May 1987 and published in Sefer Ha-Chukkim No. 1215 dated 27 May 1987.
  67. ^Weissbrodt, David; Danielson, Laura (2004)."Concepts of Citizenship".hrlibrary.umn.edu.University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.Archivedfrom the original on July 28, 2019.RetrievedJuly 28,2019.One year later, the Israeli Parliament passed a law providing that its members could only be Israeli citizens. Kahane executed a formal oath of renunciation of his U.S. citizenship to remain eligible for a seat in the Parliament. After Kahane's party was barred, on different grounds, from running in the elections, Kahane tried to revoke his renunciation of U.S. citizenship claiming that the Israeli law compelled his act. The court ruled against Kahane, who remained expatriated, although he was permitted to visit the United States and was eventually assassinated in New York City.Kahane v. Secretary of State(D.D.C. 1988).
  68. ^"Kahane v. Secretary of State".1988.Archivedfrom the original on March 27, 2022.RetrievedAugust 17,2020– via casetext.
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  70. ^Goldman, John J. (November 6, 1990)."Militant Rabbi Kahane Slain by N.Y. Gunman".Los Angeles Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 6, 2013.RetrievedApril 12,2012.
  71. ^Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003).Terror in the Mind of God.University of California Press. p. 59.
  72. ^Katz, Samuel M. (2002).Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists.
  73. ^Hamm, Mark S. (2007).Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond.NYU Press. p. 29.
  74. ^Raab, Selwyn (December 23, 1991)."Jury Selection Seen As Crucial to Verdict".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on December 16, 2008.RetrievedMarch 30,2013.
  75. ^Jenkins, Brian (October 1, 1995)."Sheik, others convicted in New York".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on February 5, 2019.
  76. ^Scheffler, Gil (August 15, 2010)."Sharon was Kahane killer's target".The Jerusalem Post.Archivedfrom the original on August 18, 2010.
  77. ^Michael Kelly'Trotsky kin is arrested in deaths on West Bank,'ArchivedJanuary 23, 2024, at theWayback MachineThe Baltimore Sun10 November 1990
  78. ^"One absolutely cannot confuse them. The objective of a democratic state is to allow a person to do exactly as he wishes. The objective of Judaism is to serve God and to make people better. These are two totally opposite conceptions of life.""God's Law: an Interview with Rabbi Meir Kahane".Archived fromthe originalon February 19, 2009.RetrievedDecember 18,2012.
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  81. ^Kahane, Meir (1974)."Palestine?".mkwords.Archivedfrom the original on April 9, 2017.RetrievedApril 8,2017.If there are those who wish to create something known as 'Palestine' they are welcome to do so in 'Jordan' which in itself is a fictitious state created by the imperialist British by cutting away, in 1921, the eastern part of the Land of Israel. The Arabs who call themselves 'Palestinians' had the opportunity to create a 'Palestine' in a far larger part of the Land of Israel, but refused to do so. They lost that chance forever and if they refuse to create a state in 'Jordan' now, but insist upon war, they will lose again and lose 'Jordan' in the process because – while we will never begin a war for those parts of theLand of Israelnow under foreign rule, should the Arabs begin that war, and we liberate still other areas of the Land of Israel, then those will never be given up either.
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Further reading

For supplementary information and insights:

  • Goldberg, Lenny,The Wit and Wisdom of Rabbi Meir Kahane,archived fromthe originalon November 11, 2007,retrievedAugust 28,2007.
  • Miracle Man,Yeshivat "HaRaayon HaYehudi" (Jerusalem), 2010
    • "Rabbi Meir Kahane debuts as a comic book hero",The Jerusalem Post,June 4, 2011,archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2010,retrievedNovember 2,2010
  • Bar Itzhak, Shulamith,Kahane et le Kahanisme(in French).
  • Breslauer, Daniel (1986),Meir Kahane: Ideologue, Hero, Thinker,Lewiston/Queenston:Edwin Mellen Press.
  • The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism in Israel,Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1994.
  • Friedman, Robert I (1990),The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane, from FBI Informant to Knesset Member,Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill.
  • Magid, Shaul (2021),Meir Kahane: The Public Life and Political Thought of an American Jewish Radical,Princeton University Press.
  • Mergui, Raphael; Simonnot, Phillipe (1987),Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel,Saqi Books.
  • Ravitzky, Aviezer,The Roots of Kahanism: Consciousness and Political Reality,archived fromthe originalon January 9, 2013.
  • Sprinzak, Ehud,Kach and Meir Kahane: The Emergence of Jewish Quasi-Fascism,archived fromthe originalon December 10, 2012.
  • Kahane, Libby (2008),Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Volume One 1932–1975.
  • Kahane, Libby (2019),Rabbi Meir Kahane: His Life and Thought Volume Two 1976–1983.
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