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Mohamed Al-Fayed

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Mohamed Al-Fayed
محمد الفايد
Al-Fayed in 2011
Born(1929-01-27)27 January 1929
Alexandria,Kingdom of Egypt
Died30 August 2023(2023-08-30)(aged 94)
London, England
Burial placeBarrow Green Court
OccupationBusinessman
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m.1954;div.1956)​
  • ​
    (m.1985)​
Children5, includingDodiandOmar

Mohamed Al-Fayed[a](/ælˈfaɪ.ɛd/;27 January 1929 – 30 August 2023) was an Egyptian billionaire businessman, whose residence and primary business interests were in the United Kingdom from the mid-1960s. His business interests included ownership of theHôtel Ritz Paris,andHarrods department storeandFulham Football Club,both in London. At the time of his death in 2023, Fayed's wealth was estimated at US$2 billion byForbes.[1]

Fayed was married toSamira Khashoggifrom 1954 to 1956, and they had a son,Dodi.Dodi was in a romantic relationship withDiana, Princess of Wales,when they bothdied in a car crash in Parisin 1997.

Early and family life

[edit]

Mohamed Al-Fayed was born on 27 January 1929 in theRoshdyneighbourhood ofAlexandria,in theKingdom of Egypt,[2]the eldest son of an Egyptian primary school teacher fromAsyut.His year of birth has been disputed.[3]His website, alfayed,[4]used to claim he was born in 1933,[5]but theDepartment of Tradefound his date of birth was 27 January 1929.[3]The website changed his birthyear from "1933" to "1929" in 2011.[5]His brothers Ali and Salah have been his business colleagues.[6]

Fayed was married from 1954 to 1956 toSamira Khashoggi.He worked with his brother-in-law, Saudi Arabian arms dealer and businessmanAdnan Khashoggi.[7] In 1985, Fayed married the Finnish socialite and former modelHeini Wathén,with whom he had four children: daughters Jasmine[8](born 1980) and Camilla[9](born 1985), and sons Karim[10](born 1983) andOmar[11](born 1987).

Sometime in the early 1970s, he began using the definitive articleal-(Arabic:ال) in his name, rendering his name in English as "Al-Fayed" rather than simply "Fayed".[7]This aristocratic prefix[7]led toPrivate Eyemagazine nicknaming him the "Phoney Pharaoh".[12]His brothers Ali and Salah followed suit at the time of their acquisition of theHouse of Fraserin the 1980s, though by the late 1980s, both had backtracked on the practice.[13]

United Kingdom

[edit]

Early business dealings

[edit]
Wax sculpture of Al-Fayed,Madame Tussauds,London, July 2009

Fayed and his brothers founded a shipping company in Egypt before moving its headquarters toGenoa,Italy, with offices in London.[14]Around 1964, Fayed entered a close relationship with Haitian leaderFrançois Duvalier,known as 'Papa Doc', and became interested in the construction of a Fayed-Duvalier oil refinery inHaiti.He also associated with the geologistGeorge de Mohrenschildt.Fayed terminated his stay in Haiti six months later when a sample of "crude oil" provided by Haitian associates proved to be low-grademolasses.[15]

Fayed then moved to England, where he lived incentral London.[14]In the mid-1960s, he met the ruler of Dubai,Sheikh Rashid Bin Saeed Al Maktoum,who entrusted him with helping transformDubai,where he set up IMS (International Marine Services) in 1968.[16]Fayed introduced British companies like theCostain Group(of which he became a director and 30%shareholder[7]),Bernard Sunley & Sons,andTaylor Woodrowto the emirate to carry out the required construction work.[17][14]He also became a financial adviser to the thenSultan of BruneiOmar Ali Saifuddien IIIin 1966.[7]

