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Michoacán

Coordinates:19°13′N101°55′W/ 19.21°N 101.91°W/19.21; -101.91
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"Michoacán de Ocampo" redirects here. For the town in Mexicali, Baja California, seeMichoacán de Ocampo, Baja California.

Michoacán
Michhuahcān (Nahuatl)
State
Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo
Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo(Spanish)
Tlahtohcayotl Michhuahcān(Nahuatl)
View of Cerro Patamban
View of Cerro Patamban
Coat of arms of Michoacán
Coat of arms
Mottoes:
Heredamos Libertad, Legaremos Justicia Social
(Spanish: We Inherited Freedom, We Will Bequeath Social Justice)
El alma de Mexico
(Spanish: The soul of Mexico)
State of Michoacán within Mexico
State of Michoacán within Mexico
Coordinates:19°13′N101°55′W/ 19.21°N 101.91°W/19.21; -101.91
CountryMexico
Capital andlargest cityMorelia
Municipalities113
AdmissionDecember 22, 1823[1]
Order5th
Government
•GovernorMORENAAlfredo Ramírez Bedolla
•Senators[2]Cristóbal Arias SolísMorena
Blanca Estela Piña GudiñoMorena
Antonio García ConejoPRD
•Deputies[3]
Area
[4]
• Total58,599 km2(22,625 sq mi)
Ranked 16th
Highest elevation
[5]
3,840 m (12,600 ft)
Population
(2020)[6]
• Total4,748,846
• Rank9th
• Density81/km2(210/sq mi)
• Rank13th
DemonymMichoacano (a)
GDP
[7]
• TotalMXN 700 billion
(US$34.8 billion) (2022)
• Per capita(US$7,066) (2022)
Time zoneUTC−6(CST)
Postal code
58–61
Area code
ISO 3166 codeMX-MIC
HDIIncrease0.724highRanked 27th of 32
WebsiteOfficial Web Site

Michoacán,formallyMichoacán de Ocampo(Spanish pronunciation:[mitʃoaˈkandeoˈkampo]ⓘ;Purépecha:P'uɽempo), officially theEstado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo(English:Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, together withMexico City,comprise theFederal EntitiesofMexico.The state is divided into 113municipalitiesand its capital city isMorelia(formerly called Valladolid). The city was named afterJosé María Morelos,a native of the city and one of the main heroes of theMexican War of Independence.

Michoacán is located in western Mexico, and has a stretch of coastline on thePacific Oceanto the southwest. It is bordered by the states ofColimaandJaliscoto the west and northwest,Guanajuatoto the north,Querétaroto the northeast,the State of Méxicoto the east, andGuerreroto the southeast.

The name Michoacán is fromNahuatl:Michhuahcān[mit͡ʃˈwaʔkaːn]frommichhuah[ˈmit͡ʃwaʔ]( "possessor of fish" ) and -cān[kaːn](place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish onLake Pátzcuaro.[8]In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of thePurépecha Empire,which rivaled theAztec Empireat the time of Spanish encounter. After theSpanish conquest,the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and its residents played a major role in theMexican War of Independence.

Today, the state is still home to a sizable population ofPurépecha peopleas well as minor populations ofOtomiandNahua. The economy is based on agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining, and the arts. The major tourism draw for the state is theLake Pátzcuaro–Tzintzuntzan–Quiroga area, which was the center of thePurépecha Empire;as well as the location of the Tzintzuntzan yácata pyramids.[9]The national and state parks which include the winter grounds of the monarch butterflies(Mariposas Monarca)are located here. Michoacán is known for its Spanish colonial towns. In 1991, Morelia was declared anUNESCO World Heritage Sitefor its well-preserved colonial buildings, pink stone cathedral, historic center, and aqueduct.[10]Michoacán has eightPueblos Mágicos;such as the towns ofTlalpujahuaandSanta Clara del Cobre.[11]

Day of the Deadcelebrations in some parts of Michoacán, such as the towns ofJanitzioandPátzcuaro,are often considered to be the most elaborate and famous in all of Mexico.[12]The famousParicutínvolcano, which is one of theSeven Natural Wonders of the World,is located near the city ofUruapan.The state is known as "the soul of Mexico".[13]

Catholic priest andinsurgentleader José María Morelos

History

[edit]
Yacata pyramids of Tzintzuntzan

According to archaeological evidence, there has been human habitation within the territory of the Mexican state of Michoacán for at least 10,000 years.[14]In the pre-Hispanic period, there were waves of migration into the area, including the Pirinda,Nahua,Huetamo, Colima,Purépechaand other peoples.[15]There are sites of formal settlements from all Mesoamerican periods. Important sites includeEl Opeñoand those inCurutarán,Tepalcatepec,Apatzingán,ZinapécuaroandCoalcomán.The territory has been inhabited by the Nahua,Otomi,Matlatzinca,Pirindaand Teco peoples as well as the Purépecha.[14]

