Merfolk
Merfolk,Mercreatures,MermenorMerpeopleare legendary water-dwelling, human-like beings. They are attested infolkloreandmythologythroughout the ages in various parts of the world. Merfolk, Merpeople, or simply Mer refers to humanoid creatures that live in deep waters like Mermaids, Sirens, Cecaelia etc.
In English, female merfolk are calledmermaids,although in a strict sense, mermaids are confined to beings who are half-woman and half-fish in appearance; male merfolk are calledmermen.Depending on the story, they can be described as either ugly or beautiful.
Chineserényú(Nhân ngư) stands for "merfolk", but in ancient geographical or natural historical tracts, the term referred to "human-fish" or "man-fish" purported to inhabit rivers or lakes in certain parts of China. The Japanese analogueningyo(Nhân ngư) likewise translates to "merfolk" while, at the same time, having also applied to various human-like fish recorded in writings from medieval times into the Edo Period.
China
[edit]Certain fantastical types of "fish", generically referred to asrenyu(NgườiCá,"human-fish" ) are alleged to occur in various parts of China according to theShan Hai Jing(Classic of Mountains and Seas,4th century BC). It is mentioned in theBei Shan Jing( "Classic of the Northern mountains" ),Zhong Shan Jing(Central Mountains), andXi Shan Jing(Western Mountains) sections of this work.[1][2]
This work and others also mention several additional types of "anthropomorphic fish"[3]with limbs in other regions such as thechiru (XíchNhư;"red ru fish"[4]) andlingyu (LăngCá;"hill-fish" ), considered to be in the same category of creatures. Certain tribes or races of humans were also described being part-fish, namely theDi people .[5][1]
It is recorded that theMausoleum of the First Qin Emperorwas illuminated with lamps fueled by the oil of the human-fish (renyu), whose flames were meant to last a very long time.[6][7]
Renyuor human-fish
[edit]- (akahaieryu.subtypestiyuandniyu)
Therenyu(Nhân ngư;human-fish) is described in theBei Shan Jing( "Classic of the North Mountains" ) section as dwelling on Mt. Longhou (Long hầu sơn,"Dragon-Marquis Mountain" ) in the waters of the Jueshui (Quyết thủy,"Bursting River" ), which flows eastward into theYellow River.[11]It is said to "resemble thetiyu"[12][13](translated as "resemble catfish"[14][10][15])[16][c][20]possess four legs, with a voice like baby crying.[21]
Eating the fish purportedly cured idiocy[14]or dementia.[22][23]This fish as a cure was also quoted in theCompendium of Materia MedicaorBencao Gangmu(1596) under its entry forTiyu(Chinese:䱱 cá)[21]
TheBencao Gangmucategorized thetiyu(䱱Cá) as one of two types of "human-fish" (renyu). The human-fish were also known as "child-fish" orhaieryu(HàiNhiCá;Hài nhi cá).[21][29]
The other type, called theniyu(NghêCá) is elaborated in a separate section.[32]It has been noted byLi Shizhenthat the character for theNiyu(NiNghêfish) consists of the "fish"inde xing component(Cá) and "child" (Nhi) radical.[31]
Translators of theBencao Gangmuattempt to match entries with actualtaxaof animals, forbs, etc., where possible, and thetiyutype is glossed as "newts" while theniyutype is "Chinese giant salamander".[26]
Chiruor red ru fish
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg/220px-%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg.png)
Thechiru (Xích như;"red ru fish".[4]Wade-Giles:ch'ih-ju;"red ju"[34]) is described in theNan Shan Jing( "Classic of the Southern Mountains" ) as a human-headed fish. It is said to be found in the Qingqushan (Thanh Khâu Sơn"Green-Hills Mountains" ) in the Pool-of-Yi (Yì zhī zéCánh chi trạch;"Carp-Wings Lake" ). It is described as basically fish-form but having a human face, and issuing sounds like themandarin duck.Eating it purportedly preventedscabiesor itchy skin.[35][4]
The illustration of thechirufrom China may have influenced the legless, human-faced fish visualization of some of theningyoin Japan, according to the hypothesis ofMorihiko Fujisawa .[36]
