Diatonic button accordion
 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein French.(January 2022)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
 | |
| Classification | Free-reed aerophone |
|---|---|
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 412.132 (sets of free reeds) |
| Musicians | |
| List of accordionists | |
| More articles or information | |
| Accordion,Chromatic button accordion,Bayan,Diatonic button accordion,Piano accordion,Stradella bass system,Free-bass system,Accordion reed ranks & switches | |
Amelodeonordiatonic button accordionis a member of thefree-reed aerophonefamily of musical instruments. It is a type ofbutton accordionon which themelody-side keyboard contains one or more rows of buttons, with each row producing the notes of a singlediatonicscale.The buttons on thebass-side keyboard are most commonly arranged in pairs, with one button of a pair sounding the fundamental of achordand the other the corresponding majortriad(or, sometimes, a minor triad).
Diatonic button accordions are popular in many countries, and used mainly for playing popular music and traditional folk music, and modern offshoots of these genres.
Nomenclature[edit]
Various terms for the diatonic button accordion are used in different parts of the English-speaking world.
- In Britain and Australia, the termmelodeon(Scottish Gaelic:meileòideanoram bogsa) is commonly used,[1]regardless of whether the instrument has one, two, or three rows of melody buttons.
- In Ireland,melodeon(Irish:mileoideanoran bosca[2]) is reserved for instruments with a single row of melody buttons (a "one-row" instrument), while instruments with two or three rows are calledbutton accordions(often simplyaccordions).[3]
- In North America, both one-row and multi-row instruments are usually simply calledaccordions.[citation needed](Historically, the term melodeon was applied to various 19th-century free-reedorgans.)
To simplify matters and avoid ambiguity, in the remainder of this article the term diatonic button accordion, or DBA, will be used.
International terms[edit]
- The Basque terms aretrikiti,trikitixa,soinu txikiaorakordeoi diatonikoa.
- The Brazilian Portuguese terms areoito baixos(lit. eight basses),sanfona de oito baixos,pé de bode(lit. goat foot),acordeão diatônicoorgaita-ponto.
- The Catalan term isacordió diatònic.
- The Dutch terms aretrekharmonikaandtrekzak.
- The Estonian term islõõtspill.
- The Finnish term iskaksirivinen haitari
- In France, the termaccordéon diatonique(familiarly,diato) is used;mélodéonis sometimes used for one-row instruments.
- The usual German terms are 'Ziehharmonika',HandharmonikaorKnopfakkordeon.[citation needed]
- The Swiss variant, with a double-action bass keyboard, is known in the local German as aSchwyzerörgeli.
- The Alpine Austrian variant, with amplified bass notes reminiscent of thehelicon tuba,is known in German as aSteirische Harmonika.
- In Italy, a diatonic button accordion is afisarmonica diatonicaororganetto.
- In Limburgish it is known astrèkzakorkwetsjbuul/kwetsjbujel.
- The Lithuanian term isArmonika[lt].
- In Mexico, as in Colombia, it is calledacordeón diatónicooracordeón de botones.
- The Norwegian term isTorader[no](lit. two-row) or the general termDurspill[no](lit. major instrument), covering all number of rows.
- In Portugal (especially in the north) it is calledconcertina,[citation needed]not to be confused with the English word "concertina".
- The Russian term isgarmon.
- The Czech term isheligonka.[4]
- The Slovak term isheligónka.[citation needed]
- The Slovenian term isdiatonična harmonikaand more frequentlyfrajtonar'ca
- The Swedish term isDurspel[sv].
- In Argentina it is calledverdulera.[citation needed]
Glossary[edit]
The following definitions will assist understanding of this article.
- DBA:abbreviation for diatonic button accordion
- single-action:refers to an instrument on which each key or button produces two notes,[5]as doesbisonoric(a term recently coined on the model of the Frenchbi-sonoreand Germanwechseltönig)[citation needed]
- double-action:refers to an instrument on which each key or button produces a single note,[6]as doesunisonoric(recently coined as the counterpart ofbisonoric)[citation needed]
- reversal:on a single-action instrument, a button or key which produces a note available elsewhere on the keyboard, but obtained by using the opposite bellows direction
- accidental:any note of the chromatic scale outside the diatonic scale of a DBA's "home" key
Action[edit]
Most diatonic button accordions have a "single-action" (orbisonoric) keyboard,[citation needed]meaning that each button produces two notes: one when the bellows are pressed or pushed (closed) and another when the bellows are drawn or pulled (opened). In this respect, these instruments operate like a harmonica.
