Monotypic taxon
Inbiology,amonotypic taxonis a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon.[1]A monotypicspeciesis one that does not includesubspeciesor smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispecific" or "monospecific" is sometimes preferred. Inbotanical nomenclature,amonotypic genusis agenusin the special case where a genus and a single species are simultaneously described.[2]In contrast, anoligotypic taxoncontains more than one but only a very few subordinate taxa.
Examples
[edit]Just as the termmonotypicis used to describe a taxon including only one subdivision, the contained taxon can also be referred to as monotypic within the higher-level taxon, e.g. a genus monotypic within a family. Some examples of monotypic groups are:
Plants
[edit]- In theorderAmborellales,there is only onefamily,Amborellaceae, and there is only one genus,Amborella,and in this genus there is only one species,Amborella trichopoda.
- The flowering plantBreonadia salicinais the only species in the monotypic genusBreonadia.
- The family Cephalotaceae includes only one genus,Cephalotus,and only one species,Cephalotus follicularis– the Albany pitcher plant.
- ThedivisionGinkgophytais monotypic, containing the single class Ginkgoopsida. This class is also monotypic, containing the single order Ginkgoales.[3]
- Flowering plantNandina domesticais the only species in the genusNandina.
- Picomonas judraskedais the only known species in the divisionPicozoa.[4]
Animals
[edit]- Themadrone butterflyis the only species in the monotypic genusEucheira.However, there are two subspecies of thisbutterfly,E. socialis socialisandE. socialis westwoodi,which means the speciesE. socialisis not monotypic.[5]
- Erithacus rubecula,theEuropean robin,is the onlyextantmember of its genus.[6]
- Delphinapterus leucasor the beluga whale is the only member of its genus and lacks subspecies.[7]
- Dugong dugonis the only species in the monotypic genusDugong.[8]
- Homo sapiens(humans) are monotypic, as they have too littlegenetic diversityto harbor any livingsubspecies.[9]
- Limnognathia maerskiis a microscopic animal and the only species in the monotypic phylumMicrognathozoa.
- Thenarwhalis a medium-sizedcetaceanthat is the only member of the monotypic genusMonodon.[10]
- Theplatypusis the only member of the monotypic genusOrnithorhynchus.
- Thesalamanderfishis the only member of the order Lepidogalaxiiformes, which is the sister group to the remainingeuteleosts.[11]
- Ozichthys albimaculosus,the cream-spotted cardinalfish, found in tropical Australia and southern New Guinea, is the type species of the monotypic genusOzichthys.[12]
- Thebearded reedlingis the only species in the monotypic genusPanurus,which is the only genus in the monotypic family Panuridae.[13]
- Caninesform the only living subfamily of the dog family,Canidae
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In the order Amborellales, there is only one family, Amborellaceae and there is only one genus,Amborella,and in this genus there is only one species, namelyAmborella trichopoda. -
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The family Cephalotaceae has only one genus,Cephalotus,which contains only one species,Cephalotus follicularis,the Australian pitcher plant.
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^Mayr E, Ashlock PD. (1991).Principles of Systematic Zoology(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.ISBN0-07-041144-1
- ^McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Reine, W.F.P.h.V.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012)."Article 38".International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011.Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.ISBN978-3-87429-425-6.
- ^Wu, Chung-Shien; Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Huang, Ya-Yi (2013)."Chloroplast Phylogenomics Indicates that Ginkgo biloba Is Sister to Cycads".Genome Biology and Evolution.5(1): 243–254.doi:10.1093/gbe/evt001.PMC3595029.PMID23315384.
- ^Seenivasan R, Sausen N, Medlin LK, Melkonian M (2013). Waller RF (ed.)."Picomonas judraskeda gen. et sp. nov.: the first identified member of the Picozoa phylum nov., a widespread group of picoeukaryotes, formerly known as 'picobiliphytes'".PLOS ONE.8(3): e59565.Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859565S.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059565.PMC3608682.PMID23555709.
- ^Kevan, P. G.; Bye, R. A. (1991). "The natural history, sociobiology, and ethnobiology of Eucheira socialis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique and little-known butterfly from Mexico".Entomologist.110:146–165.
- ^"Glossary American Museum of Natural History".
- ^Designatable Units for Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Canada(PDF)(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2016.
- ^Jefferson, Thomas A.; Webber, Marc A.; Pitman, Robert L. (2015). "Taxonomic Groupings Above the Species Level".Marine Mammals of the World.pp. 17–23.doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409542-7.50003-2.ISBN978-0-12-409542-7.
- ^Premo, L. S.; Hublin, J.-J. (6 January 2009)."Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene hominins".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.106(1): 33–37.Bibcode:2009PNAS..106...33P.doi:10.1073/pnas.0809194105.PMC2629215.PMID19104042.
- ^COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the narwhal Monodon monoceros in Canada(PDF)(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2004.
- ^A phylogenomic approach to reconstruct interrelationships of main clupeocephalan lineages with a critical discussion of morphological apomorphies
- ^Fraser, Thomas H. (14 August 2014). "A new genus of cardinalfish from tropical Australia and southern New Guinea (Percomorpha: Apogonidae)".Zootaxa.3852(2): 283–293.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3852.2.7.PMID25284398.
- ^"ITIS - Report: Panurus biarmicus".
External links
[edit]
The dictionary definition ofmonotypicat Wiktionary
