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Michael Graves

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withMichale Graves.
For other people named Michael Graves, seeMichael Graves (disambiguation).

Michael Graves
Graves in 1987
Born(1934-07-09)July 9, 1934[1]
Indianapolis,Indiana,U.S.[1]
DiedMarch 12, 2015(2015-03-12)(aged 80)[1]
Princeton, New Jersey,U.S.[1]
OccupationArchitect
AwardsNational Medal of Arts(1999)[2]
AIA Gold Medal(2001)[2][3]
Driehaus Architecture Prize(2012)[4]
BuildingsPortland Building(Oregon);
Humana Building(Kentucky);
Denver Public Library(Colorado);
Walt Disney World SwanandDolphinResorts (Florida)
Websitemichaelgraves

Michael Graves(July 9, 1934 – March 12, 2015) was an American architect, designer, and educator, and principal of Michael Graves and Associates and Michael Graves Design Group. He was a member ofThe New York Fiveand theMemphis Groupand a professor of architecture atPrinceton Universityfor nearly forty years. Following his own partial paralysis in 2003, Graves became an internationally recognized advocate of health care design.

Graves' global portfolio of architectural work ranged from the Ministry of Culture inThe Hague,a post office forCelebration, Florida,a prominent expansion of theDenver Public Libraryto numerous commissions forDisneyand the scaffolding design for the 2000Washington Monumentrestoration. He was recognized for his influence on architectural movements, includingNew Urbanism,New Classicism,andpostmodernism.His postmodern buildings include thePortland BuildinginPortland, Oregonand theHumana BuildinginLouisville, Kentucky.[5]

For his architectural work, Graves received afellowshipof theAmerican Institute of Architectsas well as its highest award, theAIA Gold Medal(2001). He was trustee of theAmerican Academy in Romeand was the president of its Society of Fellows from 1980 to 1984. He received theAmerican Prize for Architecture,theNational Medal of Arts(1999) and theDriehaus Architecture Prize(2012).

Graves produced both high end and mass consumer product designs for several companies, includingAlessiin Italy andTargetandJ. C. Penneyin the United States.[1]TheNew York Timesdescribed Graves as "one of the most prominent and prolific American architects of the latter 20th century, who designed more than 350 buildings around the world but was perhaps best known for [a] teakettle and pepper mill."[6]

Early life and education[edit]

Graves was born on July 9, 1934, inIndianapolis,Indiana,to Erma (Lowe) and Thomas B. Graves. He grew up in the city's suburbs and later credited his mother for suggesting that he become an engineer or an architect.[1][7]

Graves graduated from Indianapolis'sBroad Ripple High Schoolin 1952 and earned a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1958 from theUniversity of Cincinnati.[8][9][10]During college he also became a member of theSigma Chifraternity.[citation needed]Graves earned amaster's degreein architecture fromHarvard Universityin 1959.[11]

After graduation from college, Graves spent a year working inGeorge Nelson's office. Nelson, a furniture designer and the creative director forHerman Miller,exposed Graves to the work of fellow designersCharles and Ray EamesandAlexander Girard.In 1960 Graves won theAmerican Academy in Rome's Prix de Rome (Rome Prize) and spent the next two years at the academy in Italy.[12][13]Graves describes himself as "transformed" by his experience in Rome: "I discovered new ways of seeing and analyzing both architecture and landscape."[14]

Career[edit]

ThePortland BuildinginPortland, Oregonin 1982

Graves began his career in 1962 as a professor of architecture atPrinceton University,where he taught for nearly four decades and later helped to establish theMichael Graves CollegeatKean UniversityinUnion Township, New Jersey,and established his own architectural firm in 1964 atPrinceton, New Jersey.Graves worked as an architect in public practice designing a variety of buildings that included private residences, university buildings, hotel resorts, hospitals, retail and commercial office buildings, museums, civic buildings, and monuments. During a career that spanned nearly fifty years, Graves and his firm designed more than 350 buildings around the world, and an estimated 2,000 household products.

