Michael Glinski

Michael Lvovich Glinsky(Lithuanian:Mykolas Glinskis;Russian:Михаил Львович Глинский;Polish:Michał Gliński;1460s – 24 September 1534) was a noble from theGrand Duchy of Lithuaniaof distantTatarextraction, who was also a tutor of his grand-nephew,Ivan the Terrible.Glinsky was born inTurov.He was a son of prince Lev Borisovich Glinsky (d. 1495), and paternal uncle ofElena Glinskaya.As a young man, Glinsky served in the court of EmperorMaximilian Iand earned distinction for his military service. Around 1498 he returned to Lithuania and quickly rose in power and wealth, angering local nobles. Just after commanding the victoriousBattle of Kletskagainst theCrimean Khanatein August 1506, he was accused of conspiracy against the deceased Grand DukeAlexander Jagiellonand lost all his wealth. Glinsky began an armed rebellion againstSigismund I,the new Grand Duke. The rebellion was unsuccessful and Glinsky retreated to theGrand Duchy of Moscow,where he servedVasili III of Russia.When theMuscovite–Lithuanian Warsrenewed in 1512, Glinsky was instrumental in helping Moscow tocapture Smolensk,a major trading centre. However, he was not rewarded with the regency of the city. Angered, he planned to betray Vasili III, but the plot was discovered and he was imprisoned for 12 years. He was freed after his nieceElena Glinskaya,daughter of his brother Vasili Lvovich Glinsky andAna Jakšić,married Vasili III in 1526. Before his death in 1533, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sonsIvanandYuri.Elena disapproved of Glinsky's influence in state affairs and had him sent to prison, where he soon died of starvation.^[1]

In western courts

TheGlinsky familyclaimed descent from OrthodoxHungarian noblesand EmirMamai.^[2]As a young man Glinsky was sent to the court ofEmperor Maximilian Iand served in the emperor's army. He won distinction during Maximilian's campaigns againstFrieslandin 1498 and was awarded theOrder of the Golden Fleece.^[3]In the service ofAlbrecht of Saxonyduring theItalian Wars,he converted toRoman Catholicism.Glinsky travelled extensively in Austria, Italy, and Spain. He also studied medicine at theUniversity of Bologna;this fact was used against him in later life as such education introduced him to poisons.^[3]During his twelve-year tour of western courts, Glinsky could boast of personal connections and relationships with many members of the nobility, including Emperor Maximilian I.^[3]

Return to Lithuania

In late 1498, Glinsky returned to Lithuania, where he quickly became a favourite and personal friend ofAlexander Jagiellon,Grand Duke of Lithuania.Almost immediately upon return, Glinsky became Grand Duke's vice-regent inUtena.^[3]He was appointedCourt Marshal of Lithuaniaand became a member of theLithuanian Council of Lordsin 1500. The following year he was granted privileges to conduct lucrative trade in wax and oversee the coin mint inVilnius.^[3]Due to his connections with western Europe and knowledge of foreign languages, Glinsky often acted as a foreign minister. Such a quick rise of a young man stirred up resentment among the local nobility. The greatest rivalry developed between Glinsky andJan Zabrzeziński,Voivode of Trakai.In 1504, Grand Duke Alexander, urged by Glinsky, confiscated land possessions of Zabrzeziński's son-in-law.^[3]The following year, Zabrzeziński was fined, stripped of his titles, and banished from the Council of Lords along with his supporters. However, shortly Zabrzeziński reconciled with Alexander and was reinstated as theGrand Marshal of Lithuania.In August 1506, Glinsky replacedStanisław Kiszka,theGreat Hetman of Lithuania,who had fallen ill, as the commander of the Lithuanian army during theBattle of Kleck.He led the Lithuanians to a decisive victory against theCrimean Khanate.^[3]

Glinski's rebellion

Alexander Jagiellon died in August 1506 and was succeeded by his brotherSigismund I.Even before Alexander's death, Zabrzeziński renewed the rivalry and spread rumours that Glinski planned to poison Alexander and even hoped to seize the throne himself. Such rumours were effective: Glinski lost his privileges and titles, while his brother Ivan lostKiev Voivodeship.^[3]As his trial was postponed and Sigismund I travelled to Poland to settle his coronation as King of Poland, Glinski, and his relatives began an armed rebellion against Sigismund I. On 7 February 1508 Glinski attackedHrodnaand decapitated Zabrzeziński.^[4]His men then unsuccessfully attackedKaunas Castlein an attempt to liberate imprisonedSheikh Ahmed,the deposed Khan of theGreat Horde.^[5]He then planned but never began an attack onVilnius.Glinski proclaimed himself a defender of the discriminatedEastern Orthodox believersand envisioned the establishment of the Duchy of Boristen (ancient name for theDnieper River) with capital inSmolensk.^[3]Glinski's rebellion gained limited support among Orthodox nobility and became intertwined with theMuscovite–Lithuanian War of 1507–1508.Despite support from theGrand Duchy of Moscow,Glinski failed to captureMinsk,Slutsk,Orsha,Mstsislaw,Krychaw.^[5]By 1508, Glinski retreated to Moscow and pledged allegiance toVasili III of Russia.