(In contrast, most other types of accordion, for example piano accordions and chromatic button accordions, are "double-action" – orunisonoric– because each key produces a single note regardless of bellows direction.)
Other single-action orbisonoricmembers of the free-reed family include the German concertina, the Anglo-German (or "Anglo" ) concertina, thebandoneon,the Chemnitzer concertina (seeconcertina) and the mouth organ (harmonica).
There are varieties of diatonic button accordion that are double-action, such as thegarmon.
Distribution of notes on the keyboard and range[edit]
Because each button produces two notes, the diatonic scale can be covered in four buttons on a melody row.
For example, on a melody row pitched in C, the notes of the lower full octave of the instrument's range are assigned to four buttons as follows:
| Button | Push | Pull |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | D |
| 2 | E | F |
| 3 | G | A |
| 4 | C′ | B |
Note: the first button in the example above, numbered 1, is likely to be the 3rd or 4th button in a row on an instrument. Also note the pattern of push/pull to ascend the scale is broken on the return to the root note, this ensures that the root note in both octaves (in this example C and C') are in the same "push" direction. This also has the effect of keeping melody notes in an ideal direction for chords on the left hand.
When the bellows are pressed, every button produces a note from the major triad of the home key; in this case, the pattern CEG repeats itself throughout the keyboard. The remaining notes of the diatonic scale are produced when the bellows are drawn or pulled.
Since there are seven notes in the diatonic scale, and since each button produces two notes, the note pairings on the buttons change in each octave. In the second full octave of the instrument's range, E is paired with D (instead of with F in the first octave), and so on.
| Button | Push | Pull |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | E′ | D′ |
| 6 | G′ | F′ |
| 7 | C″ | A′ |
| 8 | E″ | B′ |
Because the range of each row is typically restricted to two complete octaves (with a few notes above and below), the inconsistent note pairing from one octave to the next remains manageable.
For detailed diagrams of typical note layouts on various types of diatonic button accordion (DBA), seemelodeon.net.
Available keys[edit]
On a one-row DBA, music in a singlemajorkey and its relativeminorcan be played. For example, an instrument in D can play music in D major and B minor. However, the variety of music that can be played on a one-row instrument is wider than these facts might suggest: besides D major and B minor, our one-row instrument in D can play tunes in AMixolydianand EDorian,and tunes that use gapped scales, such aspentatonictunes with a root of D, G or A.
Multi-row systems[edit]
A one-row DBA has the advantages of being light and compact, but is by its nature limited to the notes of a single diatonic scale. Since the mid-to-late 19th century, instruments have been produced with more than one row in order to give players a greater choice of scales and tonalities.
Multi-row systems can be divided into two broad classes: "fourth-apart" systems and "semitone-apart" systems.
Fourth-apart systems[edit]
Fourth-apart systems are the most widespread form of multi-row DBA. Moving from the outside of the keyboard towards the inside, each row is pitched one-fourth higher than its neighbour. Conventionally, the outer keyboard row is specified first: for an example, on a G/C instrument the outer row is in the key of G, the inner row in C.
Commonly used in continental Europe are two-row systems in G/C and C/F and three-row systems in G/C/F, but many other permutations exist. In England, in the latter part of the 20th century, the D/G configuration became firmly established as the standard for interpreting traditional music of England, and particularly for the accompaniment of social andMorris dancing.
Three-row systems are also popular in Mexico and the United States (inConjunto,Tejano,ZydecoandCajunmusics) and Colombia (inVallenatoand Folklor musics).[7]Tunings include B♭/E♭/A♭,A/D/G, G/C/F, F/B♭/E♭and E/A/D. The three-row fourth-apart configuration is known as the "international system."[8]
Multi-row systems obviously extend the range of tonalities available. But since many notes in the additional rows are "reversals" (duplicate notes produced by the opposite bellows action), multi-row systems allow greater flexibility of phrasing, since the player can often choose whether or not to change bellows direction, or to harmonize with a particular chord, by choosing a note from one row or another. Styles of play have developed in which row-crossing allows the bass side to be used to maximum effect, and the number of changes of bellows direction greatly reduced.
Accidentals and reversals[edit]
Another feature designed to increase the flexibility of fourth-apart systems is the inclusion of notes that lie beyond the diatonic scales of each row, or "accidentals". These notes are most often operated by the buttons at the top of the keyboard (that is, closest to the player's chin), below the lowest notes of the scale.