Fayed briefly joined the board of the mining conglomerateLonrhoin 1975 but left after a disagreement.[18]In 1979 he boughtThe Ritzhotel in Paris, France, for US$30 million.[19]In 1984 Fayed and his brothers purchased a 30% stake inHouse of Fraser,a group that included the London storeHarrods,fromRoland "Tiny" Rowland,the head of Lonrho. In 1985, he and his brothers bought the remaining 70% of House of Fraser for £615m. Rowland claimed that the Fayed brothers lied about their background and wealth and he put pressure on the government to investigate them. ADepartment of Trade and Industry(DTI) inquiry into the Fayeds was launched. The DTI's subsequent report was critical, but no action was taken against the Fayeds, and while many believed the contents of the report, others felt it was politically motivated.[20]Rowland described his relationship with the Fayed family in his bookA Hero from Zero.[21]

In 1998 Rowland, who died that year, accused Fayed of stealing papers and jewels from his Harrodssafe deposit box.Fayed was arrested, but the charges were dropped.[22]Fayed settled the dispute with a payment to his widow; he also sued theMetropolitan Policefor false arrest in 2002, but lost the case.[23]In 1994 House of Fraser went public, but Fayed retained the private ownership of Harrods.[24]Al-Fayed re-launched the humorous magazinePunchin 1996 but it folded again in 2002.[25]He unsuccessfully applied forBritish citizenshiptwice, in 1994 and 1999.[26][27]It has been suggested that his feud with Rowland contributed to the first refusal.[3]

Cash-for-questions

[edit]

In 1994 in what became known as thecash-for-questions affair,Fayed revealed the names of MPs he had paid to ask questions inParliamenton his behalf, but who had failed to declare their fees. It sawConservativeMPsNeil HamiltonandTim Smithleave the government in disgrace, and aCommittee on Standards in Public Lifeestablished to prevent such corruption occurring again. Fayed also revealed that cabinet ministerJonathan Aitkenstayed for free at the Ritz Hotel in Paris at the same time as a group of Saudi arms dealers, leading to Aitken's subsequent unsuccessful libel case and imprisonment forperjury.[28]During this period in 1988, Al-Fayed's spokesman wasMichael Cole,a formerBBCjournalist.[29]

Hamilton lost a subsequent libel action against Al-Fayed in December 1999[30]and a subsequent appeal against the verdict in December 2000.[31]The former MP has always denied that he was paid by Al-Fayed for asking questions in Parliament. Hamilton's libel action related to aChannel 4Dispatchesdocumentary broadcast on 16 January 1997[32]in which Al-Fayed made claims that the MP had received up to £110,000 in cash and other gratuities for asking parliamentary questions.[33]Hamilton's basis for his appeal was that the original verdict was invalid because Al-Fayed had paid £10,000 for documents stolen from the dustbins of Hamilton's legal representatives byBenjamin Pell.[34]

In 2003 Fayed moved fromSurrey,UK, to Switzerland, alleging a breach in an agreement withthe British tax authority.In 2005, he moved back to Britain, saying that he "regards Britain as home".[3]He moored a yacht called theSokarinMonacoprior to selling it in 2014.[35]

Sale of Harrods

[edit]

After denials that Harrods was for sale, it was sold toQatar Holdings,thesovereign wealth fundofQatar,on 10 May 2010. A fortnight previously, Fayed had stated that "People approach us fromKuwait,Saudi Arabia,Qatar. Fair enough. But Iput two fingers up to them.It is not for sale. This is notMarks and SpencerorSainsbury's.It is a special place that gives people pleasure. There is only one Mecca. "[36]

Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion. Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting hisdividendapproved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Fayed said "I'm here every day, I can't take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right? Is this logic? Somebody like me? I run a business and I need to take bloody fucking trustee's permission to take my profit".[37]Fayed was appointed honorary chairman of Harrods, a position he was scheduled to hold for at least six months.[37]

Scotland real estate

[edit]

In 1972 Fayed purchased the Balnagown estate inEaster Ross,Northern Scotland. From an initial 4.8 hectares (12 acres), Al-Fayed went on to build the estate up to 26,300 hectares (65,000 acres).[38]Al-Fayed invested more than £20 million in the estate, restored the 14th-century pinkBalnagown Castle,and created a tourist accommodation business.[38]The Highlands of Scotland tourist board awarded Al-Fayed the Freedom of theScottish Highlandsin 2002, in recognition of his "efforts to promote the area".[39]

