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Mitsubishi Ki-15

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Ki-15Karigane
Mitsubishi Ki-15-I (Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance aircraft)
Role Military reconnaissance aircraft, light bomber
Manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
First flight May 1936
Introduction May 1937
Retired 1945 (Japan)
1951 (China)
Primary users Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Number built approx. 500

TheMitsubishi Ki-15(Nhạn kim,Karigane,English:Wild Goose)Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance aircraft(Chín bảy thức bộ tư lệnh trinh sát cơ,Kyunana-shiki sireibu teisatsuki)was a Japanesereconnaissance aircraftand a light attackbomberof theSecond Sino-Japanese WarandPacific War.It began as a fast civilianmail-plane.It was a single-engine, low-wing,cantilevermonoplanewith a fixedtailwheel undercarriage;it carried a crew of two. It served with both theImperial Japanese ArmyandNavy(as theC5M). During World War IIit was code-named"Babs"by the Allies.

Design and development

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The Ki-15 was designed by theMitsubishicorporation to meet anImperial Japanese Army Air Forcerequirement of 1935 for a two-seat, high-speed reconnaissance aircraft.[1]The resulting aircraft was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a fixed,spattedundercarriage, similar to other all-metalstressed-skinmonoplanes developed elsewhere in 1930s, such as theHeinkel He 70and theNorthrop Alpha.Power was by a singleNakajima Ha-8radial engine,giving 560 kW (750 hp) at 4,000 m (13,120 ft). The firstprototypeflew in May 1936, with testing proving successful, the aircraft meeting all performance requirements, reaching a speed of 481 km/h (299 mph) and showing good handling characteristics.[2]

Service testing was completed without difficulty and the type was ordered into production under the official designation Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft Model 1. In May 1937, a year after the first flight, delivery of the first of 437 production aircraft to the army began.[1]

Operational history

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The Ki-15-I was almost immediately placed into operational service at the beginning of the war with China in 1937. The aircraft proved useful in the early period of theSecond Sino-Japanese Warand performed missions deep into Chinese strategic rear areas, as far as reaching Lanzhou, and in particular serving as pre-strike guide and post-strike observation during the years-longBattle of Chongqing-Chengdu.[3]Its high speed gave it a distinct advantage until theChinese Air Forceacquired Soviet-madePolikarpov I-16 Type 17fighters; a Ki-15 was shot down along with three bombers by I-16 Type 17 fighters of the24th PS, 4th PGover Liangshan Airbase on 20 May 1940.[4]It was used for level bombing, close support and photo reconnaissance before being eventually replaced by theMitsubishi Ki-30.

Plans were already in hand to improve the Ki-15-I, and in September 1939 theKi-15-IIwas put into production with the 671 kW (900 hp)Mitsubishi Ha-26-1; the smaller diameter of this both reduced drag and overcame one of the major shortcomings of the initial version: poor forward field of view past the large-diameter of the initialNakajima Kotobukiengine. The improved version entered production in September 1939 as the Ki-15-II.

The Japanese Navy, impressed by the performance of this aircraft, ordered 20 examples of the Ki-15-II under the designation “Navy Type 98 Reconnaissance Aircraft Model 1," or Mitsubishi designationC5M1,even before the Army. The Navy subsequently acquired 30C5M2aircraft which had an even more powerful 708 kW (949 hp)Nakajima Sakae12 engine. They were used for reconnaissance duties. In further development, the army also experimented with an even more powerful engine with 783 kW (1,050 hp)Mitsubishi 102radial in theKi-15-IIIwhich did not enter production.

When production ended, approximately 500 examples of all versions of the Ki-15 had been built, the majority in front-line service when the Pacific War began. By 1943, the Ki-15 had been relegated to second-line roles, but numbers were expended inkamikazeattacks in the closing stages of World War II.

World record flight to Europe and other civilian use

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Mitsubishi Ki-15Karigane,(registration J-BAAI) was sponsored by theAsahi Shimbunnewspaper

Despite the relatively weak engine (by later standards) and fixed undercarriage, the Ki-15 was remarkably fast. During the initial flight testing, the newspaperAsahi Shimbunobtained permission to purchase the second prototype. The aircraft was given the designationKarigane('wild goose'), flying on 19 March 1937,[5]being namedKamikazeand registered as J-BAAI.

