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Middlesbrough

Coordinates:54°34′36″N1°14′08″W/ 54.5767°N 1.2355°W/54.5767; -1.2355
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Middlesbrough
Town
Middlesbrough is located in North Yorkshire
Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough
Location withinNorth Yorkshire
Population
Borough(2022)148,285
• Built-up area (2021)148,215[1]
OS grid referenceNZ495204
London217 mi (349 km)S
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Areas of the town
Post townMIDDLESBROUGH
Postcode districtTS1 – TS9
Dialling code01642
PoliceCleveland
FireCleveland
AmbulanceNorth East
UK Parliament
Websitemiddlesbrough.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
54°34′36″N1°14′08″W/ 54.5767°N 1.2355°W/54.5767; -1.2355

Middlesbrough(/ˈmɪdəlzbrə/MID-əlz-brə) is a town inNorth Yorkshire,England. The town lies near the mouth of theRiver Tees,forming part of theTeessidebuilt-up area, and is located north of theNorth York Moors National Park.The widerBorough of Middlesbroughhad a population 148,215 at the2021 UK census.[1]Middlesbrough is the largest town of the wider urbanTees Valleyarea, which had a population of 678,400 in 2021.[2]

Until the early 1800s, the area was rural farmland in the historic county ofYorkshire.The town was aplanned developmentwhich started in 1830, based around a new port withcoaland laterironworksadded.Steel productionandship buildingbegan in the late 1800s, remaining associated with the town until the post-industrial decline of the late twentieth century. Trade (notably throughports) and digital enterprise sectors contemporarily contribute to the local economy,Teesside UniversityandMiddlesbrough Collegeto local education.

Middlesbrough was made amunicipal boroughin 1853. When elected county councils were created in 1889, Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became acounty borough,independent fromNorth Riding County Council.The borough of Middlesbrough was abolished in 1968 when the area was absorbed into the largerCounty Borough of Teesside.Six years later in 1974 Middlesbrough was re-established as a borough within the new county ofCleveland.Cleveland was abolished in 1996, since when Middlesbrough has been aunitary authoritywithin theceremonial countyofNorth Yorkshire.However, since its establishment in 2016, the former area of Cleveland, including Middlesbrough, has been also governed by theTees Valley Combined Authority,which has had a directly electedMayorsince 2017.[3]


History

[edit]

Monks and lords

[edit]

Middlesbrough started as aBenedictinepriory on the south bank of theRiver Tees,its name possibly derived from it being midway between the holy sites ofDurhamandWhitby.The earliest recorded form of Middlesbrough's name is "Mydilsburgh". Some believe the name means "middle fortress", as it was midway between the two religious houses of Durham and Whitby; others state that it is anOld Englishpersonal name (MideleorMyhailf) combined withburghmeaning town.[4][5][6][7]

In 686, a monastic cell was consecrated bySt. Cuthbertat the request ofSt. Hilda,Abbess ofWhitby.The cell evolved intoMiddlesbrough Priory.The manor of Middlesburgh belonged toWhitby AbbeyandGisborough Priory.[8]Robert Bruce, Lord of Cleveland and Annandale,granted and confirmed, in 1119, the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg to Whitby.[9]Up until its closure on theDissolution of the MonasteriesbyHenry VIIIin 1537, the church was maintained by 12Benedictinemonks, many of whom became vicars, or rectors, of various places in Cleveland.[10]

After theAngles,the area became home toVikingsettlers. Names of Viking origin (with the suffixbymeaningvillage[11]) are abundant in the area; for example,Ormesby,StainsbyandTollesbywere once separate villages that belonged toVikingscalled Orm, Steinn and Toll that are now areas of Middlesbrough were recorded in theDomesday Bookof 1086.

Coal and docks

[edit]

In 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farmingtownshipwith a population of just 25. From the 1829 onwards it experienced rapid growth. In 1828 the influentialQuakerbanker, coal mine owner andStockton and Darlington Railway(S&DR) shareholderJoseph Peasesailed up the River Tees to find a suitable new site downriver of Stockton on which to place new coalstaithes.As a result, in 1829 he and a group ofQuakerbusinessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres (213 ha) of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company.

Through the company, the investors set about a new coal port development (designed byJohn Harris) on the southern banks of the Tees.[12][13]The first coal shipping staithes at the port (known as "Port Darlington" ) were constructed with a settlement to the east established on the site of Middlesbrough farm as labour for the port, taking on the farm's name as it developed into a village.[14][15]

The port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the currentMiddlesbroughrailway station.[16]

The success of the port meant it soon became overwhelmed by the volume of imports and exports, and in 1839 work started on a dock to the east of Middlesbrough.[14]The first water for the dock was let in on 19 March 1842, the formal opening took place on 12 May 1842.

Iron, steel and ships

[edit]
"Where alchemists were born below Cleveland's Hills. A giant blue dragonfly across the Tees reminds us every night. We built the world, every metropolis came from the Ironopolis." A Poem by Ian Horn.

