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This article is about the 1955 Telugu film. For the 2003 Telugu film, seeMissamma (2003 film).

Missamma
Theatrical release poster
Directed byL. V. Prasad
Screenplay byChakrapani
Based onManmoyee Girls School
by Rabindranath Maitra
Produced byNagi Reddi
Chakrapani
Starring
CinematographyMarcus Bartley
Edited byC. P. Jambulingam
Kalyanam
Music byS. Rajeswara Rao
Production
company
Release date
  • 12 January 1955(1955-01-12)
Running time
181 minutes[1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTelugu

Missamma(transl. Miss madam) is a 1955 IndianTelugu-languageromantic comedyfilm directed byL. V. Prasad.It was produced byNagi ReddiandChakrapanion Vijaya Productions banner. The film starsN. T. Rama Rao,Savitri,Akkineni Nageswara RaoandJamuna.The script was adapted by Chakrapani from Rabindranath Maitra'sBengaliplayManmoyee Girls' School.It revolves around two unemployed people — M. T. Rao and Mary — who pose as a married couple to obtain employment in a high school founded by Gopalam, azamindar.As Rao and Mary fall in love, Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju learns that Mary is Gopalam's missing elder daughter Mahalakshmi; she is unaware of her true identity.

Production began in early 1954 withP. Bhanumathicast as the female lead, though she would eventually be replaced by Savitri. The film wassimultaneously shotinTamilasMissiamma,with an altered cast.Principal photographyended that December; filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit after filming a few reels, and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film;Marcus Bartleywas the cinematographer, andS. Rajeswara Raocomposed the music.Missammafocused on social issues such asunemployment,corruption,andfreedom of worship.

Missammawas released theatrically on 12 January 1955, two days beforeMissiamma.Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs. The bilingual film brought recognition to its cast and studio, and words and phrases fromMissammabecame part of Telugu vernacular. The film was remade inHindiasMiss Mary(1957), again directed by Prasad. In the same year, it was adapted into theMarathifilmJhakli Mooth.Bapu,Mullapudi Venkata RamanaandRaavi Kondala Raorewrote and adaptedMissammaasPelli Pustakamin 1991, with the premise of the original inverted: a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment.

Plot

[edit]

Gopalam, thezamindarof Appapuram, establishes a high school named after his elder daughter Mahalakshmi. As a child, she went missing during a pilgrimage inKakinada.Conditions at the school deteriorate due to mismanagement by Gopalam's nephew A. K. Raju, an amateur detective. This is exacerbated by Panthulu, anayurvedicdoctor and teacher in the school, who is more interested in using students to prepare ayurvedic medicines. Gopalam decides to replace them with a married pair of male and female graduates. Besides teaching at the school, he hoped that they would also train his younger daughter, Sita, in traditional music and dance.

Mahalakshmi was found and adopted by aMadras-basedChristiancouple, Mr. and Mrs. Paul, who named her Mary. After graduation, Mary looks for a job to ease her family's financial situation. Mary's father had taken a loan from I.P. David, aloan shark,to pay for Mary's education, and David now offers to waive the debt if she marries him. To repay the debt, Mary agrees to a plan proposed by another unemployed graduate M. T. Rao, whom she meets at a job interview. They pretend to be a married couple to qualify for the jobs at Gopalam's school. Meanwhile, Devaiah, who finds clever ways to beg for money, befriends Rao and accompanies them to Appapuram as a helper and cook. They were given accommodation in a small house behind Gopalam's bungalow.

Gopalam and his wife, affectionate by nature, treat the couple as their daughter and son-in-law. Unaware of her own true identity, Mary finds the attention stifling. While she finds theHinducustoms strange, she says nothing to Gopalam and his wife as she needs the job to repay David. She vents her frustration to Rao, who bears it patiently. Sita comes to the couple for music lessons and innocently seeks Rao's attention in the process. This infuriates Mary as she thinks it is not proper for a young woman to do so and also because of her budding romantic feelings for Rao.