Jiaoren
[edit]Thejiaoren(GiaoNgười"flood dragonpeople "orGiaoNgười"shark people" )[38][e]that appear inmedievalwritings are considered to be references tomerfolk.[3][40][41]
This mythical southern mermaid ormermanis recorded inRen Fang 'sShuyi ji "Records of Strange Things" (early 6th century CE).[43][44]
In the midst of the South Sea are the houses of thekău(Chinese:Giao;pinyin:jiao;Wade–Giles:chiao[45]) people who dwell in the water like fish, but have not given up weaving at the loom. Their eyes have the power to weep, but what they bring forth is pearls.[46]
Similar passages appear in other texts such as theBowuzhi(Bác Vật Chí,"Treatise of Manifold"c. 290 CE) as "weep[ing] tears that became pearls".[47][48][49][f]
These aquatic people supposedly spun a type of raw silk calledjiaoxiaoGiaoTiêu"mermaid silk" orjiaonujuanGiaoNữLụa"mermaid woman's silk".Schaferequates this withsea silk,the rare fabric woven frombyssusfilaments produced byPinna"pen shell" mollusks.[50][g]
Loting
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg/220px-%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg)
Loting ( Lư đình ) is a mysterious ethnic group residing in Hong Kong's Myths.[52]They are legendary merfolk half human and half fish, also known as Lo Yu, Lu Heng, or Lo Ting Fish Man.[53]They have lived on Tai O' Lantau Island in Hong Kong since the local civil uprising in the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China.[54]It is said that Loting has fish scales on his fish-like human body, a face that resembles humans, and he enjoys sucking chicken blood.[55]They could use their catch to fish from Tai O and trade chickens with the local human inhabitants to survive.
Japan
[edit]Theningyo(Nhân ngư"human-fish" ) of Japan has its own history in the country's literary record. The earliest references (in theNihon shoki,entry for year 619, reign ofEmpress Suiko) do not specifically use the termningyo,and the "thing" appeared in fresh water (a river inŌmi Province,canalSettsu Province), and may presumed to be a giant salamander.[56]Later accounts claim that Empress Suiko's regentPrince Shōtokuknew the creature to be aningyowhen one was presented to him by representatives of Ōmi.[57]The appearance of the human-fish was strongly associated with ill omen in later treatments of the Prince's encounter with the human-fish.[58]
During the Kamakura Period,ningyoof the marine sort were frequently reported as washing ashore, and these were taken to be ominous signs usually prefiguring bloody battles.[59]
Theningyo,or ratherrenyu(Nhân ngư) and the like found in Chinese sources (chiru,tiyuetc., etc., discussed above) were also discussed in Japanese literature, for example, works of scholars of herbal and traditional medicine, such asKaibara Ekiken(d. 1714) andOno Ranzan(d. 1810). These Japanese scholars were also aware of European discussions on "sirens", "anthropomorphic fish", "peixe muller(fish-woman) ", etc.[60][61]
In popular culture
[edit]- Merfolk are a fictional race of humanoids that live underwater inDungeons & Dragons.
- Merfolk are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics inMagic: The Gathering.
- Merfolk are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics inSpectromancer.
- InOne Piece,the Merfolk are among the different races in the anime and one of the two types that dwell underwater (the other being the Fishmen). Each of the Merfolk has their "fish" parts based on different fishes and related creatures likecoelacanths,icefish,kissing gouramis,Japanese rice fish,striped beakfish,righteye flounders,olive flounders,blue-striped angelfish,smelt-whitings,sharks,oarfish,opahs,blue-ringed octopuses,shortfin mako sharks,seahorses,catfish,Bering wolffish,goldfish,andbrotulashowever not all of them are half fish as they have the aquatic parts of other marine creatures from waist down instead like an octopus.