Princeton University[edit]

In 1962, after two years of studies in Rome, Graves returned to the United States and moved toPrinceton, New Jersey,where he accepted a professorship at thePrinceton University School of Architecture.Graves taught at Princeton for thirty-nine years while simultaneously practicing architecture. He retired as the Robert Schirmer Professor of Architecture, Emeritus, in 2001.[1][13]

Although Graves was a longtime faculty member at Princeton and trained many of its architecture students, the university did not allow its faculty to practice their profession on its campus. As a result, Graves was never commissioned to design a building for the university.[15]Later in his life he contributed to the founding of a new college,[16][17]which bears his name atKean University.

Architect[edit]

In his early years as an architect, Graves did designs for home renovation projects in Princeton. In 1964 he founded the architectural firm of Michael Graves & Associate in Princeton and remained in public practice there until the end of his life.[1]His firm maintained offices in Princeton, New Jersey, and inNew York City,but his residence in Princeton served as his design studio, home office and library, and a place to display the many objects he collected during his world travels. Nicknamed "The Warehouse", it also displayed many of the household items he designed.[18]After Graves's death,Kean Universityacquired his former home and studio in Princeton, along with two adjacent buildings.[19]

Modernist[edit]

Graves spent much of the late 1960s and early 1970s designingmodernistresidences.

His first commission was the Hanselman House inFort Wayne, Indiana,a design completed in 1971.[20]The modernist structure built for $55,000 received an American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 1975. The New York Times described the home as "another of Graves's experiments in cubist‐influenced spatial manipulations" and cited the obvious influence ofLe Corbusieron Graves' work.[21]

Built for friends he met in high school, the home went up for sale in 2017 for $264,888. The four-bedroom residence features a Graves-painted mural in the living room signed by the architect during a visit to the home in 2000.[22]

He also designed theSnyderman Housein Fort Wayne (1972, destroyed by fire in 2002).[23][24]

Graves also became one of theNew York Five,along withPeter Eisenman,Charles Gwathmey,John HejdukandRichard Meier.[25]This informal group of Princeton and New York City architects, also known as the Whites due to the predominant color of their architectural work, espoused a pure form ofmodernismcharacterized by clean lines and minimal ornamentation. The New York Five became the "standard-bearers of a movement to elevate modernist architectural form into a serious theoretical pursuit."[25]The book,Five Architects(1973) describes some of their early work.[25]

Postmodernist[edit]

Humana BuildinginLouisville, Kentuckyin 1982
NCAA Hall of ChampionsinIndianapolisin 1997

In the late 1970s, Graves shifted away from modernism to pursuePostmodernismandNew Urbanismdesign for the remainder of his career. He began by sketching designs that hadCubist-inspired elements and strong, saturated colors. Postmodernism allowed Graves to introduce his humanist vision of classicism, as well as his sense of irony and humor. His designs, notable for their "playful style" and "colorful facades," were a "radical departure" from his earlier work.[26]The Plocek Residence (1977), a private home inWarren Township, New Jersey,was among the first of his designs in this new style.[10]

Graves designed some of his most iconic buildings in the early 1980s, including thePortland Building.[10]The fifteen-story Portland Municipal Services Building, his first major public commission, opened in 1982 in downtownPortland, Oregon.[27]The "monolithic cube" with decorated facades and colorful, oversized columns is "considered a seminal Postmodern work"[28]and one of Graves's best-known works of architecture. The celebrated but controversial municipal office also became an icon for the city of Portland and subject to an ongoing preservation debate.[27][5]Regarded as the first major built example ofpostmodern architecturein a tall office building, the Portland Building was added to theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2011.[29]Although it faced demolition in 2014, the city government decided to proceed with a renovation, estimated to cost $195 million.[27][5]