Spanish-Tlaxcalan conquest of Michoacan underconquistadorNuño de Guzmán

The main pre-Hispanic civilization of the state is that of the Purépecha, which was centered in the Lake Pátzcuaro area.[14]Before the 13th century, both Nahua and Purépecha peoples were here, sustaining themselves by agriculture and fishing. The Purépecha are descendants of a late arrival ofChichimecawho came from the north. At Lake Patzcuaro, they came upon people with similar cultures to their own but who were more technological and socially advanced. The formation of the Purépechan state in the 13th century, when these people started their own dominion at Uayameo, todaySanta Fé de la Laguna,and becoming dominant over the entire Lake Patzcuaro area by the 15th century. Conquest of neighboring tribes and territories occurred between 1401 and 1450, as they absorbed peoples with different cultures and languages into the empire. By the late 15th century, this state rivaled that of the Aztecs, having expanded their territory over much of what is now Michoacán and into part ofColima,Nayarit,Querétaro,Guanajuato,GuerreroandJalisco.The Aztecs attempted to invade the Purépecha but were repelled. Because of this attack, the Purépecha later denied the Aztecs aid in their defense ofTenochtitlanagainst the Spanish and the Tlaxcala. The Purépechas are noted by historians to be one of the few rare instances in the Americas were the indigenous people had some experience withmetallurgyprior to the arrival of the Europeans, especiallycoppersmithingand other metal ores located in their empire. Their descendants are still widely regarded for this today.[14][15]

Purépecha coyote statue

Prior to the arrival of any Spaniard in the territory, then-rulerZuangadied ofsmallpox,presumably carried by one of the Aztec delegations seeking military aid. He was succeeded byTanganxoan II.The first Spaniard to the area wasCristóbal de Olid.The Spanish destruction of Tenochtitlan and their promise to allow him to remain ruler convinced Tanganxoan II to submit to Spanish rule. But,Nuño de Guzmánreneged on this agreement and killed Tanganxoan II in 1530, a crime for which he was tried and exiled to Spain where he would die in prison.[14][16]

Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Salud in Patzcuaro

During the first years of the Conquest, Michoacán was part of the "kingdom of Mexico" which included the current states of Mexico, Querétaro,Hidalgo,Tlaxcala,Oaxaca,Morelos,Guerrero,Veracruz,Tabasco,Michoacán,Guanajuatoand parts ofSan Luis Potosí,Jalisco and Colima. These lands were divided intoencomiendasamong theconquistadors.The provinces with the largest populations were called Alcaldias Mayores, with Michoacán being one of these, with its capital initially atTzintzuntzan.Soon after, it was moved to Patzcuaro and eventually settled in what is now Morelia. The provincial and later state capital was founded byviceroyAntonio de Mendozain 1541. It became the political and ecclesiastical center of the province after the death ofVasco de Quirogain 1565.[14]

Soon after the Spanish Conquest, evangelists from theFranciscan,Augustinian,Carmeliteand other orders established monasteries all over the territory. Some of the best-known areJuan de Moya,Martín de la CoruñaandJacob the Dacian.As first governor, Nuño de Guzmán disrupted and devastated the social and economic order of the area. Vasco de Quiroga succeeded Guzman, bringing Franciscan and Augustinian friars to both evangelize and repair the area's broken economy and social institutions. Quiroga founded the Spanish city of Patzcuaro in 1538, calling it the Ciudad de Mechuacán.[14]For his efforts, Quiroga is still referred to in the Patzcuaro area as "Tata (grandfather) Vasco".[16]The diocese of Michoacán was established in 1536 byPope Paul III,and its boundaries coincide with the oldPurépecha kingdom.Its first bishop was Vasco de Quiroga.[17]

TheUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgobegan as the Colegio de San Nicolas Obispo, founded by Vasco de Quiroga in Patzcuaro in 1540. It was originally a seminary for the training of evangelists. It was granted a royal seal in 1543 to become the Real Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo. The school was moved to Morelia in 1580 and was fused with the Colegio de San Miguel Guayangareo. In 1590, its name was changed to the Seminario Tridentino, afterwards to Seminario Conciliar in 1601. By the end of the 17th century, the name returned to Colegio de San Nicolás but its structure was profoundly changed, adding studies such as philosophy, civil law, and others. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, a number of figures associated with the Mexican War of Independence, such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, José María Morelos and others were associated with this school. By the mid-19th century, the school had been secularized and renamed the Primitivo y Nacional Colegio de San Nicolás de Hidalgo adding studies such as chemistry, physics and other sciences. The current name and organization was adopted after the Mexican Revolution in 1917.[18]

La Calavera Catrinafigure bought in Pátzcuaro

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, Augustinian, Franciscan and Carmelite missions were constructed in the territory as well as civil constructions, especially in the city now known as Morelia. Mining in areas such asAngangueo,TlalpujahuaandInguaranhad begun, as well as the establishment of agricultural and livestockhaciendas.The first school of higher education, called the Primera Casa de Altos Estudios en América, was founded by Alonso de la Veracruz inTiripetío.[16]Michoacán was made a separate province from "Mexico" in 1602. By the mid-17th century, the indigenous population had declined by half. In 1776, the territory of Michoacán was reduced to the area in which the modern states of Michoacán and Colima are now. Soon after, Colima split to join with the province of Guadalajara, leaving Michoacán roughly with the territory it has today.[14]

