Mill town
Amill town,also known asfactory townormill village,is typically a settlement that developed around one or moremillsor factories, oftencotton millsor factories producing textiles.
Europe
[edit]Italy
[edit]- Crespi d'Adda,UNESCO World Heritage Site[1]
- Nuovo quartiere operaioinSchio
- Villaggio LeumannaCollegno[2]
- Villaggio FruainSaronno[3]
- Villaggio operaio della FilaturainTollegno[4]
Poland
[edit]Żyrardów
[edit]The town grew out of a textile factory founded in 1833 by the sons ofFeliks Lubienski,who owned the land where it was built. They brought in a specialist from France and his newly designed machines. He was French inventor,Philippe de GirardfromLourmarin.He became a director of the firm.[5]The factory town developed during the 19th century into a significanttextile milltown inPoland. In honour of Girard, 'Ruda Guzowska' as the original estate was called, was renamedŻyrardów,a toponym derived of thepolonisedspelling of Girard's name.
Most of Żyrardów's monuments are located in the manufacturing area which dates from the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is widely believed that Żyrardów's textile settlement is the only entire urban industrial complex from the 19th-century to be preserved in Europe.
Russian Empire
[edit]United Kingdom
[edit]In the United Kingdom, the term "mill town" usually refers to the 19th-centurytextile manufacturingtowns ofnorthern Englandand theScottish Lowlands,particularly those inLancashire(cotton) andYorkshire(wool).
Some former mill towns have a symbol of thetextile industryin their town badge. Some towns may have statues dedicated to textile workers (e.g.Colne[6]) or have a symbol in the badge of local schools (e.g.Ossett School).
County | Towns |
---|---|
Cheshire mill towns | |
Derbyshire mill towns | |
Greater Manchester mill towns |
Ashton-under-Lyne,Bolton,Bury,Chadderton,Failsworth,Heywood,Hyde,Lees,Leigh,Manchester,Middleton,Oldham,Radcliffe,Ramsbottom,Reddish,Rochdale,Royton,Shaw and Crompton,Stalybridge,Stockport,Wigan |
Lancashire mill towns |
Accrington,Bacup,Barnoldswick,Blackburn,Burnley,Calder Vale,Chorley,Colne,Darwen,Nelson,Oakenclough,Padiham,Prestonfor others see table below. |
Yorkshire mill towns |
Batley,Bingley,Bradford,Brighouse,Cleckheaton,Dewsbury,Elland,Halifax,Hebden Bridge,Heckmondwike,Holmfirth,Huddersfield,Keighley,Morley,Mytholmroyd,Ossett,Pudsey,Shipley,Skipton,Sowerby Bridge,Todmorden,Yeadon |
The list above includes some towns where textiles was not the predominant industry. For example, mining was a key industry inWiganandLeighin Greater Manchester, and inOssettin Yorkshire.
Date | 1883 | 1893 | 1903 | 1913 | 1923 | 1926 | 1933 | 1944 | 1953 | 1962 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accrington | 590 | 438 | 467 | 660 | 191 | 718 | 469 | 287 | 152 | 92 |
Ashton | 1,574 | 1,731 | 1,781 | 1,955 | 1898 | 1,144 | 644 | 633 | 182 | |
Blackburn | 1,671 | 1,398 | 1,321 | 1,280 | 1,224 | 1,071 | 672 | 451 | 309 | 103 |
Bolton | 4,086 | 4,770 | 5,457 | 6,797 | 7,371 | 7,842 | 7,507 | 6,204 | 4,886 | 1,772 |
Burnley | 1,126 | 734 | 667 | 563 | 538 | 507 | 240 | 182 | 144 | 14 |
Bury | 875 | 899 | 833 | 955 | 1050 | 1000 | 745 | 630 | 524 | 268 |
Chorley | 552 | 527 | 541 | 856 | 838 | 837 | 739 | 491 | 397 | 122 |
Farnworth | 557 | 779 | 966 | 1,485 | 1,478 | 1,484 | 1,344 | 1,237 | 1,104 | 162 |
Glossop | 1,106 | 1,158 | 968 | 882 | 821 | 839 | 524 | 204 | 154 | 10 |
Heywood | 660 | 887 | 836 | 1,070 | 1,100 | 1,096 | 864 | 545 | 533 | 68 |
Hyde | 590 | 499 | 533 | 741 | 793 | 696 | 475 | 366 | 337 | 58 |
Leigh | 1,337 | 1,514 | 1,679 | 2,445 | 2,761 | 2,925 | 2,891 | 2,615 | 2,336 | 548 |
Manchester | 2,445 | 2,353, | 2,225 | 3,703 | 3,307 | 3,439 | 3,417 | 2,974 | 1,934 | 271 |
Middleton | 498 | 494 | 645 | 1,278 | 1,268 | 1,252 | 1,041 | 1,193 | 923 | 161 |
Mossley | 1,153 | 1,217 | 1,033 | 1,288 | 1,297 | 1,289 | 371 | 264 | 256 | - |
Oldham | 9,311 | 11,159 | 12,230 | 16,909 | 17,231 | 17,669 | 13,732 | 8,948 | 7,621 | 2,478 |
Preston | 2,146 | 1,883 | 2,074 | 2,161 | 1,997 | 1,965 | 1,592 | 1,146 | 1,024 | 278 |
