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Metromedia

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This article is about the media company. For other uses, seeMetromedia (disambiguation).

Metromedia, Inc.
Company typePublic
IndustryMedia
PredecessorAllen B. DuMont Laboratories
DuMont Broadcasting Corporation
Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation
Founded1931;93 years ago(1931)as Allen B. DuMont Labs
Defunct1997;27 years ago(1997)(as a media company)
FateSold off. Corporate name continues as owner of MetroMedia Technologies.[1]
SuccessorMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer(content library)
Fox Television Stations(broadcast stations)
HeadquartersNew York City,New York,U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
John W. Kluge,founder/chairman/CEO

Stuart Subotnick, Current President/CEO

William Ishida, President/CEO Metromedia Technologies, Inc.
ProductsTelevision, radio, entertainment, advertising
ServicesAdvertising, media display
SubsidiariesOrion Pictures
The Samuel Goldwyn Company
Motion Picture Corporation of America
Metropolitan Broadcasting Corporation

Metromedia(also oftenMetroMedia) was an American media company that ownedradioandtelevision stationsin the United States from 1956 to 1986 and controlledOrion Picturesfrom 1988 to 1997. Metromedia was established in 1956 after theDuMont Television Networkceased operations and itsowned-and-operated stationswere spun off into a separate company. Metromedia sold its television stations toNews Corporationin 1985 (which News Corp. then used to form the nucleus ofFox Television Stations), and spun off its radio stations into a separate company in 1986. Metromedia then acquired ownership stakes in various film studios, including controlling ownership in Orion. In 1997, Metromedia closed down and sold its media assets toMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The company arose from the ashes of theDuMont Television Network,the world's first commercialtelevision network.[2]DuMont had been in economic trouble throughout its existence, and was seriously undermined whenABCaccepted a buyout offer fromUnited Paramount Theatersin 1953. The ABC-UPT deal gave ABC the resources to operate a national television service along the lines ofCBSandNBC.DuMont officials quickly realized the ABC-UPT deal put their network on life support, and agreed in principle to merge with ABC. However, it was forced to back out of the deal when minority ownerParamount Picturesraised antitrust concerns. UPT had only spun off from Paramount four years earlier, and there were still doubts about whether the two companies were really separate.[3]

By 1955, DuMont realized it could not compete against the other three networks and decided to wind down its operations. Soon after DuMont formally shut down network service in 1956, the parent firmDuMont Laboratoriesspun off the network's two remainingowned and operated stations,WABDin New York City andWTTGin Washington, D.C., to shareholders as theDuMont Broadcasting Corporation.[4][5]The company's headquarters were co-located with WABD in the former DuMont Tele-Centre (which was later renamed the Metromedia Telecenter) in New York.

In 1957, DuMont Broadcasting purchased two New York area radio stations, WNEW (nowWBBR)[6]and WHFI (laterWNEW-FMand WWFS),[7][8]and later that year changed its name to theMetropolitan Broadcasting Corporationto distance itself from its former parent company.[9]The following year, Paramount sold its shares in Metropolitan Broadcasting to Washington-based investorJohn Kluge,enough to give Kluge controlling interest. Kluge installed himself as chairman, and later increased his holdings to 75 percent.[10]WABD'scall letterswere later changed to WNEW-TV to match its new radio sisters.[11]

Expansion[edit]

1970s logo for WTCN-TV (nowKARE) inMinneapolis,which included the corporate logo for Metromedia; this logo was also used byKTTVin Los Angeles,WXIXin Cincinnati, andWTTGin Washington D.C.

Metropolitan Broadcasting's first acquisitions includedWHK-AM-FMinCleveland(in 1958);[12]the Foster & Kleiser outdoor advertising firm[13](in 1959); andKOVRinStockton, California,Benedict Gimbel Jr.-owned WIP-AM-FMinPhiladelphia,WTVH-TV (nowWHOI) inPeoria, Illinois,and WTVP television (nowWAND) inDecatur, Illinois(all in 1960).[14][15]In 1961 Metropolitan purchased KMBC-AM-TVinKansas City, Missouri.[16]Later that year the company's name was changed toMetromedia;[17]the Metropolitan Broadcasting name was retained for its broadcasting division until 1967.[18]

