Republic of China calendar
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Republic of China calendar | |||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | Trung Hoa dân quốcLịch | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | Trung Hoa dân quốc lịch | ||||||||||||||||
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Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | Dân quốcKỷ niên | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | Dân quốc kỷ niên | ||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Republic [of China] year numbering system | ||||||||||||||||
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Gregorianfull date | 2024 năm ngày 6 tháng 10 |
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Gregorianall-numeric date | 2024-10-06 2024/10/06 |
ROC calendar | 113-10-06 113.10.06 |
National Standard Time of Taiwan | 09:58 Buổi sáng 9:58 |
TheRepublic of China calendar,often shortened to theROC calendaror theMinguocalendar,is a calendar used inTaiwan,Penghu,Kinmen,andMatsu.The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of theRepublic of China(ROC) inNanjing,as the first year.
The ROC calendar follows the tradition of using the sovereign'sera nameand year of reign, as did previousdynasties of China.Months and days are numbered according to theGregorian calendar.The ROC calendar has been in wide use in the ROC since 1912, including in early official documents.
The ROC calendar is the official calendar used inTaiwansince 1945, and also adopted byOverseas ChineseandTaiwanesecommunities.Chorographiesand historical research published inmainland Chinacovering the period between 1912 and 1949 also use the ROC calendar.[1]
Details
[edit]TheGregorian calendarwas adopted by the nascentRepublic of Chinaeffective 1 January 1912 for official business, but the general populace continued to use the traditionallunisolarChinese calendar.The status of the Gregorian calendar was unclear between 1916 and 1921 while China wascontrolled by several competing warlordseach supported by foreign colonial powers. From about 1921 until 1928 warlords continued to fight over northern China, but theKuomintang-ledNationalist governmentcontrolled southern China and used the Gregorian calendar. After the Kuomintang reconstituted the Republic of China on 10 October 1928, the Gregorian calendar was officially adopted, effective 1 January 1929. The People's Republic of China has continued to use the Gregorian calendar since 1949.[2]
Despite theadoption of the Gregorian calendar,the numbering of the years was still an issue. The Chinese monarchical tradition was to use themonarch'sera nameand year of reign. One alternative to this approach was to use the reign of the semi-legendaryYellow Emperorin the third millennium BC to number the years.[2]In the early 20th century, some Chinese republicans began to advocate such a system of continuously numbered years, so that year markings would be independent of the monarch's era name. (This was part of their attempt to de-legitimize theQing dynasty.)
WhenSun Yat-senbecame the provisional president of the Republic of China, he sent telegrams to leaders of all provinces and announced the 13th day of 11th month of the 4609th year of the Yellow Emperor's reign (corresponding to 1 January 1912) to be the first year of the Republic of China.[2]The original intention of theMinguocalendar was to follow the monarchical practice of naming the years according to the number of years the monarch had reigned, which was a universally recognizable event in China. Following the establishment of the Republic, hence the lack of a monarch, it was then decided to use the year of the establishment of the current regime. This reduced the issue of frequent change in thecalendar,as noChinese emperorruled more than 61 years in Chinese history – the longest being theKangxi Emperor,who ruled from 1662 to 1722 (Kangxi 61). (Qianlong Emperorabdicated in 1795, i.e. Qianlong 60, but the reign name of Qianlong is still used unofficially until his death in 1799 i.e. Qianlong 64.)
As most Chinese era names consisted of two Chinese characters,Dân quốc(mínguó;'republic') is employed as an abbreviation of 'Republic of China' (Trung Hoa dân quốc;Zhōnghuá mínguó). The first year, 1912, is calledMínguó yuánnián(Dân quốc nguyên niên) and 2024, the "113th year of the Republic" isDân quốc 113 năm,Dân quốc 113 năm,or simply 113.
Based onNational Standards of the Republic of ChinaCNS 7648: Data Elements and Interchange Formats—Information Interchange—Representation of Dates and Times (similar toISO 8601), year numbering may use the Gregorian system as well as the ROC era. For example, 6 October 2024 may be written 2024-10-6 or ROC 113-10-6.
The ROC epoch happens to be the same year as that of theNorth Korean calendar,as North Korean founderKim Il Sungwas born in 1912. The first year of Japan'sTaishō era(30 July 1912 – 25 December 1926) also coincides with that of the ROC era.
In addition to the ROC calendar, Taiwanese people continue to use the lunarChinese calendarfor certain functions such as the dates of many holidays, the calculation of people's ages, and religious functions.
Arguments for and against
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The use of the ROC era system extends beyond official documents. Misinterpretation is more likely in the cases when the prefix (ROC orDân quốc) is omitted.
There have been legislative proposals by political parties of thePan-Green Coalitionthat supportTaiwanese independence,such as theDemocratic Progressive Party,to formally abolish the ROC calendar in favor of the Gregorian calendar.[3]
Relation to the Gregorian calendar
[edit]To convert anyGregorian calendaryear (1912 and after) to the ROC calendar, subtract 1911. For example, last year (2023) was 112; this year (2024) is 113; and next year (2025) will be 114.
ROC era | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
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AD | 1912 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 | 1918 | 1919 | 1920 | 1921 |
ROC era | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
AD | 1922 | 1923 | 1924 | 1925 | 1926 | 1927 | 1928 | 1929 | 1930 | 1931 |
ROC era | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
AD | 1932 | 1933 | 1934 | 1935 | 1936 | 1937 | 1938 | 1939 | 1940 | 1941 |
ROC era | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
AD | 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 | 1949 | 1950 | 1951 |
ROC era | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 |
AD | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 | 1956 | 1957 | 1958 | 1959 | 1960 | 1961 |
ROC era | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 |
AD | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 |
ROC era | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 |
AD | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
ROC era | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 |
AD | 1982 | 1983 | 1984 | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 |
ROC era | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 |
AD | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
ROC era | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 |
AD | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
ROC era | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 |
AD | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
ROC era | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 |
AD | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 |
ROC era | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 |
AD | 2032 | 2033 | 2034 | 2035 | 2036 | 2037 | 2038 | 2039 | 2040 | 2041 |
ROC era | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | 140 |
AD | 2042 | 2043 | 2044 | 2045 | 2046 | 2047 | 2048 | 2049 | 2050 | 2051 |
ROC era | 141 | 142 | 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | 149 | 150 |
AD | 2052 | 2053 | 2054 | 2055 | 2056 | 2057 | 2058 | 2059 | 2060 | 2061 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Liêu thịnh xuân (2007). "Phương chí bao nhiêu lý luận quan điểm cùng biên soạn thực tiễn tương bội tự hỏi" [Thinking of Several Theory Views and Practice of Compiling Inconsistent Local Records].Trung Quốc địa phương chí.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-672X.2007.01.007.
- ^abcEndymion Wilkinson (2000).Chinese History: A Manual.Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 184–185.ISBN978-0-674-00249-4.
- ^Jimmy Chuang (25 February 2006)."Taiwan may drop idiosyncratic Republican calendar".Taipei Times.Retrieved5 September2017.