As a result of the notoriety he received from the Portland Building design, Graves was awarded other major commissions in the 1980s and 1990s. Notable buildings from this period include theHumana Building(1982) inKentuckyand theNewark Museumexpansion (1982) inNew Jersey.[30]Some architecture critics, including Paul Goldberger ofThe New York Times,consider the Humana Building, a skyscraper inLouisville, Kentucky,one of Graves's finest building designs.TIMEmagazine also claimed it was a commercial icon for the city of Louisville and one of the best buildings of the 1980s.[1][27]The San Juan Capistrano Library (1982) inCalifornia,another project from this period, shows his interpretation of theMission Revival style.[31]

Graves and his firm also designed several buildings for theWalt Disney Companyin the postmodern style. These include theTeam Disneyheadquarters inBurbank, California;[5]theDolphin(1987) andSwan(1988) resorts atWalt Disney WorldinFlorida;andDisney's Hotel New York(1989) atDisneyland Paris.[10]Patrick Burke, the project architect for the two resort hotels in Florida, commented that the Walt Disney Company described Graves's designs as "entertainment architecture."[32]In addition to the Swan and Dolphin hotel buildings, Graves's firm designed their original interiors, furnishings, signage, and artwork.[33]Graves's other notable commissions for buildings that were completed in the 1990s include an expansion of theDenver Public Library(1990) and the renovation of theDetroit Institute of Arts(1990).[5]

Postmodern architecture did not have a long-lasting popularity and some of Graves's clients rejected his ideas. For example, his design for an expansion of Marcel Breuer'sWhitney Museum of American Art buildingin New York City in the mid-1980s was highly contested and never built due to architect and local opposition.[1]Graves's designs for a planned Phoenix Municipal Government Center complex were among the project's finalists, but his concept was not selected as the winning entry.[34]

Graves's prominence as a postmodernist architect may have reached its peak during the 1980s and in the early 1990s, but he continued to practice as an architect until his death in 2015. Later works include theO'Reilly Theater(1996) inPittsburgh,Pennsylvania;theNCAA Hall of Championsin Indianapolis, Indiana; and425 Fifth Avenue(2000) in New York City, among others. Graves also received recognition for his multi-year renovation of his personal residence in Princeton.[35]International projects included the Sheraton Miramar Hotel (1997) inEl Gouna,Egypt,[36]and the Hard Rock Hotel inSingapore.[36]One of the last projects that Michael Graves and Associates was involved in before Graves's death was theLouwman Museum(2010) inThe Hague,Netherlands.Gary Lapera, a principal and studio head of Michael Graves and Associates, designed the museum, also known as the Lowman Collection and the National Automobile Museum of the Netherlands, which houses more than 230 cars.[37]

Product and furniture designer[edit]

ChairFirstby Michele de Lucchi on display atMusée des Arts Décoratifsin Paris
Alessi9093Teakettlein 1985
Alessi Euclide carafe in 1993
Cedar Gables House (1998) was commissioned by Target Corp as a model home to showcase his new line of housewares.
Stryker Prime TC Patient Transport Chair

In addition to his architecture, Graves became a noted designer of consumer products. His distinctive style was well known among the general public in the United States in 1980s and 1990s, when he began designing household products for major clients such as theTarget Corporation,Alessi,Steuben, andThe Walt Disney Company.[1][25]Over the years, the Michael Graves Design Group, a part of his design firm, designed and brought to market more than 2,000 products.[4][38]

In the early 1980s,Ettore Sottsassrecruited Graves to become a member ofMemphis,a postmodern design group based inMilan,Italy.Graves began designing consumer products such as furniture and home accessories. Especially notable is his "Plaza" dressing table.[4][27][38]Around the same time, Graves became associated withAlessi,a high-end Italian kitchenware manufacturer. Graves designed a sterling silver tea service for Alessi in 1982, a turning point in his career, and he was no longer known solely as an architect. After the $25,000 tea service began to attract buyers, Alberto Alessi commissioned Graves to design a moderate-priced kettle for his company. In 1985 Graves designed his iconic a stainless-steel teakettle (9093 stovetop kettle).[39]

The kettle featured a red, bird-shaped whistle at the end of the spout. It remained the company's top-selling product for fifteen years. In honor of its thirtieth anniversary in 2015, Graves designed a special edition version with a dragon replacing the kettle's bird-shaped whistle.[27][5][40] In Italy in 1987, clock on displayApollodoro Gallery,seventh eventThe Hour of Architects,withHans Hollei,Arata Isozaki,Ettore Sottsass,Paolo Portoghesi,paintings byPaolo Salvati,Rome.