In Moscow's service

In 1512, Muscovy resumed war with Lithuania andbesieged Smolenskthree times. Glinski used his Western connections to bring a number of artillerymen, who were instrumental in capturing the city in July 1514.^[3]Glinski expected that for his services he would become a vice-regent of Smolensk. However, Vasili III choseVasily Nemoy Shuysky.Enraged Glinski opened negotiations with Sigismund I – Glinski would return to Lithuania and help to recapture Smolensk if the Grand Duke guaranteed him immunity. The negotiations were discovered by the Russians and Glinski was arrested.^[2]Imprisoned and awaiting execution, he converted back to Eastern Orthodoxy. This move possibly softened Vasili's resolve and Glinski was pardoned.^[3]

Glinski spent 12 years in prison until 1526 when Vasili III married his nieceElena Glinskaya.^[6]^[2]Glinski regained some of his former wealth and power as a loyal servant of Vasili III. In 1533, Vasili III died of an infection to a leg wound. Before his death, Vasili appointed Elena as regent for his underage sonsIvanandYuri.^[7]Glinski became a member of the regency council, and soon proved to be a political rival of Elena and her lover Prince Obolensky for the influence in the regency council. Elena spread rumours that Glinski quickened Vasili's death with poison as he did to Alexander Jagiellon in Lithuania. In August 1534, he was again taken to prison, where he died on 24 September of starvation.^[7]

References

^Payne & Romanoff 2002.
^^a ^b ^cMadariaga, Isabel De (2006).Ivan the Terrible.Yale University Press. p. 31.ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^kKulikauskas, Gediminas (2008-10-30)."Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas"(in Lithuanian).Verslo žinios.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-22.
^Halecki, Oskar; F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson (1950).The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696).Cambridge University Press. p. 301.ISBN 9781001288024.OCLC 8124326.
^^a ^bPetrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009).Lietuvos istorija.Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė(in Lithuanian). Vol. IV.Baltos lankos.p. 465.ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.
^Pushkareva 1997,p. 65-68.
^^a ^bDuffy, James P.; Vincent L. Ricci (2002).Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years.Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 121–122.ISBN 978-0-7607-2673-0.

Sources

Payne, Robert;Romanoff, Nikita(2002) [1975].Ivan the Terrible.New York: Cooper Square Press.ISBN 9780815412298.
Pushkareva, Natalia (1997).Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century.Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.ISBN 9780765632708.

External links

[FOOTNOTEPayneRomanoff2002-1] Payne & Romanoff 2002.

[madar-2] Madariaga, Isabel De (2006).Ivan the Terrible.Yale University Press. p. 31.ISBN 978-0-300-11973-2.

[kuli-3] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^kKulikauskas, Gediminas (2008-10-30)."Garsiausias Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštytės maištininkas"(in Lithuanian).Verslo žinios.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-22.

[hale-4] Halecki, Oskar; F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson (1950).The Cambridge History of Poland. From the Origins to Sobieski (To 1696).Cambridge University Press. p. 301.ISBN 9781001288024.OCLC 8124326.

[petra-5] Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Jūratė Kiaupienė (2009).Lietuvos istorija.Nauji horizontai: dinastija, visoumenė, valstybė(in Lithuanian). Vol. IV.Baltos lankos.p. 465.ISBN 978-9955-23-239-1.

[FOOTNOTEPushkareva199765-68-6] Pushkareva 1997,p. 65-68.

[duffy-7] Duffy, James P.; Vincent L. Ricci (2002).Czars: Russia's rulers for over one thousand years.Barnes & Noble Publishing. pp. 121–122.ISBN 978-0-7607-2673-0.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

v t e Lithuanian Court Marshals
16th century	Michael Glinski Jerzy Iwan Ilinicz Jerzy Radziwiłł Iwan Hornostaj Ostafi Wołłowicz Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł Mikołaj Talwosz Krzysztof Monwind Drohostajski
17th century	Piotr Wiesiołowski Jan Stanisław Sapieha Krzysztof Wiesiołowski Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł Kazimierz Leon Sapieha Antoni Jan Tyszkiewicz Krzysztof Zawisza Teodor Aleksander Lacki Józef Bogusław Słuszka Jan Karol Dolski Aleksander Paweł Sapieha Michał Kazimierz Pac Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki
18th century	Józef Wandalin Mniszek Michał Kazimierz Pac Paweł Karol Sapieha Michał "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł Ignacy Anicenta Kieżgajło Zawisza Ferdynand Fabian Plater Józef Scipo del Campio Ignacy Ogiński Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko Józef Paulin Sanguszko Władysław Roch Gurowski Michał Jerzy Mniszech Roman Ignacy Potocki Stanisław Pereświet Sołtan Michał Gielgud

Authority control databases
International	VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany Poland