As an Egyptian with links to Scotland, Al-Fayed was intrigued enough to fund a 2008 reprint of the 15th-century chronicleScotichroniconbyWalter Bower.TheScotichronicondescribes howScota,a daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh, fled her family and landed in Scotland, bringing with her theStone of Scone.According to the chronicle, Scotland was later named in her honour. The tale is disputed by modern historians.[40]Al-Fayed later declared that "The Scots are originally Egyptians and that's the truth."[41]

In 2009 Al-Fayed revealed that he was a supporter ofScottish independencefrom the United Kingdom, announcing to the Scots that "It's time for you to waken up and detach yourselves from the English and their terrible politicians...whatever help is needed for Scotland to regain its independence, I will provide it...when you Scots regain your freedom, I am ready to be your president."[41]

Charity

[edit]

Fayed set up the Al Fayed Charitable Foundation in 1987 aiming to help children with life-limiting conditions and children living in poverty. The charity works mainly with charities and hospices for disabled and neglected children in the UK, Thailand, and Mongolia.[42]Some of the charities with which it works include Francis House Hospice in Manchester, Great Ormond Street Hospital, and ChildLine. In 1998 Al-Fayed boughtPrincess Diana's old boarding school inKentand helped found the New School at West Heath for children with additional needs and mental health problems.[43]In 2011 Mohamed Al-Fayed's daughter Camilla, who had worked as an ambassador for the charity for eight years,[44]opened the newly refurbished Zoe's Place baby hospice inWest Derby,Liverpool.[45]

Fulham F.C.

[edit]
Main article:Fulham F.C. § 1997–2001: Al-Fayed takeover

Al-Fayed bought west London professional football clubFulham F.C.for £6.25 million in 1997.[46]The purchase was made via Bill Muddyman's Muddyman Group.[46]His long-term aim was that Fulham would become aPremier Leagueside within five years. In the 2000–01 season, Fulham won theFirst Divisionunder managerJean Tigana,winning 101 points and scoring 90 goals, and were promoted to the Premier League. This meant that Al-Fayed had achieved his Premier League aim a year ahead of schedule.[47]By 2002, Fulham were competing in European football, winning theIntertoto Cupand participating in theUEFA Cup.Fulham reached the2010 UEFA Europa League final,which they lost toAtletico Madrid,[47]and continued to play in the Premier League throughout Al-Fayed's tenure as owner, which ended in 2013.[48]

Fulham temporarily leftCraven Cottagewhile it was being upgraded to meet modern safety standards. There were fears that the club would not return to the Cottage after it was revealed that Al-Fayed had sold the first right to build on the ground to a property development firm.[49]

Fulham lost a legal case against former managerJean Tiganain 2004 after Al-Fayed had wrongly alleged that Tigana had overpaid more than £7m for new players and had negotiated transfers in secret.[50]In 2009, Al-Fayed said that he was in favour of a wage cap for footballers, and criticised the management ofThe Football AssociationandPremier Leagueas "run by donkeys who don't understand business, who are dazzled by money."[51]

A statue of the American entertainerMichael Jacksonwas unveiled by Al-Fayed in April 2011 at Craven Cottage. In 1999 Jackson had attended a league game againstWigan Athleticat the stadium. Following criticism of the statue, Al-Fayed said "If some stupid fans don't understand and appreciate such a gift this guy gave to the world they can go to hell. I don't want them to be fans."[52]The statue was taken down by the club's new owners in 2013; Al-Fayed blamed the club's subsequent relegation from the Premier League on the 'bad luck' brought by its removal. Al-Fayed then donated the statue to theNational Football Museum.[53]In March 2019, the statue was removed from the museum due to the backlash against Jackson caused by the child-abuse accusations against him in the documentaryLeaving Neverland.[54]

Under Al-Fayed Fulham F.C. was owned by Mafco Holdings, based in thetax havenofBermudaand in turn owned by Al-Fayed and his family. By 2011, Al-Fayed had lent Fulham F.C. £187 million in interest free loans.[55]In July 2013, it was announced that Al-Fayed had sold the club to Pakistani American businessmanShahid Khan,who owns theNFL'sJacksonville Jaguars.[56]

