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Mid back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA Number307 430
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)o​̞
Unicode(hex)U+006F U+031E
Braille⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)

Themid back rounded vowelis a type ofvowelsound, used in some spokenlanguages.While there is no dedicated symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid[o]and open-mid[ɔ],it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. There was an alternative IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ꭥ⟩. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel.Tukang Besiis a language inSulawesi,Indonesia,with a close-mid[o].Taba,another language in Indonesia, in theMaluku Islands,has an open-mid[ɔ].In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu,inMalaysiaandThailand,is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features[edit]

  • Itsvowel heightismid,which means the tongue is positioned halfway between aclose voweland anopen vowel.
  • Itsvowel backnessisback,which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
  • Itsroundednessis protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[1] bok [bɔ̝k] 'goat' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid[ɔ̝]and close-mid[o].[1]SeeAfrikaans phonology
Arabic Hejazi[2] لـون/lōn [lo̞ːn] 'color' SeeHejazi Arabic phonology
Breton[3] [example needed] Possible realization of unstressed/ɔ/;can be open-mid[ɔ]or close-mid[o]instead.[3]
Chinese Taiwanese Mandarin[4] Ta/wǒ [wo̞ɔː˨˩˦]ⓘ 'I' SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Shanghainese[5] Cao/kò [kö̞¹] 'tall' Near-back. Realization of/ɔ/in open syllables and/ʊ/in closed syllables.[5]
Czech[6][7] oko [ˈo̞ko̞] 'eye' In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid[o̞]and close-mid[o].[6]SeeCzech phonology
Danish Standard[8][9] måle [ˈmɔ̽ːlə] 'measure' Near-back;[8][9]typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch Amsterdam[10] och [ɔ̝̈χ] 'alas' Near-back;[10]corresponds to open-mid[ɔˤ]in standard Dutch. SeeDutch phonology
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11] mot [mɔ̝t] 'well' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
English CultivatedSouth African[12] thought [θɔ̝ːt] 'thought' Close-mid[oː]for other speakers. SeeSouth African English phonology
Maori[13] Near-close[o̝ː]in General New Zealand English.[13][14]
Scouse[15] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
SomeCardiffspeakers[16] Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel[ʌ̈ː].[16]
General American[17] Cambodia [kʰɛəmˈbö̞diə]ⓘ 'Cambodia' Near-back; often diphthongal:[ö̞ʊ].[17]Some regional North American varieties use a vowel that is closer to cardinal[o].SeeEnglish phonology
Yorkshire[18] [kʰamˈbo̞ːdjə] Corresponds to/əʊ/in otherBritishdialects. SeeEnglish phonology
Faroese[19] toldi [ˈtʰɔ̝ltɪ̞] 'endured' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. SeeFaroese phonology
Finnish[20][21] kello [ˈke̞lːo̞] 'clock' SeeFinnish phonology
French Parisian[22] pont [pɔ̝̃] 'bridge' Nasalized;typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. SeeFrench phonology
German Southern accents[23] voll [fɔ̝l] 'full' Common realization of/ɔ/in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Open-mid[ɔ]in Northern Standard German.[24]SeeStandard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[25] hoch [ho̞ːχ] 'high' Close-mid[oː]in other accents.[26]SeeStandard German phonology
Greek ModernStandard[27][28] πως/pos [po̞s̠] 'how' SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrew[29] שלום/shalom/šɔlom [ʃäˈlo̞m] 'peace' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. SeeNiqqudandModern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio[30] do [dó̞] 'there'
Icelandic[31] loft [ˈlɔ̝ft] 'air' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to[oɔ].[32]SeeIcelandic phonology
Inuit West Greenlandic[33] Maniitsoq [maniːtsːo̞q] 'Maniitsoq' Allophone of/u/before and especially between uvulars.[33]SeeGreenlandic phonology
Italian Standard[34] forense [fo̞ˈrɛnse] 'forensic' Common realization of the unstressed/o/.[34]SeeItalian phonology
Northern accents[35] bosco [ˈbo̞sko̞] 'forest' Local realization of/ɔ/.[35]SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[36] Tử/ko [ko̞] 'child' SeeJapanese phonology
Korean[37] 보리/bori [po̞ˈɾi] 'barley' SeeKorean phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[38] mok [mɔ̝k] 'mug' May be transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[38]SeeHasselt dialect phonology
Malay Standard پوكوق/pokok [po̞.ko̞ʔ] 'tree' SeeMalay phonology
Johor-Riau
Norwegian Urban East[39][40] lov [lo̞ːʋ] 'law' Also described as close-mid[oː].[41]SeeNorwegian phonology
Romanian[42] acolo [äˈko̞lo̞] 'there' SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[43] сухой/sukhoy/sukhoj [s̪ʊˈxo̞j]ⓘ 'dry' Some speakers realize it as open-mid[ɔ].[43]SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[44][45] ко̑д/kȏd/kõd [kô̞ːd̪] 'code' SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo[46] koni [ˈkö̞ni̞] 'eel' Near-back.[46]
Slovene[47] oglas [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] 'advertisement' Unstressed vowel,[47]as well as an allophone of/o/before/ʋ/when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[48]SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[49] todo [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] 'all' SeeSpanish phonology
Tera[50] zo [zo̞ː] 'rope'
Thai โต [to̞ː˧] 'big' SeeThai phonology
Turkish[51][52] kol [kʰo̞ɫ] 'arm' SeeTurkish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[53] do [d̪o̞] 'corn tassel'