During the entire colonial period, the economy was concentrated in the hands of the Spanish-born, who held vast lands and haciendas. They also held the rights over minerals mined in places such as Tlalpujahua, Angangueo andHuetamo.Indigenous peoples were exploited for their work, andslaverywas not uncommon. Education was restricted for only those born in Spain and their descendants and was controlled by the Church. The main educational institutions were the Colegio de San Nicolas, founded in the 16th century; and the Seminary of San Pedro and San Pablo, founded in the 18th century. These schools produced a number of distinguished men, but the best-known isMiguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[14] At the end of the 18th century, ideas from Europe began to infiltrate the upper classes of the state, especially in Valladolid (Morelia) andZamora.These would eventually lead to theMexican War of Independencein the early 18th century.[19]This war was foreshadowed by the 1809 conspiracy in Valladolid.[14]

One of the early and main protagonists of the war,Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla,was educated as a priest in the state and began to disseminate Enlightenment ideas here. Soon after Hidalgo performed theGrito de Doloresin Dolores (nowDolores Hidalgo), Guanajuato, a number of people influenced by his thought took up arms against the colonial government. These includedManuel de la Torre Lloreda,Gertrudis Bocanegra,José María Garcia ObesoandIgnacio López Rayón.During his campaign, Hidalgo returned to Valladolid, issuing a decree eliminating slavery.[19]

After Hidalgo's death, much of the insurgency andspiesagainst the Spanish viceroy were located in Michoacán, with documents such as the "Primera Constitución o Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (First Constitution or Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of the Mexican America) and "Sentimentos de la Nacion", both of which would shape constitutions and governments in the years to come. The firstMexican Supreme Courtwas also founded here. The Mexican War of Independence was culminated by the army ofAgustín de Iturbide,also a Michoacán native, who took Morelia in May 1821.[14]

After the war ended in 1821, the territory of Michoacán became the "Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán on January 31, 1824.[19]This state was initially divided into 4 departments and 22 portions (partidos) under the Ley Territorial of 1825, with the first constitution ratified in the same year. The name of the capital was changed from Valladolid to Morelia at the same time.[14]

In 1831, the state was reorganized into 61 municipals and 207 locales (tenencias). Due to the struggle between centralists and federalists in Mexico in the 19th century, Michoacán's rights as an entity would change depending on who was in control. The state was declared a department in 1836 but became a more independent state again in 1846. Colima broke off from Michoacán to form its own state in this year. In 1849, the municipality of Coyuca was separated to form the state of Guerrero. In 1853, the state became a department again, regaining state status in 1856. In 1857,Contepecwas separated from the state of Guanajuato and attached to Michoacán.[20]In 1863, the diocese of Michoacán was reduced in size, but its status was also elevated to archdiocese.[17]

During theFrench Intervention in Mexico,Morelia was taken by French forces in 1863. Since resistance to the French was particularly strong here, punitive acts were undertaken by the French in places likeZitácuaro,where much of the city was burned. One of the first victories against the French during the Intervention occurred in Zamora.[14]

Parícutin in 1997
Monarch butterfly sanctuary near the pueblo ofAngangueo
Laguna Larga in Los Azufres
Green sea turtle swimming in the Mexican Pacific

In 1907, Michoacán's boundaries changed again with the addition of the communities ofPungarabatoandZirandaroadded from Guerrero state to make theBalsas Rivera natural border.[14]TheMexican Revolutioncame to Michoacán in 1911, when those loyal toFrancisco I. MaderoproclaimedSanta Clara del Cobreas their territory, then went on to take towns around Lake Patzcuaro under the leadership ofSalvador Escalante.The governor of the state, Aristeo Mendoza, resigned. Fighting among various factions would continue in parts of the state for the rest of the war. The state's current constitution was ratified in 1918.[14]In 1920, theUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgowas founded.[14]

Soon after the end of the Revolution, theCristero Warwould affect the state, which affected agricultural production and distribution. In 1926, hostilities closed the seminaries in Morelia and Zamora. Near the end of the war,Lázaro Cárdenaswas elected governor of the state and served until 1932; he became president of Mexico in 1934.[14]

Michoacán has been badly affected by theMexican Drug War,due to itsmethamphetamineandmarijuanaproduction. That resulted in the start of ananti-drug trafficking campaign in 2006,an anti-narcotics operationsince 2006,grenadeattacksin 2008,ashootoutin 2015as well asa massacreandclashes in 2019.