Rochdale | 1,627 | 1,835 | 2,422 | 3,645 | 3,749 | 3,793 | 3,539 | 2,459 | 1,936 | 983 |
Stalybridge | 1,083 | 1,157 | 1,027 | 1,236 | 1,104 | 1,103 | 801 | 483 | 426 | 122 |
Stockport | 1,601 | 1,742 | 1,568 | 2,266 | 2,382 | 1,924 | 1,427 | 1,141 | 154 | |
Wigan | 864 | 775 | 888 | 1,085 | 1,123 | 1,141 | 922 | 681 | 575 | 352 |
On his tour ofnorthern Englandin 1849, Scottish publisher Angus Reach said:
In general, these towns wear a monotonous sameness of aspect, physical and moral... In fact, the social condition of the different town populations is almost as much alike as the material appearance of the tall chimneys under which they live. Here and there the height of the latter may differ by a few rounds of brick, but in all essential respects, a description of one is a description of all.[8]
— Angus Reach,Morning Chronicle,1849
North America
[edit]United States
[edit]New England and Northeast
[edit]Beginning withSamuel Slaterand technological information smuggled out of England byFrancis Cabot Lowell,large mills were established inNew Englandin the early to mid-19th century. Mill towns, sometimes planned, built and owned as acompany town,grew in the shadow of the industries. The region became a manufacturing powerhouse along rivers like theHousatonic,Quinebaug,Shetucket,Blackstone,Merrimack,Nashua,Cocheco,Saco,Androscoggin,KennebecorWinooski.
In the 20th century, alternatives to water power were developed, and it became more profitable for companies to manufacture textiles in southern states where cotton was grown and winters did not require significant heating costs. Finally, theGreat Depressionacted as a catalyst that sent several struggling New England firms into bankruptcy.
-
Assawaga Mill, Dayville, CT, in 1909
-
American Thread Co. Mill, Willimantic, CT, c. 1910
-
Hollingsworth & Whitney Paper Mill, Waterville, ME, c. 1920
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Cumberland Mills, Westbrook, ME, c. 1902
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Mill Street, Attleboro, MA, in 1908
-
Arlington Mills, Lawrence, MA, in 1907
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Merrimack Falls, Lawrence, MA, c. 1905
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Amoskeag Mills, Manchester, NH, c. 1912
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Jackson Mills, Nashua, NH, in 1907
-
Alice Mills, Woonsocket, RI, in 1911
-
Colchester Mills, Winooski, VT, in 1907
Midwest
[edit]State | Towns |
---|---|
Wisconsin mill towns |
Biron (Biron Mill) |
South
[edit]-
Model Mill Settlement, Chadwick Mills, Charlotte, N.C. Published c. 1905–1915
-
White Oak Cotton Mills, Greensboro, N.C. c. 1914
-
Aerial view of Ware Shoals Mill
Sawmill towns
[edit]State | Towns |
---|---|
Illinois | Carrier Mills,Harrisburg |
Oregon | Roseburg |
Washington | Longview |
Wisconsin | Eau Claire |
South America
[edit]Colombia
[edit]See also
[edit]- Company town
- Industrial district
- Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor
- Old Great Falls Historic District,Paterson, NJ
Notes
[edit]- ^Sourced from a book entitledCotton Mills of Greater Manchester,although not all of these towns are within Greater Manchester.
References
[edit]- ^"Crespi D'Adda UNESCO – Sito ufficiale"(in Italian).Retrieved5 February2019.
- ^"Associazione Amici della Scuola del Villaggio Leumann"(in Italian).Retrieved5 February2019.
- ^"Abitare a Saronno tra '800 e '900"(PDF)(in Italian).Retrieved5 February2019.
- ^"Villaggio operaio della Filatura"(in Italian).Retrieved5 February2019.
- ^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Girard, Philippe Henri de". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^"Steel statue tribute of mill girl".BBC. 24 July 2018.
- ^Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992).Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester.Carnegie Publishing.ISBN0-9487898-9-1.
- ^Powell, Rob (1986).In the Wake of King Cotton.Rochdale Art Gallery. p. 12.
- ^WRITER, ALAN BURKE STAFF."Leather goes to War at Peabody's Leather Museum".
- ^"Peabody Institute Library: Online Collections".peabodylibrary.pastperfectonline.