Accidentals are sometimes placed on two extra buttons, or a shorter third row of four or more buttons, close to the bellows. TheClub systemdeveloped by Hohner is a well-established example of this approach. Using the accidentals, and with the added modification of aGleichton(unisonoric second-octave tonic in the centre of the middle row), this system allows players to obtain a fully chromatic scale – albeit in one direction only (draw).[9]
Another use of such additional short rows, or half-rows, is to provide reversals (see above) to give the player greater flexibility.
Semitone-apart systems[edit]
In semitone-apart systems, moving in from the outside the keyboard, each row is pitched a semitone higher than its neighbour. This configuration makes all the notes of thechromatic scaleavailable. As a result, such instruments could strictly be termed chromatic (rather than diatonic) instruments. In practice, however, the restrictions imposed by the single action and layout of the keyboard lead most players to keep to a fairly restricted range of keys (albeit a wider range than is practical on most fourth-apart systems).
The earliest semitone-apart system was C/C♯,and many variants have been used over the years, notably D/D♯and G/G♯.However, since the mid-20th century two main systems have been in widespread use: the B/C system, used mainly for Irish and Scottish music, along with its larger cousin, the B/C/C♯system (which is now little used outside Scotland); and the C♯/D system, somewhat less common, used mainly in Irish music. (Irish-American musicians of the mid-20th century used this system with the position of the rows reversed, i.e. D/C♯.)
Bass systems[edit]
Traditionally, one-row instruments have two or four buttons on the bass side, two-row instruments have eight, and three-row instruments twelve. As mentioned above, bass buttons are conventionally arranged in bass-note/chord pairs.
Some modern players, particularly in France, are driving a trend towards instruments with more complex bass systems, with as many as 16 or even 18 buttons. Sometimes these more elaborate systems will diverge from the single-action principle, and may feature bass notes only instead of bass-chord pairs of buttons.
The B/C/C♯system (also known as theBritish Chromatic System) used in Scotland provides a notable example of the use of a double-action bass side with a single-action melody side: these instruments frequently feature a fullStradella bass systemas used on piano accordions and chromatic button accordions.[10]
Geographical variations on the DBA theme[edit]
Several distinct variations of the DBA have developed in different regions of the world. These include the Russiangarmon,theSteirische Harmonika[notes 1]orSlovenian-style accordion that is popular in Alpine regions of Europe, the SwissSchwyzerörgeliand the Basquetrikitixa;the last two combine single- and double-action (bisonoric and unisonoric) features. A common type of Italianorganettohas a single melody row augmented with a very short half-row of between two and four buttons (often smaller in diameter than those on the main row) providing reversals only.
Advantages and disadvantages of the diatonic system[edit]
DBAs have two main advantages when compared with chromatic accordions such as piano accordions and chromatic button accordions: 1) smaller size and lighter weight, 2) and the rhythmic effects inherent in the single ( "push-pull" ) action.
The size and weight difference results from the nature of accordion reeds, which produce sound when air is moved through them in one direction only. In other words, for any key or button, two reeds are necessary: one to sound on the press, and one to sound on the draw. Because a double-action instrument sounds the same note on both press and draw, it needs two reeds for any given note in its range, where a single-action instrument—which sounds a different note on press and draw—requires only one. Any double-action instrument thus requires roughly twice as many reeds as an equivalent single-action instrument, making it larger and considerably heavier. (Another way to understand this difference is to consider the fact that a double-action instrument generally requires twice as many keys or buttons to produce a range of notes as a single-action instrument: for example, a piano accordion requires 8 keys (16 reeds) to sound a diatonic scale from C to C', where a DBA pitched in C requires 4 buttons (8 reeds) to produce the same notes.) This size and weight advantage is somewhat eroded in more complex, multi-row variants of the DBA, alluded to below.
The rhythmic effects inherent in the push-pull action are very well suited to the lively rhythms of dance music, and traditional dance music in particular. (On multi-row fourth-apart instruments, players can to some extent counter the natural push-pull effect with a row-crossing playing style that "smooths out" the musical phrasing; on semitone-apart systems, depending on the key of the piece being played, players may be obliged to adopt a smoother style.) Additionally, the close-togetherness of the notes on a DBA allow some tunes (particularly the quick folkdances and tunes written for the instrument) to be played with more ease and speed than on the more spread-out keyboards of chromatic- and piano-accordions. For example, playing an Irish reel might be easier on a B/C system diatonic than on a piano-accordion, and a SwissSchottischorLändlermight be easier to play on aSchwyzerörgelithan on a piano or even a chromatic due to the chordal/arpeggio phrases that fall naturally on the buttons that are arranged thus.