In 1997–98, when Graves designed the scaffolding used in the restoration of theWashington MonumentinWashington D.C.,he met Ron Johnson, a Target executive who appreciated his product designs. (The Target Corporation contributed $6 million toward restoration of the monument.) The result of their acquaintance was the formation of a business relationship between Graves and the U.S. retailer that lasted until 2012.[1][5][41]Graves began the collaboration with Target by designing a half-dozen products for the mass-consumer market. His collection of housewares began selling in Target stores in January 1999.[41][42]

In 1998,Target Corporationcommissioned Graves to design a model home to showcase the new line of housewares, but Graves went a step further. He designed "Cedar Gables," contemporary house inMinnetonka, Minnesota,complete with custom furniture, lighting, fixtures, and other unique items, making it only one of three homes he designed and furnished. By 2009, however, Graves noted that the house "doesn't have a wow factor. That gets old quickly."[43]When the partnership with Target ended in 2012, Graves had designed more than 500 objects for the retailer.[44]

Increasingly concerned about Target's dwindling partnerships with outside designers, Graves decided to explore other relationships for marketing his consumer products. After Johnson became CEO ofJ.C. Penneyin 2011, he and Graves reached an agreement for Graves to design products exclusively for Penney's.[41]Graves also created products for other manufacturers. In the 1990s for example, Graves created the Mickey Mouse Gourmet Collection for Moeller Design with the Walt Disney Company's approval. The collection of kitchenware and tabletop items was initially sold through the Walt Disney Company's retail stores and later offered at other retail outlets.[45]

In 2013, Graves designed what became known as the “Hitler teapot”for department storeJCPenney,which garnered controversy due to its perceived resemblance toAdolf Hitler.[46]

In addition to housewares, Graves was involved in a variety of other design projects that included sets and costumes for New York City'sJoffrey Ballet;a shopping bag forBloomingdale'sdepartment store;jewelry for Cleto Munari of Milan, Italy; vinyl flooring for Tajima, aJapanesecompany; and rugs forVorwerk,aGermanfirm. In 1994 Graves opened a small retail store named the Graves Design Store in Princeton, New Jersey, where shoppers could purchase his designs and reproductions of his artwork. At that time Graves had designed products for more than fifty manufacturers.[47]

Later years[edit]

Graves depicted in a 2003 drawing

Graves retired as a professor of architecture atPrinceton Universityin 2001, but remained active in his architecture and design firm. He also became an advocate for the disabled in the last decade of his life. When Graves became paralyzed from the waist down in 2003, the result of a spinal cord infection, the use of a wheelchair heightened his awareness of the needs of the disabled. After weeks of hospitalization and physical therapy, Graves adapted his home to suit his accessibility needs and resumed his architectural and design work.[48][49]

In addition to other types of buildings and household products, Graves designed wheelchairs, hospital furnishings, hospitals, and disabled veteran's housing.[5][48][49]Graves also became a "reluctant health expert," as well as an internationally recognized advocate foraccessible design.[5]In 2013,PresidentBarack Obamaappointed Graves to an administrative role in the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (also known as theAccess Board). Theindependent agencyaddresses accessibility concerns for people with disabilities.[50]

In 2014, a year before his death, Graves helped to establish and plan theMichael Graves College,which includes The School of Public Architecture atKean UniversityinUnion Township, New Jersey.Kean University's Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studies program began in 2015; its Master of Architecture program is slated to begin in 2019. As part of gift from Graves's estate, in 2016 the university acquired The Warehouse at 44 Patton Avenue inPrinceton, New Jersey,Graves's former home and studio, and two adjacent buildings. The university plans to use the facility as an educational research center for its School of Public Architecture, although its main campus and its School of Public Architecture are located about forty miles away in Union, New Jersey.[1][19]