Iron dominated the Tees area since 1841 whenHenry Bolckowin partnership withJohn Vaughan,founded the Vulcaniron foundryandrolling mill.Vaughan introduced the new "Bell Hopper" system of closed blast furnaces developed at theEbbw Valeworks. The new system and nearby abundant supply ofIronstonein theEston Hillsin 1850, made the works a success with the area becoming known as the "Iron-smelting centre of the world" andBolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltdthe largest company in existence at the time.[17]

By 1851 Middlesbrough's population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600.[13]Pig ironproduction rose tenfold between 1851 and 1856 and by the mid-1870s Middlesbrough was producing one third of the entire nation's Pig Iron output. It was during this time Middlesbrough earned the nickname "Ironopolis".[18][19]

Old Town Hall, Middlesbroughin 2013

On 21 January 1853, Middlesbrough received itsRoyal Charter of Incorporation,[20]giving the town the right to have a mayor, aldermen and councillors. Henry Bolckow became mayor, in 1853.[8]

In the latter half of the 19th century, Old Middlesbrough was starting to decline and was overshadowed by developments built around thenew town hall,south of theoriginal town hall.[21][22]

Gibson House (Boho Four)

On 15 August 1867, a Reform Bill was passed, making Middlesbrough a new parliamentary borough, Bolckow was elected member for Middlesbrough the following year. In 1900,Bolckow, Vaughan & Cohad become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain.

The town's rapid expansion continued throughout the second half of the 19th century (fuelled by the iron and steel industry), the population reaching 90,000 by the dawn of the 20th century.[13]

Second World War

[edit]

Middlesbrough was the first major British town and industrial target to be bombed during theSecond World War.The steel making capacity and railways for carrying steel products were obvious targets. TheLuftwaffefirst bombed the town on 25 May 1940, when a lone bomber dropped 13 bombs between South Bank Road and the South Steel plant.[23]More bombing occurred throughout the course of the war, with therailway stationput out of action for two weeks in 1942.[24]

By the end of the war over 200 buildings had been damaged or destroyed within the Middlesbrough area. Areas of early and mid-Victorian housing were demolished and much of central Middlesbrough was redeveloped. Heavy industry was relocated to areas of land better suited to the needs of modern technology. Middlesbrough itself began to take on a completely different look.[25]

Post-war rebuild

[edit]
A66 from a multi-storey car park in 2006 (the road is raised with Wilson Street running adjacent)

Post war industrial to contemporary un-industrial Middlesbrough has changed the town, multiple buildings replaced and roads built. TheA66 roadwas built through the town in the 1980s; Middlesbrough's Royal Exchange building was demolished to make way for the road.

Middlesbrough F.C.'smodernRiverside Stadiumopened on 26 August 1995 next to Middlesbrough Dock. The club moved from their previous home in the town for 92 years,Ayresome Park.

The original St.Hilda's area of Middlesbrough, after decades of decline and clearance, was given a new name ofMiddlehavenin 1986 on investment proposals to build on the land.[26]Middlehavenhas since had new buildings built there includingMiddlesbrough Collegeand Middlesbrough FC's Riverside Stadium amongst others. Also situated at Middlehaven is the "Boho" zone, offering office space to the area's business and to attract new companies, and also "Bohouse", housing.[27][28]Some of the street names from the original grid-iron street plan of the town still exist in the area today.

The expansion of Middlesbrough southwards, eastwards and westwards continued throughout the 20th century absorbing villages such asLinthorpe,Acklam,Ormesby,MartonandNunthorpe[13]and continues to the present day.

Governance

[edit]

The local authority isMiddlesbrough Council,aunitary authority.Middlesbrough also forms part of theTees Valley Combined Authority.

Administrative history

[edit]

Middlesbrough was historically atownshipin theancient parishofWest Acklamin theLangbaurgh Wapentake(also known asCleveland) of theNorth RidingofYorkshire.[29]After thedissolution of the monasteryin 1539 the former Middlesbrough Priory was used as achapel of easeto West Acklam for a time, but by about 1660 the building had been demolished. Despite having no church building, aperpetual curacyof Middlesbrough was created in 1744, also covering the neighbouring township ofLinthorpe,and the curacy of Middlesbrough gradually came to be treated as acivil parish.[30][31]

After construction of the modern town began in 1830, there was a need for more urban forms of local government. In 1841 a body ofimprovement commissionerswas set up covering the township of Middlesbrough and part of the township of Linthorpe.[32]The commissioners were superseded in 1853 when the same area was made amunicipal borough.The borough boundaries were extended in 1858, 1866 and 1887.[33][34]When elected county councils were created in 1889 under theLocal Government Act 1888,Middlesbrough was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services and so it became acounty borough,independent from the newNorth Riding County Council,whilst remaining part of theNorth Riding of Yorkshirefor ceremonial purposes.[35]

By this time the borough covered the civil parish of Middlesbrough and parts of the parishes of Linthorpe (where the old township had been made a separate parish in 1866),Marton,Normanby,Ormesbyand West Acklam. TheLocal Government Act 1894said that parishes could no longer straddle borough boundaries, and so the parish of Middlesbrough was enlarged to cover the whole borough.[36][37]

Acklam Hall,built 1680s: Manor house in the parish of West Acklam which historically included Middlesbrough. West Acklam was absorbed into Middlesbrough in 1932.