In separate 1963 deals the company expanded intoLos Angeles,buying firstKTTV[19]and laterKLACand the original KLAC-FM (nowKIIS-FM).[20]The company would later engineer a swap of FM facilities; the second KLAC-FM (laterKMETand nowKTWV) was established in 1965.[21]Metromedia also entered the realm of live entertainment by purchasing theIce Capades(in 1963)[22]and theHarlem Globetrotters(in 1967).[23]Later in the decade Metromedia opened a television production center in Los Angeles, known asMetromedia Square,which served as the studio facility for numerous network programs. Metromedia also owned a TV production and distribution company calledMetromedia Producers Corporation(MPC), established in 1968 fromWolper Productions.MPC produced and syndicated various programs and TV movies, most notably thegame showTruth or Consequencesand the 1972-86 version ofThe Merv Griffin Show.Metromedia spent the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s increasing its television and radio station portfolio, and continued to expand its syndication business.[citation needed]In 1976, it teamed up withMTM Enterprisesto launch a first-run syndicated variety show.[24]

Metromedia entered therecord businessin 1969 with the launch of theMetromedia Recordslabel, whose biggest-selling artist wasBobby Sherman.The label was also notable as having issued the first two studio albums ofPeter Allen,Peter Allen(1971) andTenterfield Saddler(1972).[25]The label was closed in 1974. Allen'sTenterfield Saddler,the title song of which has become anAustralian standard,was acquired and reissued byA&M Recordsin 1978.[26]

In 1976, similar to the more successfulSFM Holiday Networkof syndicated stations launched two years later, Metromedia teamed up withOgilvy and Matherfor a proposed linking of independent TV stations termedMetroNet.The proposed programming would consist of several Sunday night family dramas, on weeknights a half-hour serial and a gothic series similar toDark Shadows,and on Saturdays a variety program hosted byCharo.The plans for MetroNet failed when advertisers balked at Metromedia's advertising rate, which was only slightly lower than the Big Three's and low national coverage, leaving for another similar operation,Operation Prime Time.[27]In 1979, Metromedia Producers Corporation had also reached a deal withBob Stewart Productionsfor an exclusive co-producing agreement.[28]

In 1982, Metromedia made its biggest broadcasting purchase when it acquiredWCVB-TVinBostonfor $220 million, which at the time was the largest amount ever spent on a single television station property.[29]Two years later, John Kluge bought out Metromedia's shareholders and took the company private.[30]

Also around this time, Metromedia attempted to bring to the air a national newscast for independent stations (much as the rivalTribune Companyhad createdIndependent Network Newsin 1980), planned for launch in the fall of 1983. UnlikeINN,the program was planned to be offered as a hybrid, hour-long local/national newscast, fed to affiliates by satellite as a headlines block and three other segments, which could be aired by local stations in whatever order the stations deemed alongside locally produced news content. Also as part of this plan, Metromedia established full news departments forKRIVin Houston and what was thenKRLD-TVin Dallas (another news department was planned forWFLDin Chicago, but that department ultimately didn't launch until 1987, after the Murdoch buyout). Metromedia attempted to hireCharles Kuraltaway fromCBS Newsto serve as anchor. Kuralt chose to stay to with CBS;John Hartwas also considered as an anchor, but ultimately the planned newscast never came to fruition.[31][32][33][34]

In 1985, it made an attempt to revive the comedyOh, MadelineasThe Madeline Kahn Showfor first-run syndication, but the deal never came to fruition.[35]

1985-86 divestitures[edit]

On May 4, 1985, Kluge announced the sale of Metromedia's television stations, and Metromedia Producers Corp., toNews Corporation(owned by Australian newspaper publisherRupert Murdoch) and20th Century Fox Film Corporation(owned jointly by Murdoch andMarvin Davis) for $3.5 billion. With the exception of WCVB-TV (which was subsequently sold to theHearst Corporation), all of the former Metromedia stations formed the nucleus of theFox Broadcasting Company(which began operations on October 9, 1986), while MPC was folded into20th Century Fox Television.The transactions became official on March 6, 1986.[36][37]Because of these transactions, and the fact that Metromedia was originally spun off from the DuMont Television Network, radio personalityClarke Ingramhas suggested that the Fox network is a revival or at least a linear descendant of DuMont.[38]