Personal life[edit]

Graves' marriage to Gail Devine in 1955 ended in divorce; his subsequent marriage to Lucy James in 1972 also ended in divorce.[51]Graves was the father of three children, two sons and a daughter.[1]

Death[edit]

Graves died at his home inPrinceton, New Jersey,on March 12, 2015, at the age of 80, and is buried at Princeton Cemetery.[52]

Legacy[edit]

Graves favored a "humanistic approach to architecture and urban planning"[4]and was a major influence in late-twentieth-century architecture.[53]Graves was among the most prolific and prominent American architects from the mid-1960s to the end of the twentieth century. Graves and his team designed more than 350 buildings in thePostmodern,New Classical,andNew Urbanismstyles for projects around the world. His architectural designs have been recognized as major influences in all three of these movements.[1][5]

In naming Graves as a recipient of its national design award for lifetime achievement, theCooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museumexplained that Graves broadened "the role of the architect in society" and raised "public interest in good design as essential to the quality of everyday life."[4]Graves and his firm designed more than 2,000 consumer products during his lifetime. He was especially noted for his domestic housewares. Many Graves-designed products were sold through mass-market U.S. retailers such as Target and J. C. Penney, but his best-known product is the iconic kettle that he designed in 1985 for Alessi, an Italian housewares manufacturer.[1]As an advocate for the needs of the disabled, Graves used his skills as an architect and designer "to improve healthcare experience for patients, families and clinicians."[4]

Awards and honors[edit]

Works[edit]

Team Disneybuilding inBurbank, California,1986
TheWalt Disney World Dolphin ResortinOrlando, Florida,1987
TheWalt Disney World SwanResort inOrlando, Florida,1987
Ten Peachtree PlaceinAtlanta, Georgia,1989
Disney's Hotel New YorkinParis,1992
Michael C. Carlos MuseuminAtlanta, Georgia,1993
Denver Public Libraryaddition inDenver, Colorado,1995
Steigenberger HotelinEl Gouna,Egypt, in association with Ahmed Hamdy, 1997
TheInternational Finance CorporationBuilding inWashington D.C.,1992–1997, 2005
425 Fifth AvenueinNew York City,2000
Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport HeadquartersinThe Hague,Netherlands, 2003
Kohn Hall at theKavli Institute for Theoretical Physics,Santa Barbara, California,2004
Alter Hall at theFox School of Business and ManagementinPhiladelphia,2004
Hard Rock Hotel Singapore inResorts World Sentosa,Sentosa, Singapore,2010