The borough was further enlarged in 1913, taking in the rest of Linthorpe and theNorth Ormesbyarea from the parish of Ormesby.[38]In 1932 it gained West Acklam and smaller parts from other parishes when theMiddlesbrough Rural Districtwas abolished.[36]

In the latter half of the 20th century Middlesbrough was affected by three reforms: in1968,Middlesbrough became part of theTeesside County Borough;in1974,it became thecounty townof theClevelandnon-metropolitan county until its abolition and in1996,theBorough of Middlesbroughbecame aunitary authorityofNorth Yorkshire.In 2011 alocal enterprise partnershipwas formed from the former Cleveland boroughs and theborough of DarlingtoncalledTees Valley,in 2016 the area appointed acombined authoritymayor.

Constituencies

[edit]

TheMiddlesbroughconstituency is represented byAndy McDonaldfor Labour in the House of Commons. He was elected ina by-electionheld on 29 November 2012 following the death of previous Member of ParliamentSir Stuart Bell,who was the MP since 1983. Middlesbrough has been a traditionally safeLabourseat. The first Conservative MP for Middlesbrough was SirSamuel Alexander Sadler,elected in 1900.

TheMiddlesbrough South and East Clevelandconstituency is represented bySimon Clarkeof theConservative Party,who won the seat from Labour in the2017 general election.Prior to Clarke's election, the seat had always been Labour since it was created in 1997.

Different constituencies have historically covered the town:

Geography

[edit]

Middlesbrough is south of theRiver Teeswith nature reserves and heavy industry on the opposite bank. Some open spaces in the town are off theB1380 road(Ladgate Lane): Sandy Flatts, Middlesbrough Municipal Golf Course,Stewart ParkandOrmesby Hall's grounds. It is one of theTree Cities of the World.[39]

Distance to other places

[edit]
Place Distance Direction Relation
London 217 miles (349 km)[40] South England and the UK's capital city
Edinburgh 158 miles (254 km)[41] North Scotland's capital city
York 43 miles (69 km)[42] South Historiccounty townof Yorkshire
Durham 19 miles (31 km)[43] North Closest city
Darlington 13 miles (21 km)[44] West Teesdale
Hartlepool 8 miles (13 km)[45] North Teesdale
Stockton 3 miles (4.8 km)[46] West Teesdale

The town centre is approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the coast, 7 miles (11 km) fromRoseberry Toppingin theNorth York Moors National Parkand 25 miles (40 km) from theYorkshire Dales National Park.

Areas

[edit]

Middlesbrough is within theTeesside,which is centred around theRiver Tees;it includes nearby towns such asStocktonandRedcar.The following list shows the wards that correspond to the Middlesbrough built-up area; those in bold have civil parishes.

The 2011 Teesside Built-up Area with subdivisions and local authority boundaries, Middlesbrough is light red.
Borough of Middlesbrough
Acklamand Kader Ayresome(also includesWhinney Banks) Berwick HillsandPallister
BramblesandThorntree Central Coulby Newham
Hemlington Ladgate (Easterside,SaltersgillandTollesby) Linthorpe
Longlands and Beechwood Marton(east and west wards) Newport
North Ormesby Nunthorpe Park (includesAlbert Park)
Park Endand Beckfield (includesNetherfields) StaintonandThornton Trimdon

Climate

[edit]

Middlesbrough has anoceanic climatetypical for the United Kingdom. Being sheltered from prevailing south-westerly winds by theLake DistrictandPenninesto the west, and theCleveland Hillsto the south, Middlesbrough is in one of the relatively dry parts of the country, receiving on average 574 millimetres (22.6 inches) of rain a year. Temperatures range from mild summer highs in July and August typically around 21 °C (70 °F), to winter lows in December and January falling to around 0 °C (32 °F).

Seasonal variations are small and both the mild summers and cool winters are far removed from the average climates of the latitude (54.5°N). This is mainly due to theBritish Islesbeing a relatively small land mass surrounded by water, the mild south-westerlyGulf Streamair that dominates the British Isles, and the propensity for cloud cover to limit temperature extremes. In nearbyScandinavia,more than ten latitudes farther north, there are coastalBothnianclimates with warmer summers than Middlesbrough; and winters in Middlesbrough can be less cold than those at lower latitudes in mainland Europe.