In desperation, Mary decides to tell the truth to Gopalam and his wife. To save their jobs, Rao fabricates a story that Mary is possessed by the soul ofMary, mother of Jesus.When Mary implies that she would leave Rao, Gopalam threatens to offer Sita as a bride to Rao. Raju, Gopalam's nephew, who is in love with Sita, wants to keep Rao away from her and turns to Mary for help in teaching music, which ends in disaster. At the end of their first month at the school, Rao and Mary receive their salaries and Mary repays her debt.

Raju begins to suspect that Mary is the missing Mahalakshmi. After Gopalam's wife tells him that Mahalakshmi has a mole on her right foot, he and his assistant Govindan sneak into Mary's room at night to verify but the plan backfires when they awaken her. After a dream in which Rao rescues her from David, Mary's feelings for Rao begin to grow stronger.

As Sita insists on music lessons from Rao, it further infuriates Mary and eventually, she threatens to return to Madras. At first, Rao asks her to stay, but as things get out of control, he tells the Gopalams that Mary is going to Madras to her parents as she is unwell. The Gopalams misunderstand, thinking Mary is pregnant; they host aseemantham[a]and Mary is confused. The night before she is due to leave, Rao pretends his leg is broken in an attempt to delay her departure. David arrives in the morning and tells Raju that Mary, a Christian, is posing as a Hindu for the job. Raju retrieves a necklace, stolen by David from Mary's house in Madras, which Mahalakshmi was wearing when she disappeared.

David wants to marry Mary, but she declares her love for Rao. The Pauls arrive at Gopalam's house; Raju solves the mystery, and David is arrested. Although Mary learns that Gopalam and his wife are her biological parents, she reiterates her relationship with her foster family. Learning that Rao and Mary are not yet married, Gopalam announces their wedding and that of Sita and Raju.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

Nagi ReddiandChakrapanisignedL. V. Prasadto direct a bilingual film for Vijaya Productions. The script by Chakrapani was based on theBengaliplayManmoyee Girls Schoolby Rabindranath Maitra.[6][5][7]Prasad's relationship with Khan, a Muslim tailor near Kohinoor Studios in Bombay (nowMumbai), was the basis of the film's friendship between two men of different religions.[8]The film was titledMissammainTeluguandMissiammainTamil.[5]

PingaliandThanjai N. Ramaiah Dasswrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively.Marcus Bartleywas signed asdirector of photography,and C. P. Jambulingam and Kalyanam edited the film.[9]Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were its art directors. The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and recorded by Western Electric. M. S. Chalapathi Rao and Jagannadham were its executive producers.[9]

Casting

[edit]

Missamma/Missiammawas the first bilingual film from Vijaya Productions with different male actors in different versions, in contrast toPathala Bhairavi(1951) andPelli Chesi Choodu(1952) where the same actors were used in both versions.[5]The producers castN. T. Rama Raoas the male lead in the Telugu version andGemini Ganesan(then known as R. Ganesh) replaced him in Tamil, whileP. Bhanumathiwas initially cast as the female lead in both versions.[10]S. V. Ranga RaoandRushyendramaniwere cast as the female lead's biological parents, and Meenakshi and Doraswamy as her foster parents, in both versions.[4]

Prasad had completed four reels of film with Bhanumathi.[5]She wrote to the producers, informing them that she would shoot only in the afternoon becauseVaralakshmi Vratamwas being held at her home. The letter went astray and Chakrapani, a strict disciplinarian, chastised her for arriving late on set.[5]When Bhanumathi refused to apologise, Chakrapani burnt the four reels in front of her and she quit the film. Although Nagi Reddi learned about the letter and tried to mediate, Chakrapani and Bhanumathi refused to reconcile.[7]Chakrapani ordered Prasad to replace Bhanumathi withSavitri,who was initially cast as Sita.Jamunawas signed later for Sita's role,[5]upon Savitri's recommendation.[11]

After the release ofDevadasu(1953),Akkineni Nageswara Raowanted to trade his tragic-romantic-hero image for a comic role inMissamma,[12]and was cast as the detective A. K. Raju.[4]Nageswara Rao reportedly accepted the role for financial reasons, until he said thatMissammawas the only film of his career that he lobbied to participate in.[13]Gummadiwas recommended to Chakrapani by Madhavapeddi Venkatramaiah. After auditioning other actors, Chakrapani asked Gummadi to make a cameo appearance as an interviewer. He received₹500–1,000 for a day's work,[b]a generous salary for the time; actors in major film roles received₹2,000 for 20 days of work. Chakrapani justified Gummadi's salary by saying that the actor's family included three children who had moved to Madras (nowChennai).[4]For a photoshoot, Rama Rao lent Gummadi his coat and placed atilakaon his forehead.[14]