It was the first Japanese-built airplane to fly to Europe and caused a sensation in 1937 by making the flight between Tokyo and London, for thecoronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth,between 6 April 1937 and 9 April 1937 in a flight time of 51 hours, 17 minutes and 23 seconds, a world record at the time.[6]Following the success of the Japan-England flight, a small number of Ki-15s were sold to civil customers. One of the early production aircraft was named "Asakaze"(J-BAAL) and was also used by theAsahi Shimbun;others were used by various civilian operators as mail-planes.

Variants

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  • Karigane I:Prototype version for civilian use
  • Ki-15-I (Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance Aircraft Model 1):Initial production variant for the Japanese Army, with Nakajima Ha-8 (Army Type 94) 640 hp at take-off, 900 hp at 11,810 ft (3,600 m)
  • Ki-15-II (Army Type 97 Command Reconnaissance Model 2):Improved Army production version with smaller but more powerful 14-cylinder Mitsubishi Ha-25-I (Army Type 99 Model 1) engine, with 850 hp at take-off and 900 hp (670 kW) at 3,600 m (11,810 ft). This gave an increased maximum speed of 317 mph at 14,205 ft (510 km/h at 4,300 m), roughly comparable with fighters likeHawker Hurricaneor theNakajima Ki-43Hayabusa. Rate of climb was even more improved: 16,400 ft (5,000 m) in 6 min 49 seconds, and was achieved despite the increase in weight (empty, normal, max: 3,510 vs 3,084 lb, normal 4,826 vs 4,482 and max 5,470 vs 5,071 lb). Maiden flight was in June 1938 and production started in September 1939[7]
  • Ki-15-III:Proposed upgraded version; did not enter production. It had the Mitsubishi Ha-102 engine (1,080 hp (810 kW) at take-off, 1,055 hp (787 kW) at 2,800 metres (9,185 ft) and 950 hp (710 kW) at 5,800 m (19,030 ft)), with a top speed of 329 mph (530 km/h), roughly the same asMitsubishi Ki-46"Dinah". The latter was expected to be far better in other ways (endurance, two engines, etc.) so never went into production
  • C5M1 (Navy Type 98 Reconnaissance Aircraft Model I):Improved version of Ki-15-I for the Japanese Navy
  • C5M2 (Navy Type 98 Reconnaissance Aircraft Model 2):Upgraded version of C5M1 with more powerful engine for the Japanese Navy

Operators

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Japan
People's Republic of China
  • People's Liberation Army Air Forceoperated an unknown number of captured aircraft. A number of abandoned Ki-15s were captured near Harbin in June 1946, and by 1948, they were completely repaired and entered service as trainers. The last two Ki-15 retired in 1951.

Specifications (Ki-15-I)

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3-view drawing of the Mitsubishi Ki-15

Data fromThe Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II,[8]and Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[9]

General characteristics

  • Crew:2
  • Length:8.7 m (28 ft 7 in)
  • Wingspan:12 m (39 ft 4 in)
  • Height:3.35 m (11 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area:20.36 m2(219.2 sq ft)
  • Empty weight:1,400 kg (3,086 lb)
  • Gross weight:2,033 kg (4,482 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight:2,300 kg (5,071 lb)
  • Powerplant:1 ×Nakajima Ha89-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 477 kW (640 hp)
  • Propellers:2-bladed variable-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed:480 km/h (300 mph, 260 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed:320 km/h (200 mph, 170 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)
  • Range:2,400 km (1,500 mi, 1,300 nmi)
  • Service ceiling:11,400 m (37,400 ft)
  • Time to altitude:5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 8 minutes 27 seconds

Armament

See also

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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^abFrancillon 1979,p. 149.
  2. ^Francillon 1979,pp. 149–150.
  3. ^PE Matt (2015-05-26)."Mitsubishi Ki-15 Type 97 / C5M Type 98" Babs "".Pacific Eagles.Retrieved2020-11-12.
  4. ^"Năm đó phương tiện đơn sơ Lương Sơn sân bay, không nghĩ tới lại là Trung Quốc không quân bảo vệ Trùng Khánh đạo thứ nhất không trung phòng tuyến"[At that time, Liangshan Airport, which had poor facilities, did not expect it to be the first air defense line of the Chinese Air Force to defend Chongqing!].Upstream News.2019-01-17.Retrieved2020-11-12.[dead link]
  5. ^Francillon 1979,pp. 150–151.
  6. ^Francillon 1979,p. 150.
  7. ^History of war article
  8. ^Mondey 1996,p. 206.
  9. ^Francillon 1979,pp. 154–155.

Bibliography

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