Climate data for Middlesbrough, England (1991–2010,Stockton-on-Tees Climate Station)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6)
7.9
(46.2)
10.0
(50.0)
12.8
(55.0)
15.5
(59.9)
18.2
(64.8)
20.6
(69.1)
20.4
(68.7)
17.7
(63.9)
13.9
(57.0)
9.9
(49.8)
7.3
(45.1)
13.5
(56.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4)
4.6
(40.3)
6.1
(43.0)
8.4
(47.1)
10.8
(51.4)
13.6
(56.5)
15.8
(60.4)
15.7
(60.3)
13.3
(55.9)
10.2
(50.4)
6.7
(44.1)
4.2
(39.6)
9.5
(49.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
1.2
(34.2)
2.1
(35.8)
3.9
(39.0)
6.1
(43.0)
8.9
(48.0)
10.9
(51.6)
10.9
(51.6)
8.8
(47.8)
6.5
(43.7)
3.5
(38.3)
1.0
(33.8)
5.4
(41.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 40.2
(1.58)
36.1
(1.42)
34.0
(1.34)
39.2
(1.54)
42.0
(1.65)
55.7
(2.19)
59.1
(2.33)
63.3
(2.49)
52.3
(2.06)
59.3
(2.33)
62.8
(2.47)
52.2
(2.06)
596.2
(23.46)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 56.1 76.2 109.6 138.9 180.7 171.2 174.3 161.4 125.9 91.1 59.5 50.4 1,395.3
Source: UK Met Office[47]

Economy

[edit]
Captain Cook Square

Middlesbrough has four shopping centres accessible from Linthorpe road:Cleveland Centre,Hill Street, Captain Cook Square and Dundas. Gateway Retail Park is near the Riverside Stadium[48]and the Parkway Centre is in Coulby Newham. Cleveland retail park (South Bank) and the retail part ofTeesside Park(between Thornaby and Middlesbrough) are on the council's outskirts.

The leisure part of Teesside Park is in the council area, including a cinema and bowling alley. Middlesbrough Leisure Park is located at the eastern edge of the town centre: it has restaurants, a cinema, a golf shop and a gym.[49]Captain Cook Square, with the Future High Streets Fund, transitioned from majority retail sector to having a hospitality sector; mini-golf, indoor go-kart track,e-sportvenue and bowling alley.[50]

Industry

[edit]

Industry in the town was once dominated by steelmaking, shipbuilding and chemical industries. Since the late 20th century and into the 21st century,[51][52] the demise of much of the heavy industry in the area, newer technologies (such as the digital sector) have emerged.[53]

Engineering

[edit]

Middlesbrough also remains a stronghold for engineering based manufacturing and engineering contract service businesses. To help support this, the new TeesAMP advanced manufacturing park is designed to accommodate businesses associated with advanced manufacturing and emerging technologies.[54]Announced in September 2020, TeesAMP will be the location of the UK's first hydrogen transport centre.[55]

Port

[edit]
PD Ports's offices on Queen's Square

Teesport,owned byPD Ports,is a major contributor to the economy of Middlesbrough and the port owners have their offices in the town. The port is 1 mile (2 km) from theNorth Seaand 4 miles (6 km) east of Middlesbrough, on theRiver Tees.In 2019 it handled over 4,350 vessels each year and around 27 million tonnes of cargo with the estate covering approximately 779 acres.[56]Steel, petrochemical, agribulks, manufacturing, engineering and high street commerce operations are all supported through Teesport, in addition to the renewable energy sector, in both production and assembly facilities.

Former

[edit]

In 1875, Bolckow, Vaughan & Co opened the Cleveland Steelworks in Middlesbrough, beginning the transition from iron production to steel and, by the turn of the century, the area had become one of the major steel centres in the country and possibly the world. In 1900,Bolckow, Vaughan & Cohad become the largest producer of steel in Great Britain. In 1914,Dorman Long,another major steel producer from Middlesbrough, became the largest company in Britain, employing a workforce of over 20,000, and by 1929 it was the dominant steel producer on Teesside after taking over Bolckow, Vaughan & Co and acquiring its assets. It was possibly the largest steel producer in Britain at the time.[57]

The steel components of theSydney Harbour Bridge(1932) were engineered and fabricated byDorman Longof Middlesbrough. The company was also responsible for theNew Tyne BridgeinNewcastle.[58]

Several large shipyards also lined the Tees, including theSir Raylton Dixon & Company,which produced hundreds of steam freighters including the infamousSS Mont-Blanc,the steamship which caused the 1917Halifax Explosionin Canada.

The area is still home to the nearby largeWilton International industrial sitewhich until 1995 was largely owned byImperial Chemical Industries(ICI). The fragmentation of that company led to smaller manufacturing units being owned by multinational organisations. The last part of ICI itself completely left the area in 2006 and the remaining companies are now members of theNortheast of England Process Industry Cluster(NEPIC).

Culture

[edit]

Festivals and fairs

[edit]
Wilkinson Lake

TheMiddlesbrough Melais an annual, multi-cultural festival attracting an audience of up to 40,000 to enjoy a mix of live music, food, craft and fashion stalls. It began in Middlesbrough's Central Gardens, now Centre Square, and is either held there or in Albert Park.[59]

Theatres and music venues

[edit]

Middlesbrough also has a healthy musical heritage. A number of bands and musicians hail from the area, includingPaul Rodgers,Chris Rea,andMicky Moody.