Filming

[edit]

Principal photographybegan in early 1954, with both versions (with different casts) filmed simultaneously.[7]The scene in which M. T. Rao and Mary lie to each other before boarding a bus to attend an interview after they were fired from their previous jobs was shot at theChandamamaoffice building, and the high-school set was built nearby.[5]Photographs of Nagi Reddi's younger brother and cinematographer B. N. Konda Reddi's daughter (the latter as Gopalam's missing daughter) were used in the film.[5]For the scene in which M. T. Rao jumps from a balcony, Gemini Ganesandoubledfor Rama Rao.[15]

Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy choreographed the film's songs. For "Balanura Madana" and "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele", Sita performed aKuchipudidance. "Balanura Madana" was ajavalidance; Jamuna rehearsed both songs for about a month (since the actress was untrained in traditional dance), focusing on details during rehearsals.[16]Filming was delayed because of Bhanumathi's exit and the difficulty of managing two casts simultaneously. Lasting for a year, it waswrappedup by the end of December 1954.[16]The final length of the film was about 5,683 metres (18,645 ft).[17]After they saw the final edited version, Nagi Reddi and Chakrapani gaveDodgeautomobiles to the film's principal cast.[16]

Themes

[edit]

Chakrapani describedMissammaas a "film for kids which should also be watched by adults".[18]In his 2015 bookMadras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema,Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai wrote that the film interweavesromantic comedyandmelodramato tell Mary's love story,[19]while Aditya Parankusam ofThe Hans Indiadescribed it as ascrewball comedy.[20]Andhra Patrikanoted in its review that the character of Raju had the shades ofSherlock Holmes,but was portrayed as an amateur detective until the end keeping in view the film's comic tone.[21]

In addition to the protagonists,Missammafocuses on Mary's biological and foster parents. Four other characters—Mary's creditor I. P. David, Rao's friend Devaiah, the schoolteacher-cum-doctor Panthulu and Raju's stoic assistant Govinda—influence the plot.[2]Believing that comedy and suspense cannot be effectively sustained together, Chakrapani reveals Mary's true identity to the audience early in the film but the characters (including Mary) are unaware of her identity until the climax.[3]Pa Dheenadhayalan ofDinamanidescribed Mary as the antithesis of Savitri's role inDevadasu.[22]Chakrapani used the reception of Mary's modern dress and behaviour to depict the limitations of orthodoxSouth Indianfamilies.[18]The lyrics of "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule", aslip-synchedby Rao's character, describe the complex behaviour of women with men.[18]

According to Pillai,Missammashed light on the subtle, indirect way Telugu filmmakers dealt with the troublesome environment in Madras surrounding Tamil language and culture during theVisalandhra movement.[23]Pillai wrote that theKrishna-Godavari Riverdispute betweenTamil NaduandAndhra Pradeshenabled viewers to grasp the metaphor ofPushkaramas signifying loss.[24][c]The lyrics of "Dharmam Chey" addressed the plight of beggars, and "Kavalante Isthale" addressed society's changing views.[18]"Sitaram Sitaram" was considered a satire ofcorruptpoliticians, particularly the line"Chandalantu Bhale Pracharam, Vandalu Velu tama palaharam"( "Fundraising becomes self-promotion, as hundreds and thousands are used for self-consumption" ).[4]

Missammaalso dealt withunemploymentandfreedom of religion.[18][26]Gautaman Bhaskaran ofHindustan Timescalled it a "powerful social document" that spoke about the importance of religious tolerance with the help of its lead actors.[27]Rama Rao's character, M. T. Rao, is pronounced "Empty" Rao (reflecting, according to Santhisri ofPrajasakti,the humiliation of the educated unemployed).[18]Prasad's struggles during his early career influenced the examination of unemployment and being an educated "misfit".[8]Pillai wrote that Chakrapani's "poignant dialogues" about the unemployment of the educated young people belied his image as a mainstream writer;[26]in the scenes where Mary'sCatholicfaith is challenged, Chakrapani and Prasad "underscore their imperative to highlight the differences" and "make a plea for peaceful co-existence".[8]