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefghijklmnopRobin Pogrebin (March 13, 2015)."Michael Graves, Who Put Big Ideas Into Small Items"(obituary).The New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast).p. A1.See also:Robin Pogrebin (March 13, 2015)."Michael Graves, 80, Dies; Postmodernist Designed Towers and Teakettles".The New York Times.East Coast Edition: A1.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  2. ^abcIovine, Julie V.(2000).Michael Graves.San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p.95.ISBN0-8118-3251-1.
  3. ^abRobin Groom (January 28, 2001)."Datebook".The Washington Post.p. F3. Archived fromthe originalon March 8, 2021.RetrievedDecember 22,2016.
  4. ^abcdefghijPhil Patton (May 5, 2015)."Michael Graves Awarded National Design Award for Lifetime Achievement".DesignApplause.RetrievedJune 12,2017.
  5. ^abcdefghijHawthorne, Christopher (March 12, 2015)."Michael Graves dies at 80; pioneering figure in postmodern architecture".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedMarch 13,2015.
  6. ^Robin Pogrebin (March 12, 2015)."Michael Graves, 80, Dies; Postmodernist Designed Towers and Teakettles".New York Times.
  7. ^Julie V. Iovine (2000).Michael Graves.San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p.8.ISBN0-8118-3251-1.
  8. ^"Riparian, 1952".Indianapolis Public Library Digital Collections.RetrievedMarch 27,2023.
  9. ^Iovine, p. 94.
  10. ^abcd"Michael Graves".Biography. Archived fromthe originalon April 25, 2017.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  11. ^"Michael Graves".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedMarch 12,2015.
  12. ^Iovine,Michael Graves,p. 15;Toby Israel (2003).Some Places Like Home: Using Design Psychology to Create Ideal Places.New York: Wiley-Academy. p. 26.ISBN0470849509.
  13. ^abMichael Graves (September 2, 2012)."Drawing with a Purpose".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  14. ^"Introduction" inBrian M. Ambroziak (2016).Michael Graves: Images of a Grand Tour.Princeton Architectural Press.ISBN978-1616894733.
  15. ^Israel, p. 126.
  16. ^"Kean University creates Michael Graves School of Architecture".Building Design + Construction.October 28, 2014.RetrievedMarch 3,2021.
  17. ^"Michael Graves School of Architecture to Open in 2015".ArchDaily.October 30, 2014.RetrievedMarch 3,2021.
  18. ^Built in the 1920s by Italian masons who came to work on buildings at Princeton University, the warehouse originally stored furniture. Graves bought the dilapidated building in 1970 for $30,000. He remodeled and expanded the L-shaped structure into a Tuscan-style villa. Graves later added a terracotta-colored surface to its exterior later. See Iovine, p. 18, andPatricia Leigh Brown (November 3, 1996). "Architect Michael Graves get busloads of visitors".Indianapolis Star.Indianapolis, Indiana.
  19. ^abDan Howarth (July 6, 2016)."Michael Graves' Princeton Home to Become Architecture Education Centre".Dezeen.RetrievedJune 12,2017.Also:"Michael Graves College: School of Public Architecture".Kean University.RetrievedJune 12,2017.
  20. ^Ayoubi, Ayda (July 14, 2017)."Architect Michael Graves' First Commission Hits the Market".Architect Magazine.
  21. ^Goldberger, Paul (May 18, 1975)."Design: The national A.I.A. awards".The New York Times.
  22. ^Hansen, Kristine (July 18, 2017)."Michael Graves-Designed Modern Home Is a Steal in Fort Wayne".Realtor.
  23. ^Cindy Larson (May 14, 2011)."Live Inside a Work of Art".News-Sentinel.Fort Wayne, Indiana. Archived fromthe originalon March 13, 2014.RetrievedJune 12,2017.
  24. ^Dan Howarth (May 21, 2017)."Five Mid-Century Gems in Unlikely Architecture Haven Fort Wayne".Dezeen.RetrievedJune 12,2017.
  25. ^abcdPaul Goldberger (February 11, 1996),"Architecture View: A Little Book That Led Five Men to Fame",The New York Times,retrievedAugust 22,2017
  26. ^Israel, p. 21.
  27. ^abcdefAllan G. Brake (September 12, 2015)."Postmodern architecture: the Portland Municipal Services Building, Oregon, by Michael Graves".Dezeen.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  28. ^Marcus Fairs (March 12, 2015)."Michael Graves dies aged 80".Dezeen.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  29. ^"Portland Building gets a place on national history list".Portland Tribune.November 17, 2011.RetrievedJuly 6,2013.
  30. ^Israel, p. 128; Iovine, p. 11.