Middlesbrough Town Hallis the pre-eminent theatre venue in Middlesbrough. It has two concert halls: the first is a classic Victorian concert hall with aprosceniumstage and seating 1,190; the second, under the main hall, is called the Middlesbrough Crypt and has a capacity of up to 600. The venue is run by Middlesbrough Council and is funded, in part, by Arts Council England as aNational Portfolio Organisationspecialising in music.[60]It was refurbished with the assistance of theNational Lottery Heritage Fundand reopened in 2018.[61]

TheMiddlesbrough Theatre(formerly the Little Theatre) is in the suburb ofLinthorpe.It was designed by architects Elder & De Pierro[62]and was the first purpose designed theatre to be erected in post-war England when it was opened on 22 October 1957 bySir John Gielgud.[63][64]

Art and galleries

[edit]
MIMA Gallery

The town has three art galleries.Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art,known locally as mima, is a purpose built contemporary art gallery which opened in January 2007. It replaced the Cleveland Gallery (closed 1999), and Cleveland Crafts Centre (closed 2003).

The Middlesbrough Art Weekender is a contemporary art festival organised by the Auxiliary that has been held in central Middlesbrough since 2017.[65]In 2019, it was held over the weekend of 26–29 September and included the works of artists such asEmily HesseandKarina Smigla-Bobinski.[66]The Auxiliary Warehouse space, which was opened also as part of the 2019 Middlesbrough Art Weekender, is a recent addition to the contemporary art community.[67]

The Platform A Gallery is a contemporary art space at the end of platform 1 of Middlesbrough Railway Station.[68]

Cuisine

[edit]
Parmo with chips and salad

TheParmooriginated in Middlesbrough. It consists of a breaded cutlet of meat with cheese and white sauce toppings. The parmo is widely available at takeaways in Middlesbrough.

Public services

[edit]

Healthcare

[edit]
James Cook University Hospital

TheSouth Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trusthas theJames Cook University Hospitalin the town. It adds to the economy through innovative projects; such as South Tees bio-incubator which acts as a launch-pad for research, innovation and collaboration between health, technology and science. It is a facility used by GlycoSeLect (UK) Ltd. as a client of the trust in strategic partnership with The Northern Health Science Alliance which has contributed £10.8 billion to the UK economy.[69]

Roseberry Park Hospital,operated byTees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust(TWEV), is north of James Cook Hospital. The hospital ispsychiatricorientated and replacedSt Luke's Hospital.[70]Acklam Road Hospital is operated byCumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trustwhich took over from TWEV. During the transition it was renamed from West Lane to its current name.[71]

There is also the Middlesbrough One Life Medical Centre and North Ormesby Health Village in town.Ramsey Healthoperate the private Tees Valley Hospital in Acklam.[72]

Police

[edit]
Cleveland Police Middlesbrough Headquarters

Cleveland Policeserve Middlesbrough out of their headquarters on Bridge Street West. TheBritish Transport Policealso maintain a presence at Middlesbrough Station.

Facilities

[edit]

Parks

[edit]
Albert Park

Albert Parkwas donated to the town by Henry Bolckow in 1866. It was formally opened byPrince Arthuron 11 August 1868, and consists of a 30-hectare (74-acre) site. The park underwent a considerable period of restoration from 2001 to 2004, during which a number of the park's landmarks saw either restoration or revival.

Stewart Parkwas donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1928 by Councillor Thomas Dormand Stewart and encompasses Victorian stable buildings, lakes and animal pens. It is also home to the Captain Cook Birthplace Museum. During 2011 and 2012, the park underwent major refurbishment. It hosted theBBC Radio 1's Big Weekendin the summer of 2019.[73]

Newham Grange Leisure farmin the suburb of Coulby Newham has operated continuously in this spot since the 17th century, becoming afarm parkand conservation centre farm with the first residential development of the suburb in the 1970s.

Libraries

[edit]
Middlesbrough Central (Public) Library
Inside the public Library reference room

There are multiple libraries serving Middlesbrough. A notable library is the Middlesbrough CentralCarnegie librarywhich dates from 1912.[74]

Landmarks

[edit]

As of 2022there are 129listed buildingsin the council area.Acklam Hallis the only one at grade I,[75]and11 are at grade II*,[76]includingthe town hall[76]and theTransporter Bridge.[77]

Buildings

[edit]
Buildings of Middlesbrough
Landmarks from top left to bottom right:
Acklam Hall,Grey Towers, Webb House/ The Dorman Long Office and The Middlesbrough Empire

The terracedVictorianstreets surrounding the town centre are elements of Middlesbrough's social and historical identity, and the vast streets surrounding Parliament Road and Abingdon Road a reminder of the area's wealth and rapid growth during industrialisation.