Geography

[edit]
View of Lake Patzcuaro from Tzintzuntzan

The state is located in the center west of the Mexican Republic, on the extreme southwest of the central highlands. It borders the states of Mexico, Querétaro, Guerrero, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Colima, with a 217 km (135 mi) coastline on the Pacific Ocean. The state has a territory of 58,836.95 km2(22,717.07 sq mi), making it the sixteenth-largest in Mexico (exactly at the midpoint among Mexican states in area). It also has 1,490 km2(580 sq mi) of marine territory off its Pacific coast.[8][21]

The state is crossed by theSierra Madre del Sur,theTrans-Mexican Volcanic Beltand the Inter-mountain Valleys region. The Sierra Madre del Sur crosses the state northwest to southeast for approximately 200 km (120 mi) in the southwest between the municipalities ofChinicuilaandArteagaalong the Pacific Coast. It is considered to be a continuation of theSierra Madre Occidental.Peaks in this range average about 2,900 m (9,500 ft) above sea level, with the largest being the Cerro de las Canoas. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt crosses the state from west to east toward theToluca ValleyandValley of Mexico.This mountain range is marked by appearance of many volcanoes, active, dormant, and extinct alike. This system is subdivided into regions such as the Sierra de Tancítaro, Sierra de Periban, Sierra de San Angel and others. The best-known volcano in this region is theParicutínvolcano.[21]

Parícutin 1943 eruption at night

The state has a large number of lakes,waterfalls,lagoons,hot springs,and a natural system of waterways, including parts of two of the country's largest rivers, theLermaand the Balsas. These waterways are divided into three regions, called the North, Central and South. The North region includes the Lerma Basin. On the Lerma River is the Tepuxtepec Dam which has a capacity of 371 million m3.Rivers that empty into the Lerma in Michoacán include the Tlalpuhahua, Cachivi and Duero. Another river basin here is that ofLake Cuitzeo,which extends over an area of 3,618 m2(38,940 sq ft). The two main rivers that feed this lake are the Grande de Morelia and Queréndaro.[21]

Sierra Madre del Sur along the Michoacán seacoast

The Central region is represented by lakesPátzcuaroandZirahuén.Lake Pátzcuaro has a surface area of 1,525 km2.This lake is fed by a number of surface and subterranean water flows with the principal rivers leading here including the San Gregorio and Chapultepec. This lake has five islands within it calledJanitzio,Yunuén, La Pacanda, Tecuén, Jarácuaro, Urandén and Carián. Lake Zirahuén has an area of 615 km2(237 sq mi) and is fed by streams such as Manzanilla and Zinamba. These two lakes are considered to be the main tourist attraction of the state.[21]

Most of the state's rivers and streams are located in the south region of the state, with the Balsas River being the most important. The most important tributaries of this river include the Cutzamala, Carácuaro and Tepalcatepec rivers. Within this region is the coastal watershed, which is the area between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the coastline. This area includes small rivers such as the Coahuayana, Aquila, Ostula, Motín del Oro, Coire, Cachán and Nexpa which flow directly into the Pacific.[21]

Much of the climate of the state is determined by altitude and other geographical features. Average temperatures vary from 13 °C (55 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F). Lower temperatures correspond with the highland areas in the north and east while the lower south and west, called La Costa (the coast) orTierra Caliente(hot land) register higher temperatures. In the hotter lowlands, high temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) and have been known to reach over 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer. The lowest temperatures are registered in highland areas such as the Sierra de Coalcomán and the Sierra del Centro located near the border with the State of Mexico. Except for the Tierra Caliente, most of the state can experience freezing temperatures in the winter. Rainfall is also dependent on altitude with the lowlands receiving less rain than the mountain areas. There is a well-defined rainy season which extends from June to October over the entire state.[21]

Flora

[edit]

Ecosystems vary by altitude. Between 2,600 and 3,500 m (8,500 and 11,500 ft) above sea level, most of the vegetation are conifer forests. Between 1,000 and 2,600 m (3,300 and 8,500 ft), there are mixed forests and below this are broadleaf or tropical forests. Tree species include oak, cedar, and pine.Mango treescan be found in the eastern and western regions.[22]

Fauna

[edit]

Animal types vary from region to region but among mammals these can be found:skunks,raccoons,cacomistle,coyotes,lynxes,rabbits,bats,deer,armadillos,mountain lions,foxes, andjaguars.The latter is an important symbol in Purépecha culture.[23]Numerous bird species can be found including water fowl such as ducks,storksand seabirds along the coast.Eagles,parrots, andhawksare found in the tropical and mountainous regions. Both owls andhummingbirdsare important cultural symbols to the Purépecha.[24]It is also one of three Mexican states where thetarantulaspeciesBrachypelma hamoriiis found, the other two beingJaliscoandColima. Tiger sharks,thresher sharks,andporpoisescan be found in coastal waters.[25]Reptiles including crocodiles,sea turtles,iguanas,snakes, andcaimanscan be found in the waterways and along the coastal regions.[26][21]Michoacán includes critical over-wintering habitat for most of themonarch butterfliesfrom eastern North America. To the Purépechas, the monarch butterfly symbolizes the spirits of the dead as they journey from theafterlife.[27][28]

Protected areas

[edit]

Protected areas in Michoacán includeBarranca del Cupatitzio, Bosencheve,Cerro de Garnica,Insurgente José María Morelos,Lago de Camécuaro,andRayónnational parks,Monarch ButterflyandZicuirán-Infiernillobiosphere reserves,andPico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area.Lake PátzcuaroandZacapu LagoonareRamsar Sites,designated wetlands of international importance.