The main disadvantage of the diatonic system is that playing in a wide range of keys is impractical. Attempts to overcome this limitation, for example by adding extra rows and more complicated bass systems, invariably add extra bulk and weight, thereby compromising an advantage in striving to overcome a disadvantage. Extreme examples are 18-bass three-row instruments of the type favoured by some French musicians, and B/C/C♯accordions with 120-button Stradella basses: the size and weight of both these types can be greater than medium-sized piano or chromatic accordions.
Notable players[edit]
- Basque:Kepa Junkera
- Belgium: Wilfrid Moonen, Rik Boone, Louis Spagna, Toon Van Mierlo, Pascale Rubens
- Brazil:Renato Borghetti,Gilberto Monteiro
- Colombia:Israel Romero(Vallenato),Aniceto Molina(Cumbia),Alfredo Gutiérrez(Vallenato),Alejo Durán(Vallenato),Emiliano Zuleta(Vallenato),Colacho Mendoza(Vallenato),Lisandro Meza(Porro and Cumbia),Antonio Rivas(Vallenato).
- Dominican Republic:Krency Garcia(Merengue Tipico)Tatico Henriquez(Merengue Tipico)
- England:Hazel Askew,Andy Cutting,Tim Edey,John Kirkpatrick,Brian Peters,Saul Rose,John Spiers,Rod Stradling,John Tams,Tim van Eyken,Cohen Braithwaite-Kilcoyne, Martin Ellison, Paul Young, Will Pound, Archie Churchill-Moss
- Ireland:Joe Burke,Bobby Gardiner,Joe Cooley,Tony MacMahon,James Keane,Joe Derrane,Jackie Daly,Máirtín O'Connor,Sharon Shannon,Johnny O'Leary,Johnny Connolly
- Italy:Denis Novato,Riccardo Tesi,Ambrogio_Sparagna,[it]Massimiliano Morabito, Donatello Pisanello.
- Mexico:Ramón Ayala(Norteño),[11]
- Netherlands: Frans Tromp
- Newfoundland:Harry Hibbs,Minnie White,Frank Maher
- Norway:Rannveig Djønne,Tom Willy Rustad[no]
- Scotland:Peter Wyper,Jimmy Shand,Will Starr,Fergie MacDonald
- Slovenia:Lojze Slak
- USA:John Kimmel,Joe Derrane,Huddie Ledbetter,Marc Savoy(Louisiana Cajun), JBoozoo Chavis(Louisiana "Zydeco" ),Flaco Jimenez( "Conjunto" )[11]Mojo ofMojo & The Bayou Gypsies(Zydeco & Cajun)
Repertoire[edit]
Classical[edit]
- Dances from a New England Album, 1856for orchestra byWilliam Bergsmaincludes parts for melodeon (movements I–III) andharmonium(movement IV).
See also[edit]
- Accordion
- Bandoneon
- Cajun accordion
- Chromatic button accordion
- Concertina
- Piano accordion
- Ralé-poussé
Notes[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^Bild:Schwarz-kaerntnerlkand.jpg[de]Picture of Steirische Harmonika
Citations[edit]
- ^Mallinson, Dave.The D/G Melodeon.Cleckheaton, Yorkshire: mally (2002)ISBN1-899512-01-2.Page 3.
- ^Ulster Folklife.Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. 1996. p. 89.Retrieved5 May2013.
- ^Vallely, Fintan (ed.),Companion to Irish Traditional Music,Cork University Press, Cork, Ireland, 2012.ISBN978-1-85918-450-9
- ^Puchmertl, Miloš.Škola hry na diatonické harmoniky helikónky.Prague: Trizonia.ISBN8090011780.
- ^Smith, Graeme. "Modern-Style Irish Accordion Playing: History, Biography and Class" inEthnomusicology,Vol. 41. No. 3, Fall 1997, page 3.
- ^Smith, page 3.
- ^"Musician's Guide to Acordeon Conjunto Norteño - Table of Contents".
- ^"Musician's Guide to the Club System Button Accordion - Introduction".delaguerre.
- ^"Musician's Guide to the Club System Button Accordion - Introduction".delaguerre.
- ^"The British Button Box - John Kirkpatrick".johnkirkpatrick.co.uk.
- ^abGerber, Marisa (3 April 2014)."More fans of the accordion are squeezing in lessons".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved9 April2014.
External links[edit]