Business interests

[edit]
75 Rockefeller Plaza,New York

Al-Fayed's business interests included:

His major business purchases included:

  • House of Fraser Group, includingHarrods(1985, £615 million; sold 2010, £1.5 billion)[60]
  • Fulham Football Club(1997, £30 million;[26]sold 2013 for between £150 and £200 million[56])
  • After the death ofWallis Simpson,Fayed took over the lease of theVilla Windsorin Paris, the former home of the Duchess of Windsor and her husband, the Duke of Windsor, previouslyEdward VIII.[61]Together with his valetSydney Johnson,who had also been valet to the Duke, he organised the restoration of the villa and its collections.[62]

Death of Dodi Fayed

[edit]
Further information:Death of Diana, Princess of WalesandConspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales

Background and relationship with Princess Diana

[edit]

Lady Diana SpencermarriedCharles,Prince of Wales, thenheir apparentto theBritish thronein 1981, becomingPrincess of Wales.She was an international celebrity and a frequent visitor to Harrods in the 1980s. Al-Fayed and Dodi first met Diana and Charles in July 1986 when they were introduced at apolotournament sponsored by Harrods.[63]

Diana and Charles divorced in 1996, after what was mostly a tumultuous marriage. She was hosted by Al-Fayed in thesouth of Francein mid-1997, with her sons, PrincesWilliamandHarry.[64]For the holiday, Fayed bought a 195 ft yacht, theJonikal(later renamed theSokar).[65]Dodi and Diana later began a private cruise on theJonikaland paparazzi photographs of the couple in an embrace were published. Diana's friend, the journalist Richard Kay, confirmed that Diana was involved in "her first serious romance" since her divorce.[66]

Dodi and Diana went on a second private cruise on theJonikalin the third week of August, and returned fromSardiniato Paris on 30 August. Later that day, the couple privately dined at the Ritz, after the behaviour of the press caused them to cancel a restaurant reservation. They planned to spend the night at Dodi's apartment near theArc de Triomphe.[67]In an attempt to deceive thepaparazzi,a decoy car left the front of the hotel, while Diana and Dodi departed from the rear of the hotel in a Mercedes-Benz S280 driven by conciergeHenri Paul.[67]Five minutes later, the car crashed in thePont de l'Almatunnel. Dodi and Paul were found dead at this location. Diana died later in hospital. British bodyguardTrevor Rees-Jones,who sustained a serious head injury, was the sole survivor of the crash, though conscious after the car crashed.[citation needed]Fayed arrived in Paris a day later and viewed Dodi's body, which was finally returned to the United Kingdom for anIslamic funeral.[67][68]

Conspiracy theories

[edit]

From February 1998, Al-Fayed maintained that the crash was a result of a conspiracy,[69]and later contended that the crash was orchestrated byMI6on the instructions ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[70]His claims were dismissed by a French judicial investigation, but Fayed appealed the verdict.[71][72]

The BritishOperation Paget,aMetropolitan policeinquiry that concluded in 2006, also found no evidence of a conspiracy.[73]To Operation Paget, Al-Fayed made 175 "conspiracy claims".[74]

An inquest headed byLord Justice Scott Bakerinto the deaths of Diana and Dodi began at theRoyal Courts of Justice,London, on 2 October 2007 and lasted for six months. It was a continuation of the original inquest that had begun in 2004.[75]

At the Scott Baker inquest, Fayed accused the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales,Lady Sarah McCorquodale,her sister, and numerous others, of plotting to kill the Princess of Wales.[76]Their motive, he claimed, was that they could not tolerate the idea of the Princess marrying aMuslim.[77]