Kluge also sold Metromedia's outdoor advertising firm, the Harlem Globetrotters, and the Ice Capades in 1985, its cellular phone and yellow pages divisions to theSouthwestern Bell Corporation(now known as the second incarnation of AT&T, due to SBC's acquisition ofAT&T Corporationin 2005) and spun off the radio stations into a separate company (which took on the Metropolitan Broadcasting name)[39][40][41][42][citation needed]before they were sold to various other owners by the early 1990s.[43]

Legal battles[edit]

In retaliation for a lawsuit brought byPaul Winchell,who sought the rights to his children's television programWinchell-Mahoney Time,which was produced at KTTV in Los Angeles during the mid-1960s, it is believed that KTTV managementdestroyedthe program's video tapes. In 1989 Winchell was awarded nearly $18 million as compensation for Metromedia's capricious behavior.[44][45]

In 1983,Christine Craft,a former evening news co-anchor at KMBC-TV in Kansas City, sued Metromedia on claims of fraud andsexual discrimination.After spending eight months at KMBC-TV in 1981, she was demoted to reporting assignment after afocus groupstudy claimed Craft was "too old, too unattractive and not deferential to men" in the eyes of viewers. Craft declined the reassignment and subsequently resigned from the station. Craft initially won her case, though she lost on appeal at theU.S. Supreme Court.[46][47][48][49]

Ownership of film studios[edit]

On May 22, 1986, Metromedia acquired a 6.5% stake inOrion Pictures Corporation;a movie and television studio.[50]By December, the stake in Orion's ownership was increased to 9.3% to 12.6% and on April 12, 1988, to 44.1%[51]On May 20, 1988, Metromedia acquiredSumner Redstone's share for $78 million, holding a majority stake in Orion Pictures worth nearly 67%. In 1995, Kluge merged Orion, MCEG Sterling Entertainment (producer of theLook Who's Talkingseries), the holding company Actava, and Metromedia into a new Metromedia International Group.[52]In November 1995, Metromedia announced that it would acquireMotion Picture Corporation of America(MPCA) for $32 million, followed byThe Samuel Goldwyn Companyfor $115 million in February 1996.[53][54]On April 11, 1997, Metromedia sold Orion/Goldwyn and MPCA toMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer(MGM) for $573 million and was closed on July 10 of the same year.[55][56]In 1998, MPCA broke apart from MGM becoming independent again.

Activities following film sale[edit]

Following the sale of the film business to MGM, Metromedia still ownedMetromedia Restaurant Group(which it had renamed from S&A Restaurant Group, which was acquired fromGrand Metropolitan) in 1990[57]as well as Metromedia Fiber Network. The latter went bankrupt a few years later and becameAboveNet,while the former went bankrupt in 2008.

Typeface[edit]

Beginning in 1967, Metromedia's television stations began utilizing a sans-serif typeface for their on-air logo. The typeface was a proprietary one calledMetromedia Television Alphabet,[18]which was as distinctive as the typeface employed byGroup Wunit ofWestinghouse Electricfor its TV and radio stations beginning in 1963.Metromedia Television Alphabetwas used for the channel numbers of its television stations until 1977, when another typeface modeled slightly after theFuturafamily was introduced.[citation needed]

Former Metromedia stations[edit]

Stations are listed Alpha betically by state andcity of license.

Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was built and signed-on by Metromedia or its predecessor companies. This list does not include WDTV (nowKDKA-TV) inPittsburghorKCTYin Kansas City. Although DuMont owned the two stations at some point, Metromedia never owned either of these two stations.

Television stations[edit]