- InMonster Musume,Meroune Lorelei is a mermaid princess wearing gothic loli clothes who moves around in a wheelchair when she's out of water.
- The Techno Trolls introduced inTrolls World Tourbears a striking resemblance to mermaids but are able to survive and walk on dry land like the other tribes of trolls.
See also
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
- Mer (disambiguation)
- Naiad,female spirits ofGreek mythology
- Nixie,water spirits of Germanic (especially Scandinavian) folklore
- Piscine humanoid
- Rusalka,female spirits of Slavic folklore
Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^The accompanying text here says therenyuresembles a fish calledfei.
- ^Image for thetiyu(renyu/haieryu) inSuzuki tr. 1929Benca Gangmuis reproduced inKuzumi 2006b,p. 60 which resembles this picture.
- ^Thetiyuis not literally a catfish but a subtype ofrenyu"human-fish", according to theBencao Gangmu,as given below. However, this translation may be justified in the light ofGuo Pu's commentary to theBei Shan Jing,which reads "Therenyuis, namely, theniyu.It resembles catfish with four feet/legs, and voice like a child crying. Nowadays this catfish is also called thetiNhân ngư tức nghê cũng. Tựa niêm mà bốn chân, thanh như nhi đề. Nay cũng hô niêm vi 䱱. Âm đề (テイ) ". In Naoaki Maeno ed. (1975).Sengaikyō retsu sennin denapudYamaguchi (1995)[17]
- ^A close copy of this woodcut occurs in Wu Renchen's edition of 1667.[33]
- ^The conception of them seems to have shifted from half-reptilian to half-fish in later periods.[39]
- ^A 15th-century compilation of quotations from Chinese literature, theChengyu kao (Chinese:Thành ngữ khảo;"Idioms investigated" ) merely gives a partial quote from theBowuzhias "The mermaid wept tears that became pearls".[49]
- ^Chinese writings claimed that the raw material for such "silk" came fromshuiyangThủy dương "water sheep" orshuicanThủyTằm"water silkworm" akabingcanBăngTằm"ice silkworm".[51]Cf.sea silk.
References
[edit]Citations
- ^abKuzumi (2006b),p. 53.
- ^Kong Chao; Chen Fengheng (1808).Yì zhōu shū, juàn 17. Wáng huì jiě, dì 59Dật chu quyển sách mười bảy vương sẽ giải thứ năm mươi chín[Supplementary Notes # 59 to the Wang Hui ( "Royal Assemblies" ) Chapter of the Lost Book of Zhou]. Chenshi Dusao lou congshu Trần thị đọc tao lâu bộ sách 38. fol. 21b..Commentary relating to the Huì people (Yemaek) in the east.
- ^abMagnani (2022),p. 87.
- ^abcStrassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018)."15. Red Ru-fish (Chiru)"Xích như.A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from theGuideways Through Mountains and Seas.University of California Press.p. 89.ISBN978-0-52029-851-4.
- ^Magnani (2022),p. 89.
- ^Sima Qian (1993)."Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko"Trùng bộ thứ 42 cuốn phụ lục thủy hổ.Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty.Vol. 3. Translated byWatson, Burton.Columbia University Press. p. 3.ISBN9780231081689.
- ^Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018)."292. Hill-fish (Lingyu)"Lăng cá.A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from theGuideways Through Mountains and Seas.University of California Press.pp. 203–204.ISBN978-0-52029-851-4.
- ^Wang Qi[in Chinese];Wang Siyi, eds. (1609)."Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu"Điểu thú sáu quyển động vật sống dưới nước loại nhân ngư[Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.].Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106Tam tài đồ sẽ đệ 94 cuốn ( toàn 106 cuốn ).N. p.;AlsoHuaiyin caotang hòe âm thảo đường published version of 1609,with additional proofing editors ( đàm tân hoàng ・ thịnh đông thự ) listed at the book 5 title page.