The outer areas of the town have multiple country halls, most are of Victorian origin. Former halls include Marton Hall (on the grounds ofStewart Park), Gunnergate Hall (Coulby Newham),TollesbyHall andPark EndHouse.[78]They are multiple halls that are still in existence such as Newham Hall,[79]Nunthorpe Hall,[80]Grey Towers,[81]and Coulby Manor.[82]The oldest domestic building isAcklam Hallof 1678. Built by SirWilliam Hustler,it is also the onlyGrade I listed buildingin Midddlesbrough.[75][83]Within a mile of the council area there areNormanby Hall,[84]Upsall Hall[85]and theGrade I listedOrmesby Hall.[86]

Middlesbrough Town Hall,designed byGeorge Gordon Hoskinsand built between 1883 and 1889 is a Grade II*listed building[76]used for municipal purposes and as an entertainment venue. The Middlesbrough Empire, built in 1897 as a theatre, is a nightclub (since 1993) designed by Ernest Runtz. The first artist to perform in building as aMusic HallwasLillie Langtry.[87]It became an early nightclub (1950s), then a bingo hall and is now once again a nightclub. In Linthorpe, is theMiddlesbrough Theatreopened by SirJohn Gielgudin 1957; it was one of the first new theatres built in England after theSecond World War.

The Dorman Long office on Zetland Road, constructed between 1881 and 1891, is the only commercial building ever designed byPhilip Webb,the architect who worked for Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell.

Bridges

[edit]
Bridges of Middlesbrough

Via a 1907Act of Parliament,Sir William Arrol & Co.of Glasgow built theTees Transporter Bridge(1911) which spans the river between Middlesbrough andPort Clarence.It is a Grade II*listed building.[77]Some of the filmBilly Elliotwas filmed on the bridge.[88]At 850 feet (260 m) long and 225 feet (69 m) high, it is one of the largest of its type in the world. Since reopening after restoration and flood protection work in 2013 and 2015[89][90]the bridge has been closed for long periods due to safety concerns.[91]In August 2022, the Mayor of Middlesbrough announced that one of the legs is sinking, and that the estimated costs of repairs have been increasing: the bridge's future remains under consideration.[92]

TheTees Newport Bridgeopened further up the river in 1934. Newport bridge still stands and is passable by traffic: it formerly lifted vertically in the centre.

Artworks

[edit]
Sculptures: 40,000 Years of Modern Art, Bottle O' Notes and theTemenos Sculpture

TheTemenos Sculpture,designed by sculptorAnish Kapoorand designerCecil Balmond,is a steel structure near to the north west side of the Riverside Stadium. The steel structure, consisting of a pole, a circular ring and an oval ring, stands approximately 110 m long and 50 m high and is held together by steel wire. It was unveiled in 2010 at a cost of £2.7 million.

Near the town hall is the "Bottle of Notes", it was unveiled in 1993 and is the UK's only public sculpture byClaes Oldenburg,it is inspired byCaptain James Cook.[93]

Transport

[edit]

Air

[edit]
Teesside Airport

Teesside,NewcastleandLeeds Bradfordare the closest international airports to the town; they are all connected by a rail journey with at least one change.Manchester Airportis connected directly by TransPennine's railway service.[94]

Railway

[edit]
Middlesbrough station, from Albert Road

Middlesbrough railway stationis the fourth busiest in theNorth East Englandregion.[95]It opened in 1877 at its current site and was built in theGothic architecturalstyle.[96]It is theEsk Valley line's northern terminus, theDurham Coast line's southern terminus and is on theTees Valley line.

The station is served by threetrain operating companies:

Other stations in Middlesbrough areNunthorpe,Gypsy Lane,MartonandJames Cook(the latter operates nearJames Cook University Hospital) which are stops on theEsk Valley line.South Bank stationis a stop on theTees Valley Line.

Trams

[edit]

The town had electric tramway services between 1921 and 1934, operated by theMiddlesbrough Corporation Tramways.[101]

Buses

[edit]

Arriva North EastandStagecoach North Eastprovide the majority of bus services in the area, withNational ExpressandMegabusoperating long-distance coach travel fromMiddlesbrough bus station.[102]

Road

[edit]
A66 from a multi-storey car park in 2006 (the road is raised with Wilson Street running adjacent)

Middlesbrough is served by a number of major roads:

  • A19(north–south) passes to the west of the town
  • A66(east–west) runs through the northern part of the town centre
  • A171,A172andA174are other main routes linking the town.

The A19 / A66 major interchange lies just to the west of the town.

Paths

[edit]

Several long-distance footpaths pass near to the town. Two paths from Cumbria are:

Two paths includeRoseberry Topping:

A triale-scooter hire systemis operating in Middlesbrough during 2020.[104]

Education

[edit]

Museums

[edit]
Dorman Museum

TheDorman Memorial Museum,which was founded by SirArthur Dormanand specialises in social and local history.

TheCaptain Cook Birthplace Museum,which was opened on 28 October 1978 in celebration of the 250th anniversary ofCaptain James Cook'sbirth in nearby Marton.