City of license/Market Station Channel Years owned Current status
Los Angeles, CA KTTV 11 1963–1986 Foxowned-and-operated (O&O)
San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose, CA KNEW-TV 32 1968–1970 Non-commercialindependentKMTP-TV,
owned by Minority Television Project
Stockton–Sacramento–Modesto, CA KOVR 13 1959–1964 CBSowned-and-operated (O&O)
Washington, D.C. WTTG** 5 1956–1986 Fox owned-and-operated (O&O)
Chicago, IL WFLD-TV 32 1983–1986 Fox owned-and-operated (O&O)
Decatur–Springfield–Champaign–Urbana, IL WTVP 17 1960–1965 NBCaffiliateWAND,owned byBlock Communications
Peoria–Bloomington, IL WTVH-TV 19 1959–1965 TBDowned-and-operated (O&O),WHOI
Newport, KY–Cincinnati, OH WXIX-TV 19 1972–1983 Fox affiliate owned byGray Television
Boston, MA WCVB-TV 5 1982–1986 ABCaffiliate owned byHearst Television
Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN WTCN-TV 11 1972–1983 NBC affiliateKARE,owned byTegna
Kansas City, MO KMBC-TV 9 1961–1982[a] ABC affiliate owned by Hearst Television
New York City, NY WABD/
WNEW-TV ** 		5 1956–1986 Fox owned-and-operated (O&O)WNYW
Dallas–Fort Worth, TX KRLD-TV 33 1983–1986 The CWoutletKDAF,owned-and-operated (O&O) byNexstar Media Group
Houston, TX KRIV-TV 26 1978–1986 Fox owned-and-operated (O&O)

Radio stations[edit]

AM Station FM Station
City of license / Market Station Years owned Current ownership
Los Angeles, CA KLAC570 1963–1984 iHeartMedia
KLAC-FM 102.7 1963–1965 KIIS-FM,iHeartMedia
KLAC-FM/KMET94.7 1965–1986 KTWV,Audacy, Inc.
San Francisco–Oakland, CA KNEW910 1966–1980 KKSF,iHeartMedia
KSAN-FM 94.9 1966–1981 KYLD,iHeartMedia
Denver–Boulder, CO KHOW630 1981–1985 iHeartMedia
Washington, D.C. WASH-FM97.1 1968–1986 iHeartMedia
Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater, FL WWBA-FM 107.3 1981–1986 WXGL,Cox Media Group
Chicago, IL WDHF/WMET-FM 95.5 1972–1983 WCHI-FM,iHeartMedia
Baltimore, MD WCBM680 1963–1986 WCBM Maryland Inc.
WCBM-FM 106.5 1963–1968 WWMX,Audacy, Inc.
Detroit, MI WOMC104.3 1972–1986 Audacy, Inc.
Kansas City, MO KMBC 980 1961–1967[a] KMBZ,Audacy, Inc.
KMBC-FM/KMBR 99.7 ** 1962–1967 KZPT,Audacy, Inc.
New York City, NY WNEW 1130 1957–1986 WBBR,Bloomberg L.P.
WNEW-FM102.7 ** 1958–1986 Audacy, Inc.
Cleveland, OH WHK1420 1958–1972[b] Salem Media Group
WHK-FM/WMMS100.7 1958–1972[b] iHeartMedia
Philadelphia, PA WIP 610 1959–1986 WTEL,Beasley Broadcast Group
WIP-FM/WMMR93.3 1959–1986 Beasley Broadcast Group
Dallas–Fort Worth, TX KRLD1080 1978–1986[c] Audacy, Inc.
Seattle–Tacoma, WA KJR950 1980–1984 iHeartMedia
  1. ^abThe acquisition of KMBC-AM-TV also includedKMOS-TVinSedalia, Missouri,andKFRM radioinConcordia, Kansas.Both stations were subsequently spun off by Metropolitan Broadcasting to other firms.[58]
  2. ^abDuMont Broadcasting also acquired aconstruction permitfor channel 19 in Cleveland along with its purchase of WHK radio in 1958 but that station, intended to be called WHK-TV, never signed on. The channel 19 allocation was later occupied byWOIO.
  3. ^The acquisition of KRLD also included theTexas State Network.

Television syndication[edit]

This is a list of television programs that were produced and/or syndicated by Metromedia Producers Corporation (MPC):

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abcdefRights now owned byCBS Media Ventures.
  2. ^abcdefgCurrently distributed bySony Pictures Television.
  3. ^abCurrently distributed byDisney-ABC Domestic Television
  4. ^Currently owned byNBCUniversal(viaDreamWorks Animation).
  5. ^Currently owned by Tanslin Media.
  6. ^abCurrently distributed byWarner Bros. Television.
  7. ^Currently distributed by Reelin' In the Years Productions on behalf of The Griffin Group.
  8. ^abCurrently distributed by thePeter Rodgers Organization.
  9. ^Rights now owned byStudioCanal.
  10. ^Later distributed byWorldvision EnterprisesandShout! Factory.
  11. ^Rights now owned by Paul Winchell's family.