- ^Wang Fu[in Chinese],ed. (1895)."Book 3.Bei Shan Jing,No. 3 "Quyển chi tam Bắc Sơn kinh đệ tam.Shan hai jing cunSơn Hải Kinh tồn.Wang Yi Bo. fol. 19a.(illustration atfol. 27a)
- ^abBirrell tr. (2000),p. 45.
- ^Alternatively, River BurstBurst (Quyết quyết thủy) on Mount Dragonbutt.[10]
- ^"Juan 03. Bei Shan Jing"Cuốn 03 Bắc Sơn kinh[Classic of Northern Mountains].Shan Hai Jing (SKQS)Sơn Hải Kinh ( bốn kho toàn sách vở ).1773–1782 [c. 400BC] – viaWikisource.
Lại Đông Bắc hai trăm dặm rằng long hầu chi sơn vô cỏ cây nhiều kim ngọc quyết quyết chi thủy ra nào 〈 âm quyết 〉 mà chảy về hướng đông chú với hà trong đó nhiều nhân ngư này trạng như 䱱 cá bốn chân này âm như trẻ con〈䱱 thấy trung sơn kinh có người nói rằng nhân ngư tức nghê cũng tựa niêm mà bốn chân thanh như tiểu nhi đề nay cũng hô niêm vì 䱱 âm đề 〉Thực chi vô si tật
- ^Cf.Unschuld tr. (2021),p. 733: "TheBei shan jingstates: "The Jue shui river has manyren yuNhân ngư sea-cows. They are shaped liketi yu䱱 cá, newts, but have four feet.. "
- ^abStrassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018)."125. Human-fish (Renyu)"Nhân ngư.A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from theGuideways Through Mountains and Seas.University of California Press.p. 129.ISBN978-0-52029-851-4.
- ^Cf.Luo tr. (2003),p. 3606: "Beishan Jing:In Jueshui River there are many dugongs. They look like catfish but have four legs.. ""
- ^Cf.Unschuld tr. (2021),p. 733:
- ^Yamashita, Tetsurō[in Japanese](1995-06-30),"Hōbutsushū shikai (4): Shukke tonsei setsuwa kiji no kōshō (sono 1)"『 bảo vật tập 』 tư giải ( bốn ) - xuất gia lánh đời nói chuyện ký sự の khảo chứng ( そ の một ) -(PDF),Meiji daigaku Nihon bungaku,23:21,hdl:10291/14933
- ^Yuan, Ke[in Chinese],ed. (2004).Shānhāijīng jiàozhùSơn Hải Kinh chú thích.Liren shuji.ISBN9789579113359.
- ^Fujisawa (1925),pp. 45–46.
- ^This Guo Pu quote as commentary toBei Shan Jingis hard to confirm in other secondary sources, but similar phrases aboutrenyuresembling catfish were written by other near-contemporaries, one being "Guangzhi" quảng chí (attributed to Guo Yigong Quách Nghĩa cung ) as preserved in theShui Jing Zhu:Yi River,cf. commentary to theHainei bei jingTrong nước bắc kinh (Classic of regions within the seas: North), by Yuan Ke.[18]Another isXu Gugang ,probably from hisShiji Yinyior "Pronunciation and Meaning of the Shiji"; both these are quoted in annotations to theShiji:Books of the First Emperor of Qin, 6, which mentions the human-fish oil used for lanterns in the Emperor's tumulus.[19]
- ^abcLi Shizhen,Bencao Gangmu,(Chapter 44 §42) "Animals with Scales 4": §Tiyu. (Chinese);[24][25](English translations);[26][27](Japanese tr.).[28]
- ^Unschuld tr. (2021),p. 733.
- ^Luo tr. (2003),p. 3606.
- ^abLi Shizhen (1596).
- ^abLi Shizhen (1782).
- ^abUnschuld tr. (2021),pp. 732–733.
- ^Luo tr. (2003),pp. 3606–3607.
- ^abSuzuki tr. (1929).
- ^Luo tr. (2003), index.6:4255
- ^Unschuld tr. (2021),pp. 733–734.