  31. ^Aaron Betsky (January 9, 2013)."Beyond Buildings: Michael Graves's San Juan Capistrano Library, 30 Years Later".Architect.American Institute of Architects.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  32. ^Dan Howarth (April 28, 2017)."Postmodern Architecture: Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels by Michael Graves".Dezeen.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  33. ^Iovine, pp. 12–13.
  34. ^"Phoenix Municipal Government Center Design Competition Collection–Design and the Arts Library".Arizona State University Library.RetrievedNovember 14,2017.
  35. ^"Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home".Curbed National.Archived fromthe originalon May 2, 2012.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  36. ^ab"Michael Graves: Legendary Advocate of Postmodernism and Household Designer".Coffee Break.Arch20.RetrievedFebruary 5,2018.
  37. ^Catherine Warmann (November 17, 2010)."The Louwman Museum by Michael Graves and Associates".Dezeen.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.
  38. ^abIovine, p. 94–95.
  39. ^Iovine, pp. 14–16.
  40. ^Dan Howarth (August 25, 2015)."Alessi celebrates Michael Graves' 9093 kettle anniversary with dragon-shaped whistle".Dezeen.RetrievedAugust 23,2017.Also:"Alessi".RetrievedMay 28,2015.
  41. ^abc"Designer Michael Graves on Moving to J.C. Penney".Bloomberg.March 29, 2013.RetrievedMay 28,2015.
  42. ^Iovine, p. 21. Also:Michael Pogrebin (March 15, 2015)."A Pioneer of Postmodern Design, Big and Small".Toronto Star.RetrievedAugust 24,2017.
  43. ^Lynn Underwood (September 2, 2009)."Gables by GRAVES".Star Tribune.RetrievedMay 16,2016.
  44. ^Iovine, p. 21.
  45. ^Abe Amidor (September 15, 1994). "Mouse in the House".Indianapolis Star.Indianapolis, Indiana: C1–2.
  46. ^Chappell, Bill (May 29, 2013)."Tempest Over A Teapot: JC Penney Removes 'Hitler' Billboard".NPR.RetrievedMarch 24,2022.
  47. ^Iovine, pp. 16, 20.
  48. ^abc"Dwell Takes a Look Inside Michael Graves' Princeton Home".Curbed National.Archived fromthe originalon May 2, 2012.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.See also:Healthcare DesignDecember 2010; 10 (12):26–29.
  49. ^abJulie V. Iovine (June 12, 2003)."An Architect's World Turned Upside Down".New York Times.RetrievedMarch 13,2015.
  50. ^Amy Frearson (February 5, 2013)."Barack Obama appoints Michael Graves to advise on accessible design".Dezeen.RetrievedJune 9,2017.
  51. ^Israel, p. 69;"Michael Graves Biography".IMDb.RetrievedJanuary 5,2018.
  52. ^Robin Pogrebin (March 12, 2015)."Michael Graves, Postmodernist Architect Who Designed Towers and Teakettles, Dies at 80".The New York Times.RetrievedMarch 14,2015.
  53. ^Israel, p. 11.
  54. ^abcSnow, Shauna (September 22, 1999)."Morning Report".Los Angeles Times.p. 2.
  55. ^"Society of Fellows: Michael Graves, FAR 1962, RAAR 1978".American Academy in Rome. Archived fromthe originalon August 7, 2017.RetrievedAugust 7,2017.
  56. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".achievement.org.American Academy of Achievement.
  57. ^Iovine, p. 7.
  58. ^"UM History and Commencement Honorary Degree Recipients".University of Miami.RetrievedAugust 24,2017.
  59. ^"Living Legends".The Bridge.8(3). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 4. May 2002.
  60. ^"Senior Fellows".di.net.Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2007.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  61. ^"City News: Greater New York Watch".Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition.May 3, 2010. p. A27.
  62. ^"Honorary Degrees: Recent Recipients".emory.edu.Archived fromthe originalon April 2, 2015.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  63. ^"Rita Dove to Deliver Emory Commencement Speech and Receive Two Honorary Degrees from Emerson College and Emory University".virginia.edu.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  64. ^"Exhibitions".Grounds For Sculpture.Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2015.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  65. ^Fred A. Bernstein."The Mouse That Roared".construction.RetrievedMarch 16,2015.
  66. ^"Mitchell Institute Texas A&M University".RetrievedFebruary 20,2016.
  67. ^"Tour Mitchell Physics".Archived fromthe originalon March 5, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 20,2016.
  68. ^Zachariah, Natasha Ann."American architect Michael Graves who masterplanned Resorts World Sentosa dies".Straits Times.RetrievedDecember 5,2015.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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