Economy

[edit]
Famed guitar town ofParacho

The economy of the state is based on agriculture, ranching, forest products, fishing and crafts.[8]Most of the population is employed in three sectors: agriculture (34%), mining and manufacturing (23%), and commerce (37%).

Agriculture

[edit]

Agriculture occupies over a million hectares of land in the state or 20% of the land area. Three-fifths of this agriculture occurs only during the rainy season.Irrigationfarming is restricted to areas such as theApatzingán Valley,theBajíoarea of Michoacán, theZamora Valleyand some others. Principal crops include corn,sorghum,avocados,strawberries,peaches, wheat, limes, sugar cane and mangos. While corn accounts for 43% of the crops harvested, Michoacán is the largest producer of avocados in Mexico and in the world. Forty three percent of farmland in the territory is dedicated to the raising of livestock, including cattle, domestic fowl, sheep, goats and pigs. In 2007, the state's production of meat, dairy and eggs was valued at over four billion pesos.[29]

Forestry

[edit]

Sixty percent of the state is covered in forest, with the most economically important of these located in the higher elevations at the eastern side. These forests mostly produce lumber and resin. These areas are estimated at 2,160,000 hectares, over half of which is pine forest. The most productive forests are located in the central and eastern portions of the state. Rainforest areas are estimated at 460,500 hectares. One problem facing the forested areas of the state is unsustainable logging. In addition to exploitable forest, there are also ecological reserves with tourist importance, especially the various monarch butterfly sanctuaries in the extreme east of the state.[21]

Fishing

[edit]
Fishermen in Lake Pátzcuaro

Michoacán's lakes, rivers and coastline make it an important producer of fish and seafood, both caught in the wild and farmed. The most important commercial fishing is fortilapiaandcarp.[29]

Mining and minerals

[edit]

Mining is an important economic activity in the state, which is mostly concentrated on the eastern side near the Mexico State border. However, iron is mined in the Lázaro Cárdenas area near the coast. Both metallic and non-metallic minerals are mined in the state. These include silver, gold,zinc,cadmium,lead, iron, copper,fill dirt,sand,gravel,lime,limestone,marble,and others. There are thirteen principal mining areas: Tlalpujahua, Angangueo, Los Azufres, Real de Otzumatlán, Tzitzio, Tiámaro, El Bastán, San Diego Curucupacéo, Inguarán, Las Truchas, and La Minita de Coalcomán. Michoacán is the second-largest producer of coke and third-largest producer of iron, which are essential to the steel industry, in Mexico. While there remains significant metallic deposits, their mining only contributes 1.64% to the economy.[21][29]

Manufacturing

[edit]

Most industrial activity is concentrated in the central region of the state, near the capital, where a number of industrial parks are located, such as Ciudad Industrial Morelia. However. there are other areas with industry, such as Apatzingán, Zamora,JiquilpanandSahuayo,as well as in theLázaro Cárdenasarea. Major production areas are iron and steel (34.27%), bottling (10.43%) and paper products (8.36%).[29] Most people in the state are employed in service and commerce, and this sector contributes 19.07% to the overall economy. Most sales are in foodstuffs, drinks and tobacco.[citation needed]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Statue ofJosé María MorelosinJanitzio

Transport

[edit]

The state contains more than 12,804 km (7,956 mi) of federal, state and local roads. Major highways in the state include Federal Highway 15 and the Morelia-Patzcuaro highway. Intercity and interstate buses provide connections to places within the state and the rest of Mexico. About 91% of these bus lines are second class while just under nine percent are first class. Most rail lines are limited to the north and center of the state, providing freight service to Mexico City and Guadalajara. The state's main port is the city of Lázaro Cárdenas which contains 2,926 m (9,600 ft) of dock space. The dock is used mostly for the shipping of minerals and grains.[30][31]There are two major international airports,Morelia International AirportandUruapan International Airport.Smaller facilities exist in Zamora and Lázaro Cárdenas. The state has abundant hydroelectrical production due to dams on the Balsas River, the Lerma River and the Tepalcatepec River.[8]

Media

[edit]

One notable actress fromSanta Elena,Michoacán isElpidia Carrillo.She is best known for starring in the 1987 science fictionhorror filmPredatoralongsideArnold Schwarzenegger.[32]

As of 1995, the state had eight television stations, with seven out of operation. There is a system of educational television with 528 broadcast antennas.[30]