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abWissing (2016),section "The rounded mid-high back vowel/ɔ/".
  2. ^Abdoh (2010:84)
  3. ^abTernes (1992),p. 433.
  4. ^Lee & Zee (2003),p. 110.
  5. ^abChen & Gussenhoven (2015),p. 328.
  6. ^abDankovičová (1999),p. 72.
  7. ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),pp. 228–230.
  8. ^abGrønnum (1998),p. 100.
  9. ^abBasbøll (2005),p. 47.
  10. ^abCollins & Mees (2003),p. 132.
  11. ^Peters (2010),p. 241.
  12. ^Lass (2002),p. 116.
  13. ^abWarren & Bauer (2004),p. 617.
  14. ^Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008),pp. 21–22.
  15. ^Watson (2007),p. 357.
  16. ^abCollins & Mees (1990),p. 95.
  17. ^abWells (1982),p. 487.
  18. ^Roca & Johnson (1999),p. 180.
  19. ^Peterson (2000),cited inÁrnason (2011:76)
  20. ^Iivonen & Harnud (2005),pp. 60, 66.
  21. ^Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008),p. 21.
  22. ^Collins & Mees (2013),p. 226.
  23. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 64.
  24. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),pp. 34, 64.
  25. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 65.
  26. ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),pp. 34, 65.
  27. ^Arvaniti (2007),p. 28.
  28. ^Trudgill (2009),p. 81.
  29. ^Laufer (1999),p. 98.
  30. ^Urua (2004),p. 106.
  31. ^Brodersen (2011).
  32. ^Árnason (2011),pp. 57–60.
  33. ^abFortescue (1990),p. 317.
  34. ^abBertinetto & Loporcaro (2005),pp. 137–138.
  35. ^abBertinetto & Loporcaro (2005),p. 137.
  36. ^Okada (1999),p. 117.
  37. ^Lee (1999),p. 121.
  38. ^abPeters (2006),p. 119.
  39. ^Vanvik (1979),pp. 13, 17.
  40. ^Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005),p. 4.
  41. ^Kristoffersen (2000),pp. 16–17.
  42. ^Sarlin (2014),p. 18.
  43. ^abJones & Ward (1969),p. 56.
  44. ^Kordić (2006),p. 4.
  45. ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 67.
  46. ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001),p. 282.
  47. ^abTatjana Srebot-Rejec."On the vowel system in present-day Slovene"(PDF).
  48. ^Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999),p. 138.
  49. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 256.
  50. ^Tench (2007),p. 230.
  51. ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 155.
  52. ^Göksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 11.
  53. ^Merrill (2008),p. 109.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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