Al-Fayed first claimed that the Princess was pregnant to theDaily Expressin May 2001,[77]and that he was the only person who had been told. Witnesses at the inquest who said the Princess was not pregnant, and could not have been, were part of the conspiracy according to Al-Fayed.[78]Fayed's testimony at the inquest was roundly condemned in the press as farcical. Members of the British Government'sIntelligence and Security Committeeaccused Fayed of turning the inquest into a 'circus' and called for it to be ended prematurely.[79]Lawyers representing Al-Fayed later accepted at the inquest that there was no direct evidence that either the Duke of Edinburgh or MI6 were involved in any murder conspiracy involving Diana or Dodi.[80]A few days before Al-Fayed's appearance, John Macnamara, a former senior detective atScotland Yardand Al-Fayed's investigator for five years from 1997, was forced to admit on 14 February 2008 that he had no evidence to suggest foul play, except for the assertions Al-Fayed had made to him.[81]His admissions also related to the lack of evidence for Al-Fayed's claims of the Princess's pregnancy and the couple's engagement.[81]

The jury verdict, given on 7 April 2008, was that Diana and Dodi were "unlawfully killed"through thegrossly negligentdriving of Henri Paul,[82]who wasintoxicated,and the pursuing vehicles.[83]

Al-Fayed's lawyers accepted that there was no evidence to support the assertion that Diana was illegally embalmed to conceal pregnancy, or that a pregnancy could be confirmed by any medical evidence.[80]They also accepted that there was no evidence to support the assertion that the French emergency and medical services had played any role in a conspiracy to harm Diana.[80]Following the Baker inquest, Al-Fayed said that he was abandoning his conspiracy campaign, and would accept the jury's verdict.[84]

JournalistDominic Lawsonwrote inThe Independentin 2008 that Al-Fayed sought to concoct "a conspiracy to cover up the true circumstances" of fatalities caused by the crash "involving an intoxicated and over-excited driver (an employee of Mohamed Fayed's Paris Ritz)". He "had remarkable success in persuading elements of the tabloid press, notably theDaily Express,to give the conspiracy a fair wind. "[85]

Al-Fayed financially supportedUnlawful Killing(2011), a documentary film presenting his version of events.[86]It was not formally released because of the potential for libel suits.[87]

Sexual harassment allegations

[edit]

Al-Fayed was accused by multiple women ofsexual harassmentand assault.[88][89]Young women applying for employment at Harrods were often submitted toHIV testsandgynaecologicalexaminations.[90]They were then selected to spend the weekend with Al-Fayed in Paris.[90]In her profile of Al-Fayed forVanity Fair,Maureen Orthdescribed how, according to former employees, "Fayed regularly walked the store on the lookout for young, attractive women to work in his office. Those who rebuffed him would often be subjected to crude, humiliating comments about their appearance or dress... A dozen ex-employees I spoke with said that Fayed would chase secretaries around the office and sometimes try to stuff money down women's blouses".[91]

In December 1997, theITVcurrent affairs programmeThe Big Storybroadcast testimonies from a number of former Harrods employees who spoke of how Al-Fayed routinely sexually harassed women in similar ways.[89]Al-Fayed was interviewed under caution by theMetropolitan Policeafter an allegation of sexual assault against a 15-year-old schoolgirl in October 2008. The case was dropped by theCrown Prosecution Servicewhen they found there was no realistic chance of conviction due to conflicting statements.[92]

A December 2017 episode of Channel 4'sDispatchesprogramme alleged that Al-Fayed sexually harassed three female Harrods employees, and attempted to "groom" them. One of the employees was aged 17 at the time. Cheska Hill-Wood waived her right to anonymity to be interviewed for the programme.[93]The programme alleged Al-Fayed targeted young employees over a 13-year period.[94]

Death

[edit]

Al-Fayed died in London on 30 August 2023, at the age of 94.[95][96][97]His cause of death was listed asold ageand was announced on 1 September. He was buried that day atBarrow Green Courtalongside Dodi,[98]after a funeral service duringFriday prayersatLondon Central Mosque.[99]

[edit]

Al-Fayed is portrayed bySalim Dawin seasons 5 and 6 ofThe Crown.[100][101][102]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Arabic:محمد الفايد.Egyptian Arabic pronunciation:[mæˈħæmmædelˈfæːjed].

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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Brooke, Henry; Aldous, Hugh Graham Cazalet (1988).House of Fraser Holdings Plc: Investigation Under Section 432 (2) of the Companies Act 1985: Report.H.M. Stationery Office.ISBN978-0-11-514652-7.
[edit]
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