Newspapersand news sites of Michoacán de Ocampo include:La Opinión de Apatzingán,a. m. de La Piedad,Diario ABC de Michoacán,El Diario Grande de Michoacán Provincia,El Sol de Morelia,El Sol de Zamora,Frecuencia Informativa Escrita,La Jornada Michoacán,La Opinión de Michoacán,La Voz de Michoacán.[33][34]

Education

[edit]

The state provides public education from preschool level to high school. "Formal preschool" is offered in communities which have twenty five or more qualified students. Less formal preschools are operated in smaller communities. As of 1996, there were 5,433 primary schools serving 705,694 students with 25,485 teachers. There is a failure rate from grade to grade of about 9.7% with just under five percent leaving school permanently before finishing primary studies. The most common reason for departure is poverty. At the secondary level there are 174,354 students, which represent 22% of these eligible to attend. High school level studies are mostly geared to vocational studies and many attend via distance education. There are 24 public and private institutions of higher learning offering 49 different majors. Eight are technical colleges, four for teachers, the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, the Instituto Michoacano de Ciencias de la Educación and ten private institutions.[30]

The Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo is located in Morelia.[18]Its historical predecessor was founded in 1540, making it one of the oldest institutions of higher education in the Americas.[35]

Tourism

[edit]
Danza de los Viejitos(Traditional folk dance of the Purépecha)

Carnitasare originally from Michoacán. Other traditional foods includecotija cheese,guacamole,morisqueta,tamales,pozole,enchiladas,mole sauce,and various sweets such aspan de muertoand chocolatechampurrado(during the Day of the Dead celebrations), ice cream,churros,and ate, a kind of Mexican jelly made of many typical fruits.[36]

The state ministry of tourism has divided the state into regions, mostly based on the major cities of Morelia, Uruapan, Lázaro Cárdenas, Patzcuaro, Zamora and Zitácuaro.[37]The state contains a large number of potential attractions, most of which are classified as suitable for ecotourism. However, only 6.2% of these sites are visited by international tourists. Most visitors to sites are from within the state.[29]

The Morelia region stresses its cultural and artistic heritage, especially its colonial architecture. The most important colonial structures are in Morelia and built in the 18th century. These include the cathedral, finished in 1744 and the main aqueduct finished at the end of the century. This architecture has made the city a World Heritage Site. In addition to the state capital, the region includes towns such as Charo, Capula, Tiripetio,CuitzeoandHuandacareo,which contain archaeological sites, water parks and traditional cuisine. The rural areas of this zone contain more than 400 thermal springs, many of which have been turned into recreational areas and parks. These include Reino de Atzimba, Cointzio, Huandacareo and El Ejido.[38]Morelia holds the annualFestival Internacional de Música de Morelia.The festival consists of more than forty concerts with over 500 artists from Michoacán and from around the world.[39]Other festivals include the popularSalsaMichthat features a 3-day Salsa dance competition.[40]TheFestival Internacional de Cine de Moreliais celebrated annually that is dedicated toMexican cinema.ThePlaza Monumental de Moreliawas established in 1951, which was destined exclusively forbullfights.Nowadays, the ring also hosts concerts,lucha libre,and weddings.[41]

The Uruapan region stresses its cultural and natural heritage. The city is one of the oldest settlements in the state, which was initially settled by theMeseta Purépecha.This city contains a number of attractions such as La Huatápera, colonial era hospital founded by Vasco de Quiroga, the Temple of San Francisco and the Eduardo Ruiz Municipal Museum. One other attraction is the narrowest house in the world as documented by theGuinness Book of World Records.Other important cities in the region are Apatzingán and Caracha.[42] Uruapan is surrounded by hundreds of hectares of forests and by fertile fields growing fruits and flowers, many of which only grow here. Some of the natural attractions of the zone include the Santa Catarina Dam and the La Tzaráacua and La Tzararacuita waterfalls. Smaller towns and villages in this region are known for their religious and popular festivals, many of which occur in the summer. Examples of these are the feasts of Señor del Calvario in Quinceo, of San Mateo Ahuiran in Paracho and the National Guitar Festival in Paracho. The best-known town in the region isSan Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro,which was founded due to the destruction of its original namesake by the eruption of theParicutínvolcano.[42]The pre-Hispanic sites ofTingambatoandTaretanare in this zone as well, which were important Purépecha cities.[42]

The town of Paracho is well known throughout both Mexico and elsewhere in the world as a hub oflutherie.This is because the town's craftsmen are reputed to making the best soundingguitarsandvihuelasin all of Mexico. The town is full of music shops that sell ten-stringmandolins,armadillo-backed guitars (concheras), acoustic bass guitars; as well as regular classical guitars and mandolins,bajo sextos,vihuelas,guitarronesand many others. Many of the stores and workshops allow visitors to watch the guitar-making process directly.[43]

Noche de Muertos decorations
TheCathedral of Our Lady of GuadalupeinZamora de Hidalgo