Music

[edit]
Main article:Missamma (soundtrack)

The soundtrack ofMissammawas composed byS. Rajeswara Raowith lyrics by Pingali.[9]Audio mi xingwas supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. They wereengineeredby N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy.[9]

When Nagi Reddi told Bhanumathi thatP. Leelawould sing for her character, Bhanumathi (a playback singer herself) refused to allow Leela to sing for her.[28]After she left the film, Leela was signed to sing for Savitri. Unlike their previous films, Vijaya Productions usedA. M. Rajahinstead ofGhantasalato sing for Rama Rao.[16]Chakrapani choseP. Susheelato sing the two songs featuring Jamuna after he was impressed by her rendition of "Anuragam Virisena" inDonga Ramudu(1955). Although she sang forDonga Ramudufirst,Missammawas released earlier and was herbreakthroughas a singer.[16][29]"Balanura Madana" and its Tamil version, "Ariya Paruvamada", were Susheela's first songs for Rajeswara Rao.[30]Despite singing "Dharmam Chey" and "Sitaram Sitaram", Relangi was not credited as a playback singer.[16]

Missamma'ssoundtrack was released onHMV.[31]It was commercially successful, with "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule" becoming a classic love song.[32]Rajeswara Rao's eldest son and musician Ramalingeswara Rao, in an interview toThe Hindu,remarked that his father was initially not happy withMissamma'smusic as he only had to cater to Chakrapani's taste, who had his own view of mainstream cinema. He added that Rajeswara Rao was afraid of failure and rejection from filmmakers, and wanted to leave for Vizianagaram, until the soundtrack's success happened.[33]

Release

[edit]

Missammawas released on 12 January 1955 andMissiammatwo days later,[16][29]forPongal.[34][d]Both versions were commercially successful, completing 100-day theatrical runs.[5][16][22]

Reception

[edit]

Missammareceived positive reviews from critics when it was released.[16]ForSwatantramagazine, Govindarama (Gora) Sastry praised the film's universal theme and clean, subtle comedy.[16]Andhra Patrika,in its review dated 26 January 1955, noted that the film had strange characterisations which were portrayed by the film's cast competently. The reviewer also praised Chakrapani for this ability to generate humour from grave themes like unemployment and religion.[21]In its February 1955 edition,Kinimamagazine calledMissammaa film made for everyone, praising Prasad's direction and the performances of the cast. The reviewer praised Chakrapani's sarcastic writing in particular, saying that in creating scenarios and characters, and making them converse, Chakrapani's writing drives the film wildly and amusingly, like he did inPelli Chesi Choodu.[36]Madhuri Dasagrandhi, writing forTelangana Todayin February 2018, felt that Savitri's character was not properly developed. She wrote that Mary was shown to be a Christian practising the Hindu saintTyagaraja'ssongs in the beginning, and was later portrayed as someone ignorant of Hindu mythology.[37]

Adaptations

[edit]

A. V. MeiyappanofAVM Productionsapproached Nagi Reddi for the film'sHindiremake rights. Reddi insisted that Meiyappan retain Prasad, the director'sBollywooddebut.[5]Jamuna reprised her role, while singerKishore Kumarreprised the role originally played by Nageswara Rao.[3]The Hindi version,Miss Mary,was released in 1957 and was one of the year's highest-grossing films.[38]ComposerHemant Kumarreused the melody of "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" from the original as "Brindavan Ka Krishan Kanhaiya".[3][33]Anant Mane's1957Marathi-languagefilm,Jhakli Mooth,was also based onMissamma.[1]

The film's script was re-written byMullapudi Venkata RamanaandRaavi Kondala RaoforPelli Pustakam(1991), produced by Ramana and directed byBapu.[39]The film inverts the plot ofMissamma;a married couple pretend to be unmarried to obtain employment.[40]A 70-minute long Telugu-languageOff-off-Broadwayversion ofMissamma,written by Athaluri Vijayalakshmi and directed by Rajeswari Udayagiri, was staged on 16, 17, and 18 September 2016 at Johnson and Community theatres in New York City.[41]