References[edit]

  1. ^"About Us".MetroMedia Technologies. Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2011.RetrievedOctober 3,2018.
  2. ^Goldenson, Leonard H.;Wolf, Marvin J. (1991).Beating the Odds.New York: Macmillan. p.105.ISBN9780684190556.
  3. ^"DuMont TV".Archived fromthe originalon December 31, 2006.RetrievedDecember 31,2006.
  4. ^"DuMont network to quit in telecasting 'spin-off.'"Broadcasting - Telecasting,August 15, 1955, pg. 64.[1][permanent dead link]
  5. ^"DuMont completes spin-off, separates broadcasting, labs.'"Broadcasting - Telecasting,December 5, 1955, pg. 7.[2][permanent dead link]
  6. ^"DuMont pays $7.5 million for WNEW."Broadcasting,March 25, 1957, pp. 31-32.[3][permanent dead link][4][permanent dead link]
  7. ^"Changing Hands."Broadcasting,November 18, 1957, pg. 96[permanent dead link]
  8. ^"For the Record."Broadcasting - Telecasting,January 6, 1958, p. 108.[5][permanent dead link]
  9. ^"DuMont revenue grows, name change approved."Broadcasting,May 19, 1958, pg. 84.[6][permanent dead link]
  10. ^"Kluge buying Paramount's 21% of Metropolitan Broadcasting."Broadcasting,December 1, 1958, pg. 9.[7][permanent dead link]
  11. ^"Name change."Broadcasting,September 8, 1958, pg. 84[permanent dead link]
  12. ^"Changing Hands"(PDF).Broadcasting.Vol. 54, no. 16. April 21, 1958. p. 58.RetrievedSeptember 5,2022– via World Radio History.
  13. ^Spielvogel, Carl. "Advertising: an acquisition set."The New York Times,December 20, 1959.
  14. ^"3 blessings with 2 rebukes."Broadcasting,January 4, 1960, pg. 40.[8][permanent dead link]
  15. ^[9][permanent dead link]"Changing hands."Broadcasting,January 18, 1960, pp. 95-96[permanent dead link]
  16. ^"Metropolitan buying KMBC."Broadcasting,December 26, 1960, pp. 51-52.[10][permanent dead link][11][permanent dead link]
  17. ^"It's Metromedia."Broadcasting - Telecasting,April 3, 1961, pg. 56.[12][permanent dead link]
  18. ^abMetromedia gets its TV team in uniformBroadcasting,March 25, 1968, pp. 56-57.
  19. ^"KTTV to Metromedia for $10 million plus."Broadcasting,January 14, 1963, pg. 9.[13][permanent dead link]
  20. ^"Metromedia adds KLAC in $4.5 million deal."Broadcasting,March 18, 1963, pp. 9-10.[14][permanent dead link][15][permanent dead link]
  21. ^"Changing hands."Broadcasting,March 22, 1965, pp. 110-111: Metromedia acquires KRHM (94.7 FM) and sells KLAC-FM (102.7 FM); the FCC allows both facilities to exchange call letters.[16][permanent dead link][17][permanent dead link]
  22. ^"Ice Capades Acquired By Metromedia, Inc."The New York Times,May 14, 1963.
  23. ^Gent, George. "Metromedia buys Globetrotters; TV chain will add team to Ice Capades operation."The New York Times,May 24, 1967.
  24. ^"Programming Briefs"(PDF).Broadcasting.June 14, 1976.RetrievedAugust 27,2021.
  25. ^Peter Allen discography;allmusic.
  26. ^Peter Allen discography;www5d.biglobe.ne.jp.
  27. ^Nadel, Gerry (May 30, 1977)."Who Owns Prime Time? The Threat of the 'Occasional' Networks".New York Magazine.New York: 34–35.RetrievedOctober 4,2009.
  28. ^"Monitor"(PDF).Broadcasting.December 17, 1979.RetrievedSeptember 26,2021.
  29. ^Schwartz, Tony. "Metromedia seeks TV station."The New York Times,July 23, 1981.
  30. ^Cuff, Daniel F. "Business people; Metromedia's founder begins new challenge."The New York Times,December 14, 1983.
