Minaean language
| Minaean | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Yemen |
| Ethnicity | Minaeans |
| Era | 800 BC – 100 AD |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Ancient South Arabian | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:inm– Minaeanxha– Harami |
inm.htmlMinaean | |
xhaHarami | |
| Glottolog | mina1279Minaean |
TheMinaean language(alsoMinaic,MadhabaicorMadhābic) was anOld South Arabianor Ṣayhadic language spoken in Yemen in the times of the Old South Arabian civilisation. The main area of its use may be located in the al-Jawf region of North-East Yemen, primarily in the Wādī Madhāb. Most of texts in this language were composed by theMinaeans,but the other civil-temple communities of the Wādī Madhāb (Nashshan,Kaminahu,Ḥaram,and Inabba') also used it as a literary medium.
History[edit]
The earliest Minaean inscriptions are contemporary with the earliestSabaeanones, i.e. the 8th century BCE, though they are less numerous, and come from the cities along Wadi Madhaab, to the north-east ofMa'rib.Minaean trading posts, and Minaean inscriptions are also found outside South Arabia, as in the ancient oasis of Dēdan (the present dayAl-'Ulain Saudi Arabia), and even on the Greek island ofDelosand in Egypt. Minaean seems to disappear as a written language about the end of the 2nd century BCE.
Phonology[edit]
The phonology of the ancient Minaean language seems to be essentially similar to that of the otherOld South Arabian languages.One peculiarity of Minaean is that it writes the phoneme/s/in foreign names as/ṯ/(e.g., Delos becomesdlṯ[1]), but still keeps the phoneme distinct in native words.[2]
Minaean seems to insert an etymologically unexplainedhin certain nominal endings, pronouns and particles; some plurals also exhibit this same feature:bhnandbhnt,plurals ofbn(son). These may beplenewritings of a long vowel other than/uː/or/iː/.
Grammatical features peculiar to Minaean[edit]
Due to the limited number of texts that have survived, many forms are not attested, though hopefully the discovery of new texts will provide us with more source material. In Minaean, external plurals seem to be especially common; an -h is often used at the end of words in the construct state, even in the singular.
Minaean nominal endings[edit]
| Construct | Indeterminate | Determinate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. /broken plur. | -h, no ending | -(m) | -n |
| Dual | -y, -hy | -ny | -nhn, -nyhn |
| External Plural | -hw, -hy | -hn |
(Compare the table given underSabaean language.)
Relative pronouns[edit]
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | ḏy- | ḏt |
| Dual | ḏy | ḏtyn |
| Plural | 'hl, hl |
Particles[edit]
Whereas Sabaean uses the prepositionl-to mean "to(wards)", or to express the dative case, Minaean often hask-(compare Ḥaḑramitich-). The particle k- has a prefixed s2in Minaean, as inbn s2-kḏ[3]"from (the possibility) that...". Minaean, like the other non-Sabaean languages also has a temporal conjunctionmty( "when" ).
The Minaean negative particle, which has been so far badly attested, islhm.
Verbs[edit]
Minaean is distinguished from the other Old South Arabian languages by having an extra form for verb stems with a reduplicated second radical, spelled fˁˁl (as in ˁlly, "raise"[4]).
Conjugation of the perfect tense[edit]
Minaean, like the other South Arabian languages, forms theperfect tenseby adding suffixes. Unlike the other dialects, however, it does not write the dual and plural endings, they are therefore the same as the singular; for example:s3l'( "he/they dedicated" ).
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Leonid Kogan andAndrey Korotayev:Sayhadic Languages (Epigraphic South Arabian).Semitic Languages.London: Routledge, 1997, p. 157-183.
- Andrey Korotayev.Ancient Yemen.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.ISBN0-19-922237-1
External links[edit]
- Corpus of Minaic Inscriptionsfrom the Digital Archive for the Study of pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions (DASI)