- ^abLuo tr. (2003),pp. 3607.
- ^Li Shizhen,Bencao Gangmu,(Chapter 44 §43) "Animals with Scales 4": §Niyu. (Chinese);[24][25](English translations);[30][31](Japanese tr.).[28]
- ^Guo Pu(1667)."Juan 3. Shouzu. Gu điểu"Sơn Hải Kinh đồ quyển tam Thú tộc cổ điêu[Book 3. Beast-kind.Poison-Eagle]. InWu Zhiyi (Wu Renchen)[in Chinese](ed.).Tuxiang shanhaijing xiangzhuHình ảnh Sơn Hải Kinh tường chú.Wang Shihan proofing ed. Fu Wen Tang.
- ^Schiffeler (1977),p. 120.
- ^"Juan 01. Nan Shan Jing"Cuốn 01 Nam Sơn kinh[Classic of Southern Mountains].Shan Hai Jing (SKQS)Sơn Hải Kinh ( bốn kho toàn sách vở ).1773–1782 [c. 400BC] – viaWikisource.
- ^Fujisawa (1925),p. 26.
- ^Schafer, Edward H.(1952)."The Pearl Fisheries of Ho-p'u".Journal of the American Oriental Society.72(4): 156.doi:10.2307/596378.JSTOR596378.
- ^Edward H. Schaferalso refers to "shark" here being interchangeable withjiaodragon (which he suggests translating as "cockatrice" ).[37]
- ^Nakano (1983),p. 143.
- ^Sugimoto, Akiko (2006)."Chasing the Moon (Part 9)"Truy nguyệt nhớ.Journal of the American Oriental Society.42(3). Translated by William Wetherall: 40.
Jiaoren ( giao nhân mythical fish-human, mermaid, merman)
.website - ^Nakano (1983),p. 143;Matsuoka (1982),p. 49
- ^Nakano (1983),p. 140.
- ^Ren Fang,Shuyi Ji,second volume.:[42]"Nam Hải trung có giao nhân thất thủy cư như cá không phế cơ dệt này mắt khóc tắc ra châu tấn mộc 𤣥 hư hải phú trời cao sâm thủy quái giao nhân chi thất" (translation quoted below).
- ^Schafer (1952),p. 160, quoting theShu-i shark-people(extracted inPiya1.17): "In the South of the Sea are the houses of the shark people.."
- ^Schafer 1967,pp. 217–218
- ^Schafer 1967,p. 220
- ^Zhang Hua trương hoa."Book 2, "Foreigners" section; cuốn chi nhị “Dị nhân”".BowuzhiBác Vật Chí– viaWikisource.
Nam Hải ngoại có giao nhân, thủy cư như cá, không phế dệt tích, này mắt có thể khóc châu.
- ^Magnani (2022),p. 91.
- ^abLockhart, James Haldane Stewart, Sir(1893).A Manual of Chinese Quotations: Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao.Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p.280.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Schafer 1967,p. 221
- ^Schafer, Edward H.(1963).The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics.University of California Press. pp. 202–203.ISBN9780520054622.
- ^"Lư đình: Đại đảo sơn Hong Kong thần thoại".Cảng văn hóa 18 khu(in Chinese).Retrieved2024-07-20.
- ^"Loan khu chuyện xưa / nói Lư đình - đại công báo".Đại công văn hối tkww.hk.Retrieved2024-07-20.
- ^"Lư theo",Duy cơ bách khoa, tự do bách khoa toàn thư(in Chinese), 2023-04-12,retrieved2024-07-20
- ^Bàn phím đại chanh (2019-11-30)."“Hong Kong nhân ngư” mình người đuôi cá, thích thực máu gà truyền vì cảng người tổ tiên thê lương thân thế tàng hành tây | vịt trứng thanh | bàn phím đại chanh | ETtoday tin tức vân ".ettoday.net(in Traditional Chinese).Retrieved2024-07-20.
- ^Castiglioni (2021),pp. 8–9.