Ormesby Hall

Though just outside the boundary of Middlesbrough, within a joint preservation area with Redcar and Cleveland,Ormesby Hallis an 18th-century palladian mansion, once owned by thePennymanfamily; it is now aNational Trustproperty

In July 2000 the Transporter Bridge Visitor Centre was opened to commemorate the building of theMiddlesbrough Transporter Bridge.[105]

University

[edit]

Teesside Universitytraces back to 1930 at the opening of Constantine Technical College, located on Borough Road, in the town centre. The then college expanded through acquiring adjacent buildings, such as Middlesbrough High School, and by building Middlesbrough Tower. It becameTeesside Polytechnicin 1969.[106]

In 1992, the polytechnic gained university status, becoming theUniversity of Teesside.Extramural classes had previously been provided by theUniversity of LeedsAdult Education Centreon Harrow Road, from 1958 to 2001.[107]It was rebranded, in 2009, toTeesside University.It further expanded in size and courses available, until, student numbers increased to approximately 20,000 studying at the university.[108]

Teesside University Library

The university is a major presence in the town.[109]It has a growing reputation for developing digital businesses particularly in the field ofdigital animationand for hosting the Animex festival.[110]The Boho zone in the town now houses a large number of these start-up digital businesses.[111]The university has 18,000 students, 2,400 staff and operates a £250,000,000 campus in Middlesbrough town-centre. The university campus has benefited from approx £250 million of investment in recent years, including the £30 million Campus Heart scheme.

Teesside University supports a total of 2,570 full-time jobs across the Tees Valley, North East and UK economies per annum. The university contributes additional wealth to the local, regional and national economies as measured by Gross Value Added (GVA). It is estimated this contributes a total of £124 million GVA per annum. The total direct, indirect and induced spending impacts associated with full-time international students and UK students from outside of the North East is approximately £18.9 million per annum. It is estimated this spending supports 158 full-time jobs per annum in Tees Valley and contributes additional wealth of £9.3 million per annum to the local economy.[112]

Current university departments include: business, arts-and-media, computing, health-and-life-sciences, Science-and-Engineering and Social-Sciences-and-Law. In addition to teachingcomputer animationand games design, it co-hosts the annualAnimex International Festival of Animation and Computer Games.The university has links withJames Cook University Hospitalin the town.

Other institutions

[edit]
Middlesbrough College

The town's largest college isMiddlesbrough College,with 16,000 students. Others includeTrinity Catholic Collegein Saltersgill,[113]Macmillan Academyon Stockton Road andAskham Bryan Collegewhich has a site in Stewart Park.

The Northern School of Art(established in 1870) is also based in Middlesbrough, it has another site inHartlepool.It is one of only four specialist art and design further education colleges in the United Kingdom.

Religion

[edit]

Christianity

[edit]
St Columba's Church CoE
St Mary's Cathedral RC
The former Park Methodist Church on Linthorpe Road, currently apartments
Hierarchy
Denomination Top tier 2nd 3rd 4th
Church of England Province of York Diocese of York Archdeaconry of Cleveland Deanery of Middlesbrough
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool Diocese of Middlesbrough Northern Vicariate
Methodist District of Darlington Circuit of Middlesbrough and Eston

TheChurch of EnglandMiddlesbroughdeaneryis in theArchdeaconry of ClevelandwithStokesley(west),Guisborough(east),Whitby(south east) and NorthernRyedale(south) andMowbray(south west). It is in theDiocese of YorkandProvince of York.

Middlesbrough is the seat of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough,created on 20 December 1878 from theDiocese of Beverley.St. Mary's Cathedralis the diocese'smother church,it is in Coulby Newham as a replacement to the original St Mary's in the town centre. The present bishop is theRight Reverend Terence Patrick Drainey,7th Bishop of Middlesbrough, who was ordained on Friday 25 January 2008. Churches of theSacred Heart,St Bernadette'sandSt Clare of Assisiare also in the town.

Judaism

[edit]
Thesynagoguein Park Road South, which opened in 1938 and closed in 1998

Ashkenazi Jewsstarted to settle in Middlesbrough from 1862 and formed Middlesbrough Hebrew Congregation in 1870 with asynagoguein Hill Street. The synagogue moved to Brentnall Street in 1874 and then to a new building in Park Road South in 1938.[114]

Editions of theJewish Year Bookrecord the growth and decline of Middlesbrough's Jewish population. It was about 100 in 1896–97 and peaked at 750 in 1935. It then declined to 30 in 1998, in which year the synagogue in Park Road South was ceremonially closed.[114]

Islam

[edit]
Jamia Mosque, Waterloo Road

TheIslamiccommunity is represented in several mosques in Middlesbrough.Muslimsailorsvisited Middlesbrough from about 1890.[115]and, in 1961, Azzam and Younis Din opened the firstHalalbutchershop.[115]The firstmosquewas a house in Grange Road in 1962.[115]The Al-Madina Jamia Mosque, on Waterloo Road, the Dar ul Islam Central Mosque, on Southfield Road, and the Abu Bakr Mosque & Community Centre,[116]which is on Park Road North.