The Lázaro Cárdenas region is named after Michoacán's largest port and oceanside city. Here the state stresses the kilometres of beaches and other natural areas in which to practice ecotourism and extreme sports. Beaches include Maruata, Faro de Bucerías, the Pichi Estuary, La Laguna de Mezcala, La Ticla and Nexpa, with the last two popular forsurfing,with their regular two-three-meter waves. A number of these beaches are protected areas, due to being a breeding ground for sea turtles.[44]

The Patzcuaro region is extremely important to the state due to its history of having been the center of thePurépecha Empireas well as the first capital of the colonial province of Michoacán. Its pre-Hispanic heritage is evident by the Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatizo sites as well as the large number of people who still speak thePurépecha languageand maintain pre-Hispanic customs. Vasco de Quiroga established the first capital at Patzcuaro and was instrumental to building the colonial era economy of the Lake Patzcuaro area. The lake is surrounded by mountains and forests as well as the towns ofCuanajo,Tupátaro,EronguícuaroandQuiroga.These towns are noted for their crafts and popular religious festivals such as the feast of the Señor del Rescate inTzintzuntzan,Holy Week,and especially Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This area is the most important to the state with the most visited town, Patzcuaro with its basilica and museums.[45]

Jardin de las Rosas Garden and Park in Morelia
Street andCathedralofMorelia
Traditional charro outfit

One of the largest tourist events in the state is Noche de Muertos or Night of the Dead. This is celebrated on the dates around November 2. Essentially, these areDay of the Deadcelebrations, which are celebrated all over Mexico, but with unique variations. The events of these days show a blending of both pre-Hispanic and Catholic beliefs and traditions. Noche de Muertos is celebrated most strongly in the towns and villages around Lake Patzcuaro such as Tzintzuntzan, Ihuatzio, Janitzio, as well as Patzcuaro itself, which was the center of the Purépecha Empire. As in other parts of Mexico, altars to the dead, both in homes and on graves are erected and covered with offerings such as bread, fruit and other items. One aspect which is unique to the event here is the lighting and floating of hundreds of small candles and flowers on Lake Patzcuaro on the night between November 1 and 2. It is also believed that on this night theghostsof Mintzita, the daughter of Purépecha king Tzintzicha, and Itzihuapa arise. Their story is similar to that of Romeo and Juliet as they were never able to marry due to the Spanish invasion of their lands. Today, it is said that the two rise up and head toward a specific cemetery to receive visitors. There are a number of other rituals performed on these days such as the Terescuan y Campaneri, a kind of treasure hunt for hidden harvest items.[46]

Gertrudis Bocanegra Plaza and the San Agustin Library in Zitacuaro
Cascada Parque Nacional in Uruapan

The Zamora region is center of the city of the same name in an area known as thePurépecha Mesa.Pre-Hispanic language and customs are preserved here as well as a large number of crafts such as the pottery of Ptamban and the embroidery of Tarecuato. The region is part of an area of Mexico known as the Bajío and has extensive agriculture, livestock and some industry. Regional dishes such as pigs' feet, breads baked in wood fired ovens,tamales,pozoleand dishes made with avocados and corn are promoted here. Important towns outside of Zamora include Camécuaro, Orandiro, La Estancia and La Alberca. The city of Zamora is home to one of the oldest cultures in the west of Mexico which dates to about 1750 BCE, known as the Opeño. The Spanish city was founded as a military garrison.[47]

The Zitacuaro region contains approximately a half million hectares of conifer forests, but is best known as being part of the wintering grounds of themonarch butterfly.The area is filled with old mining towns as well as an important archaeological site. The region is home to theMazahuaand Otomi peoples, many of whom produce crafts such as blankets,rebozosand ceramics. The city of Zitacuaro is the site of an important battle during the French Intervention in Mexico, which gives it the title of "Heroic City". Other important communities include Añgangueo, San Matias andCiudad Hidalgo.The most important places to see monarch butterflies in the winter are in municipalities of Angangeo and Ocampo. The butterfly sanctuaries are called El Rosario, Cerro Campanario, Sierra Chincua and El Llanno de las Papas.[48]In 2008, UNESCO declared this region part of aMonarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve.[27]

Crime

[edit]

After the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) fell from power in 2000, the surge in criminal violence was unexpected. From homicides and kidnappings to organized crime, the violence that began to emerge while in a position of political change had posed a significant threat to the nation’s stability.[49]Even though criminal groups and the state are on two ends of the spectrum, they are seen working together. Some criminal groups have an upper hand when it comes to the state and the sharing of information between the two happens as a mutually beneficial concept.[50]

In Michoacán, the criminal groups are more equipped with weapons than the state institutions themselves, which means they simply overpower the government. With the heavy influence of criminal violence, even avocado producers had to step in and combat this violence. Michoacán is the second largest avocado producer in the entire world, and with that territory comes criminal groups demanding money from the avocado producers.Tancítarohas assembled theCUSEPT,civilian gunmen funded by local avocado growers, to protect against organized crime.[51][52][53]Such non-governmental police groups have been formed because local police are sometimes seen as unhelpful or complicit.[54][53]Turf disputeshappen too.[55][56]