Legacy

[edit]

Missammawas a popular 1950s Telugu film featuring Ramana Reddy and Relangi, considered theLaurel and Hardyof Telugu cinema at the time.[42]According to film historianFilm News Anandan,Missamma'ssuccess inspired filmmakers to cast different actors for different versions of their films.[43]The phrase "Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" became a Telugu idiom and the word "Thailam", used by Devaiah in the film, became synonymous with "cash".[4][5]The film was a breakthrough in the careers of Savitri and Jamuna.[5][11]

P. Leela sang songs fromMissammain many concerts to a warm response.[4]"Njaan Ariyathen", from theMalayalam-language filmJailppulli(1957), is loosely based on "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele".[44]Prasad and Chakrapani later collaborated onAppu Chesi Pappu Koodu(1959), an above-average grosser before its profitable re-release. In their 2013 book,Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas,K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake wrote thatAppu Chesi Pappu Koodu,Missamma,Gundamma Katha(1962) andRamudu Bheemudu(1964) "represented the scope comedy had in the 1950s and '60s."[45]The storyline ofMarunnattil Oru Malayali(1971) was noted for its similarity toMissamma,since its female lead (a Christian) acts like aBrahmingirl. According to B. Vijayakumar ofThe Hindu,this prompted Chakrapani to remake the film in Telugu asSri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Clubin 1976.[46]

"Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" was remixed byMani Sharmawithout altering its melody and lyrics for the Telugu-language film,Kushi(2001). It was sung byKorivi Muralidhar,who was known as "Kushi" Murali after the remixed version's success.[5]AlthoughNeelakantaentitled his 2003 comedy filmMissamma,it had no other similarity to the original.[47][48]The 2010 independent Telugu filmMissamma NRIwas a variation onMissamma,focusing on two immigrants who enter into a sham marriage.[48]In September 2006, M. L. Narasimham listedMissammawithShavukaru(1950),Samsaram(1950),Pelli Chesi Choodu,Manohara(1954) andAppu Chesi Pappu Kooduas acclaimed films by the director after the release ofMana Desam(1949) and his association with Vijaya Productions.[49]

Hyderabad-based Goldstone Technologies acquired thefilm-negativerights of 14 Telugu films produced by Vijaya Vauhini Studios in late November 2007, includingMayabazar(1957) andMissamma,to release digitally re-mastered versions in colour.[50]Although the digitally remastered and colourised version ofMayabazarreleased in January 2010 was commercially successful, Goldstone decided not to remaster the remaining 14 films and said that most of the producers who sold the film-negative rights to TV channels lost control of them. According to Goldstone, ownership and copyright issues were an impediment.[51]However, the colourised version of "Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andarivadele" was used in the opening credits ofBrindavanam(2010).[52]

Commemorating the centenary of Indian cinema,The HindulistedMissamma,Pathala Bhairavi,Mayabazar,Gundamma Katha,Maduve Madi Nodu(1965),Ram Aur Shyam(1967),Julie(1975) andShriman Shrimati(1982) as iconic films produced by Nagi Reddi.[53]Hussain Sha Kiran, who co-wroteSukumar'sNannaku Prematho(2016), entitled his directorial debutMeeku Meere Maaku Memeafter a scene inMissammain which Mary tries to teach Raju music.[54]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Seemantham is a traditional ceremony celebrating the beginning of pregnancy.
  2. ^While VJM Diwakar ofThe New Indian Expressquoted Gummadi revealing his salary forMissammaas₹500,[14]V. Baburao, writing for theNavyaweekly reported Gummadi's salary as₹1000.[4]
  3. ^Pushkaramis a traditional 12-day Hindu festival focusing onancestor worship.It is celebrated every 12 years at 12 Indian rivers whenBrihaspati(the personification ofJupiter) entersLeo,the zodiac sign ofSurya.Believers consider bathing in a river during Pushkaram auspicious.[25]
  4. ^Pongalis a three-day Indian harvest festival celebrated inTamil Naduon 14 January every year as an equivalent of thanksgiving to the nature.[35]

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