  31. ^"KURALT WOOED".UPI.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  32. ^Hodges, Ann (October 1, 1982). "Ch. 26 to carry Turner's All-Star NFL package".Houston Chronicle.p. 5:13.
  33. ^Shales, Tom (June 26, 1983)."Ode to the Road Of Charles Kuralt".Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedJune 2,2022.
  34. ^Alridge, Ron (October 13, 1982). "WFLD is planning some big news for Chicago".Chicago Tribune.
  35. ^"Madeline's back"(PDF).Broadcasting.January 7, 1985. p. 194.RetrievedOctober 24,2023.
  36. ^Cole, Robert J.. "Murdoch to buy & TV stations; cost $2 billion."The New York Times,May 7, 1985.
  37. ^"Rupert Murdoch buys Metromedia".The 10 O'Clock News.New York, NY. May 4, 1985. 00:00 minutes in. WNEW-TV.Archivedfrom the original on December 12, 2021.RetrievedNovember 5,2017.
  38. ^Clarke Ingram."The DuMont Television Network: Channel Nine".Dumont History.
  39. ^Stevenson, Richard W. "Metromedia ad business sale".The New York Times,January 21, 1986.
  40. ^Fabrikant, Geraldine. "Metromedia set to sell Globetrotters, ice show."The New York Times,March 5, 1986.
  41. ^"Metromedia, Katz radio groups sold in LBO's."Broadcasting,March 31, 1986, pp. 33-34.[18][permanent dead link][19][permanent dead link]
  42. ^"In brief."Broadcasting,November 17, 1986, pg. 120[permanent dead link]
  43. ^"Metromedia Will Sell Its Cellular Units".Los Angeles Times.July 1, 1986.RetrievedNovember 23,2022.
  44. ^"Victory for ventriloquist."Broadcasting,July 3, 1989, pg. 37[dead link]
  45. ^"Paul Winchell Gets Last Word and $17.8 Million." "LA Times", July 3, 1986
  46. ^"Newsroom issue goes to court."Broadcasting,August 1, 1983, pp. 24-25.[20][permanent dead link][21][permanent dead link]
  47. ^"Craft decision leaves questions."Broadcasting,August 15, 1983, pp. 28-30.[22][permanent dead link][23][permanent dead link][24][permanent dead link]
  48. ^"Craft case continues."Broadcasting,December 23, 1985, pg. 69[permanent dead link]
  49. ^"Christine Craft wins two, loses big one."Broadcasting,March 10, 1986, pp. 74-75.[25][permanent dead link][26][permanent dead link]
  50. ^Metromedia's Orion Stake,chicagotribune
  51. ^Metromedia's Orion Stake,newyorktimes
  52. ^BATES, JAMES (September 1, 1994)."Orion to Be Folded Into Global Media Concern: Entertainment: Billionaire John Kluge's expanded Metromedia International would be formed via a four-way stock swap worth $1 billion".Los Angeles Times.ISSN0458-3035.RetrievedJanuary 27,2019.
  53. ^"Metromedia to Acquire Motion Picture Corporation of America".AP.November 28, 1995.RetrievedNovember 9,2022.
  54. ^"COMPANY NEWS;AT $115 MILLION, A BUYER FOR SAMUEL GOLDWYN".The New York Times.February 1, 1996.RetrievedNovember 9,2022.
  55. ^Bates, James."Metromedia to Sell Film Units to MGM for $573 million."The New York Times.April 29, 1997.
  56. ^"Years of Hits, Misses Comes to Close."Daily News of Los Angeles.July 10, 1997; Bates, James. "MGM Lays Off 85 in Metromedia Film, TV Units."Los Angeles Times.July 11, 1997.
  57. ^Bernstein, Charles (August 14, 1989)."Conglomerate menace stalks chains".bnet.Archived fromthe originalon March 13, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 5,2021.
  58. ^"$9.65 million sale of KMBC."Broadcasting,July 31, 1961, pp. 45-46.[27][permanent dead link][28][permanent dead link]

https://github /microsoft/WindowsAppSDK/issues/3089#issue-1430110636

External links[edit]

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