- ^Castiglioni (2021),pp. 9–10.
- ^Castiglioni (2021),pp. 9–13.
- ^Castiglioni (2021),pp. 13–15.
- ^Castiglioni (2021),p. 22.
- ^Kuzumi (2006a),pp. 61–65.
Bibliography
- The Classic of Mountains and Seas.Translated by Birrell, Anne. Penguin Books. 2000.ISBN9780140447194.
- Castiglioni, Andrea (2021)."The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan".Japanese Journal of Religious Studies.48(1): 1–44.doi:10.18874/jjrs.48.1.2021.1-44.JSTOR27039930.S2CID237709697.
- Fujisawa, Morihiko[in Japanese](1925).Nhân ngư truyền thuyết khảo.Nihon densetsu kenkyūNhật Bản vân nói nghiên cứu(in Japanese). Vol. 2. Daitōkaku. pp. 19–48.
- Kuzumi, Kazuo (June 2006a)."Edo jidai no 'ningyo' zō (2): Hakubutsugaku no hakurai wo chūshin to shite"Giang hộ thời đại の “Nhân ngư” giống ( 2 ) ― bác vật học の thuyền tới を trung tâm として[Das Bild der „ Seejungfraun “in der Edo-Zeit 2](PDF).Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University(2): 45–55.hdl:10270/499.
- Kuzumi, Kazuo (December 2006b)."Edo jidai izen no 'ningyo' zō: Nihon ni okeru 'ningyo' zō no genten e no apurōchi"Giang hộ thời đại trước kia の “Nhân ngư” giống: Nhật Bản における “Nhân ngư” giống の nguyên điểm へ の アプローチ[Das Bild der „Seejungfraun “vor der Edo-Zeit: Das Herantreten an den Ausgangspunkt des Bildes der „ Seejungfrau “in Japan](PDF).Bulletin of the Faculty of Human Development and Culture Fukushima University(4): 51–61.hdl:10270/500.
- Li Shizhen(1596). .Bencao GangmuBản Thảo Cương Mục– viaWikisource.
- Li Shizhen(1782) [1596]. .Bencao Gangmu (SKQS)Bản Thảo Cương Mục ( bốn kho toàn sách vở )– viaWikisource.
- Li Shizhen (1929)."Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko"Trùng bộ thứ 42 cuốn phụ lục thủy hổ.Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmokuĐầu chú quốc 訳 Bản Thảo Cương Mục(in Japanese). Vol. 10. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō.
- Li Shizhen (2021)."Animals with Scales. Chapter 44.Ti yu.Ni yu"䱱 cá. Nghê cá.Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells.Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. pp. 732–734.ISBN9780520976986.
- Li Shizhen (2003)."Drug 44-42 Tiyu. Drug 44-43 Niyu".Compendium of Materia Medica: Bencao Gangmu.Vol. 5. Translated byLuo Xiwen[in Chinese].Foreign Languages Press. pp. 3606–3607.ISBN9787119032603.
- Magnani, Arianna (May 2022)."Searching for Sirenes in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Fantastic Taxonomies of Anthropomorphic Fish in Chinese and Jesuit Texts"(PDF).Sulla Via del Catai(26): 87–105.
- Matsuoka, Masako tùng cương chính tử (1982-12-01)."Ningyo densetsu: Sengaikyō wo jiku to shite"“Nhân ngư truyền thuyết” ―『 Sơn Hải Kinh 』を trục として―[Mermaid Legends Told Mainly in Shan-hai jing].Journal of Waseda University Society of Chinese Literature.8:49–66.
- Nakano, Miyoko trung dã mỹ đại tử (1983).Chūgoku no yōkaiTrung Quốc の yêu quái.Iwanami Shoten. pp. 140–143.ISBN9784004202356.
- Schafer, Edward H.(1967).The Vermillion Bird: T'ang Images of the South.University of California Press.
- Schiffeler, John William (1977).The Legendary Creatures of the Shan Hai Ching.Vol. 1–2. Orient Cultural Service.