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Mescalero-Chiricahua language

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Chiricahua
Ndee bizaa
Native toMexicoandUSA
RegionSonora,Chihuahua,Oklahoma,New Mexico
EthnicityChiricahua,Mescalero
Native speakers
1,500 (2007)[1]
Dené–Yeniseian?
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byInstituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
Language codes
ISO 639-3apm
Glottologmesc1238
ELPMescalero-Chiricahua
Mescalero-Chiricahua is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger[failed verification]
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Mescalero-Chiricahua(also known asChiricahua Apache) is aSouthern Athabaskanlanguage spoken by theChiricahuaandMescaleropeople inChihuahuaandSonora,Méxicoand inOklahomaandNew Mexico.[2]It is related toNavajoandWestern Apacheand has been described in great detail by the anthropological linguistHarry Hoijer(1904–1976), especially in Hoijer & Opler (1938) and Hoijer (1946). Hoijer & Opler'sChiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts,including a grammatical sketch and traditional religious and secular stories, has been converted into an online "book" available from the University of Virginia.

Virginia Klinekole,the first female president of the Mescalero Apache Tribe, was known for her efforts to preserve the language.[3]

There is at least one language-immersion school for children in Mescalero.[4]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Chiricahua has 31consonants:

Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Nasal simple m n
post-stopped (mᵇ) nᵈ
Plosive plain p t ts tˡ~tɬ tʃ k ʔ
aspirated tʰ tsʰ tɬʰ tʃʰ kʰ
ejective tʼ tsʼ tɬʼ tʃʼ kʼ
Fricative voiceless s ɬ ʃ x h
voiced z ɮ ʒ ʝ ɣ

Vowels

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Chiricahua has 16vowels:

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High oral i iː
nasal ĩ ĩː
Mid oral ɛ ɛː o oː
nasal ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː õ õː
Low oral a aː
nasal ã ãː

Chiricahua hasphonemicoral,nasal,short, andlongvowels.

References

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  1. ^ChiricahuaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^"Historia de la lengua y cultura n'dee/n'nee/ndé".
  3. ^"Former tribal leader dies: Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered".Alamogordo Daily News.2011-03-15. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-25.Retrieved2013-03-26.
  4. ^"Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation - Alamogordo Daily News".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-25.Retrieved2015-08-16.

Sources

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  • Hoijer, Harry.(n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
  • Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages".American Anthropologist.40(1): 75–87.doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1939). "Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish".Language.15(2): 110–115.doi:10.2307/408729.JSTOR408729.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945). "Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages".International Journal of American Linguistics.11(1): 13–23.doi:10.1086/463846.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1945). "The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes".International Journal of American Linguistics.11(4): 193–203.doi:10.1086/463871.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense".International Journal of American Linguistics.12(1): 1–13.doi:10.1086/463881.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers".International Journal of American Linguistics.12(2): 51–59.doi:10.1086/463889.
  • Hoijer, Harry (1946). "Chiricahua Apache". In Osgood, C. (ed.).Linguistic structures in North America.New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
  • Hoijer, Harry; Opler, Morris E. (1980) [1938, University of Chicago Press; 1964, University of Chicago Press; 1970, University of Chicago Press].Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts.New York: AMS Press.ISBN0-404-15783-1.
  • Opler, Morris E.; Hoijer, Harry (1940). "The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache".American Anthropologist.42(4): 617–634.doi:10.1525/aa.1940.42.4.02a00070.
  • Pinnow, Jürgen (1988).Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero[The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero] (in German). Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
  • Webster, Anthony K. (2006). "On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of theyi-/bi-Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives ".Southwest Journal of Linguistics.25(2): 143–160.
  • Young, Robert W. (1983). "Apachean languages". In Ortiz, A. (ed.).Handbook of North American Indians.Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 393–400.ISBN0-16-004579-7.
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