Sikhism

[edit]

The Sikh community established its firstgurdwarain Milton Street in 1967.[115]After a time in Southfield Road, the centre is now in Lorne Street and was opened in 1990.[115]

Hinduism

[edit]

There is a Hindu Cultural Centre in Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby, which was opened in 1990.[115]

Media

[edit]

Local news and television programmes areBBC North East and CumbriaandITV Tyne Tees,the local based-television stationTalkTeessidealso broadcast to the town. Television signals are received from theBilsdaleTV transmitter.[117]

Local radio stations areBBC Radio Teeswhich broadcast from its studios on Newport Road in the town,Heart North East,Hits Radio Teesside,Capital North East,Smooth North East,Greatest Hits Radio Teessideand CVFM Radio, a community based station.[118]

Middlesbrough is served by the local newspaper,Evening Gazette.[119]

Television and filmography

[edit]

Middlesbrough has featured in many television programmes, includingThe Fast Show,Inspector George Gently,Steel River Blues,Spender,Play for Today(The Black Stuff;latterly the dramaBoys from the Blackstuff) andAuf Wiedersehen, Pet.[88]

Film directorRidley Scottis from the North East and based the opening shot ofBlade Runneron the view of the old ICI plant at Wilton. He said: "There's a walk from Redcar… I'd cross a bridge at night, and walk above the steel works. So that's probably where the opening ofBlade Runnercomes from. It always seemed to be rather gloomy and raining, and I'd just think "God, this is beautiful." You can find beauty in everything, and so I think I found the beauty in that darkness. "It has been claimed that the site was also considered as a shooting location for one of the films in Scott'sAlienfranchise.[120]

In the 2009 action thrillerThe TournamentMiddlesbrough is that year's location where the assassins' competition is being held. In November 2009, the mima art gallery was used by the presenters ofTop Gearas part of a challenge. The challenge was to see if car exhibits would be more popular than normal art.[121]

In 2010, filmmakerJohn Walshmade the satirical documentaryToryBoy The Movieabout the2010 general electioninthe Middlesbrough constituencyand sitting MPStuart Bell's alleged laziness as an MP.[122][123][124]

In March 2013, Middlesbrough was used as a stand in forNewcastle1969 in BBC'sInspector George GentlystarringMartin ShawandLee Ingleby;the footage appeared in the episode "Gently Between The Lines" (episode 1 of series 6).[125]

Sport

[edit]

Football and rugby union

[edit]
Riverside Stadium

Middlesbrough FCis aChampionshipfootballteam, owned by local haulage entrepreneurSteve Gibsonand managed byMichael Carrick.The 34,000 capacity[126][127]Riverside Stadiumis owned and host to home games by the club since 1995, when they leftAyresome Park.Founder members of thePremier Leaguein1992,Middlesbrough won theFootball League Cupin2004,[128]and were beaten finalists in the2005-06 UEFA Cup.[129]In 1905, they made Britain's first £1,000 transfer when they signedAlf Commonfrom local rivalsSunderland.[130]Middlesbrough Ironopolis FCwas briefly based in the town during the late 19th century, it later dissolved. These days, Middlesbrough have players such asDarragh Lenihan,Hayden HackneyandMorgan Rogers.

Middlesbrough RUFC,founded in 1872 having have played their home games atAcklam Parksince 1929, and Acklam RUFC are inDurham/ Northumberland Division One.Both are members ofYorkshire Rugby Football Union.

Racing

[edit]

Middlesbrough hosts multiple road races through the year, including the annual Middlesbrough 10k (formerly Tees Pride 10k) road race. First held in 2005, the one-lap circuit event and associated fun runs were held in theAcklamarea of the town before being moved to the town centre in 2021.[131][132]

On 1 May 2016, Middlesbrough hosted the start of Stage 3 to the2016 Tour de Yorkshire.The stage and race ended inScarborough.[133]

Other

[edit]
Middlesbrough Golf Club

Middlesbrough Cricket Clubhave played at Acklam Park since 1930 and play inNorth Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League.Yorkshirehave played 45County Championshipgames in Middlesbrough. The most recent being in 1996.

Speedway racingwas staged at Cleveland Park Stadium from 1928 until the 1990s, with theMiddlesbrough Bears.

Tees Valley MohawksandTeesside Lionsbasketball teams play in theNBL Division 3.Athletics has two local clubs serving Middlesbrough and the surrounding area, Middlesbrough-and-Cleveland Harriers and Middlesbrough AC (Mandale). Training facilities at the Middlesbrough Sports Village opened in 2015, replacing Clairville Stadium.[134]Notable athletes to train at both facilities are World and European Indoor Sprint ChampionRichard Kilty,British Indoor Long Jump record holderChris Tomlinson.The sports village includes a running track with grandstand, an indoor gym and café, football pitches, as well as a cycle circuit and velodrome. Next to the sports village is a skateboard park and Middlesbrough Tennis World.[135]

Notable people

[edit]

Twinned towns

[edit]

Middlesbrough istwinnedwith:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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  • Bell, Lady Florence.At the Works, a Study of a Manufacturing Town(1907)online.
  • Briggs, Asa.Victorian Cities(1965) pp 245–82.
  • Doyle, Barry. "Labour and hospitals in urban Yorkshire: Middlesbrough, Leeds and Sheffield, 1919–1938."Social history of medicine(2010): hkq007.
  • Glass, Ruth.The social background of a plan: a study of Middlesbrough(1948)
  • Warwick, Tosh.Central Middlesbrough through time(2013).
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