War on drugs

[edit]

When President Felipe Calderón was in office in 2006 he sent troops into Michoacán to regain power over the state and to fight the current cartels that had power. His efforts ended up creating more violence, and the number of homicides skyrocketed.[50]The state of Michoacán has some of the highest murder rates throughout Mexico. In 2013, the criminal group, theKnights Templar Cartel,had essentially run the state. While they eventually lost the control they once had, excessive criminal violence persisted, and many civilians were in between feuds if they happened to be on enemy territory. The dispute is different criminal groups going to war on each other over drugs, money, and land but no authority is stepping in to end the disputes because these criminal groups are simply too powerful and are much more equipped than the State officials.[50]

Killings

[edit]

Homicide happens frequently in Michoacán.[56][55][54] On 26–28 October 2019, 9 people and 4 police were killed in a firefight from a search warrant.[57] 9 people, 3 of whom were children, were killed in a video game arcade on February 3, 2020.[58]

Kidnappings and Ransoms

[edit]

There have been aggressive disputes in the area,[59][60][61][62][63]such as those overavocados.[64]

Drug Cartels

[edit]
The region theTierra Calientecovers.

The rise of drug cartels in Michoacan as the state was going through a political change was pivotal. The cartels are able to pay state officials to do their dirty work for them in exchange for keeping their criminal group up and successful.[65]Adding on to the fluidity of criminal groups and government officials working together, the hope for Mexico to strengthen its powers back into a non-corrupt state is not high.[65]La Familia Michoacana,Jalisco New Generation Cartel,[66]Los Zetas,[56]Beltrán-Leyva Organization,[56]theKnights Templar Cartel[56]andCárteles Unidos[66]are some groups that operate in Michoacán. These groups are a threat to the government's security because Michoacán is now the center for drug production in the world. The reason drug cartels seem to thrive in Michoacán is due to what is called theTierra Calientein the southern part of the State. This region is far from the bustling atmosphere and with roads that are pretty inaccessible, it makes for an ideal place to do criminal activities.[49]

Police and Militia

[edit]

Operation Michoacántakes place in Michoacán. There are militias in Michoacán.[67][68]

Crime during COVID-19

[edit]

Due to crime, theUnited States Bureau of Consular Affairsadvises not to travel to Michoacán (as of April 2021).During theCOVID-19 pandemic,while the Mexican government was occupied, cartels took advantage as an opportunity to gain more power.[69][70]In Michoacán,La Familia Michoacanacartel decided to give out food to the local community. This was an effort to further embed themselves in a position to control power and to show civilians that they need criminal groups likeLa Familia Michoacana.[71]

Demographics

[edit]

Largest cities

[edit]

Michoacán is the seventh most populated state in Mexico and the average resident has a life expectancy of 73.3 years. It is estimated that each year about 40,000 people immigrate to the state while 78,000 leave, leading to population loss. Of those who leave, about one third go to other places in Mexico and the rest to other countries, principally the United States. The cities with the densest populations are Morelia, Uruapan and Zamora.[74]The majority of the population aremestizos;meaning that they are part indigenous, part European (mainly from Spain), and some African.[75]Michoacán is one of the most Catholic regions in Mexico.

Charreadais an important sport in the state. It celebrates the mestizo culture and heritage of Michoacán; in which the Spaniards employed the indigenous people asvaquerosor ranchers to herd cattle. During theMexican Revolution,both sides usedcharrosas soldiers. They were also used to maintain order against bandits. The typical Michoacáncharro outfitconsists of tight, embroidered pants and jacket, dress shirt, chaps, a cloak-likesarape,and asombrero.[76]

Michoacán has a history of European immigrants including: Italians,Spaniards,and the French. There are small Italian communities found throughout the state including the cities ofNueva Italia, MichoacánandLombardiain Michoacán, both founded by Dante Cusi from Gambar inBrescia.[77] During theSpanish Civil War,456 children from Spain arrived in Morelia as refugees. Most of them stayed even after the war concluded.[78]

The indigenous population is estimated at just over seven percent of the total, with most living in 29 municipalities. Many arePurépecha,which are located in the Meseta-Cañada, Patzcuaro Lake, Zirahuén Lake, and Zacapu regions. In the east of the state, in the municipalities of Ocampo, Anguangueo, Tuxpan, Hidalgo, Maravatío and Zitácuaro, there is a mix of Mazahua, Otomi and Purépecha. On the coast can be found the Aquila, Chinicuila and Coahuayana peoples.[74]The Purépecha are seen as Michoacán's most devotedCatholics;as well as mi xing traditional indigenous elements such as Noche de Muertos.

According to the 2020 Census, 1.55% of Michoacán's population identified as Black,Afro-Mexican,or of African descent.[79]

Municipalities

[edit]
Main article:Municipalities of Michoacán

Michoacán, as all states of Mexico, is divided intomunicipalities(municipios), creating 113municipalities of Michoacán.

Major communities

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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