Montreal

"Montrealer" redirects here. For other uses, seeMontreal (disambiguation)andMontrealer (disambiguation).

"City of Mary" redirects here. For the city in Ukraine, seeMariupol.

Montreal Montréal(French)
City
Ville de Montréal
Downtown Montrealskyline Old Montreal Notre-Dame Basilica Old Port of Montreal Saint Joseph's Oratory Olympic Stadium
Flag Coat of arms Logo
Nicknames: "MTL", "The 514", "The City of Festivals", "The City of Saints", "The City of a Hundred Steeples", "Sin City", "La Métropole"
Motto: Concordia Salus( "well-being through harmony" )
Interactive map of Montreal
Montreal Location within Canada Montreal Location within Quebec
Coordinates:45°30′32″N73°33′15″W
Country	Canada
Province	Quebec
Region	Montreal
Urban agglomeration	Montreal
Founded	May 17, 1642
Incorporated	1832
Constituted	January 1, 2002
Named for	Mount Royal
Boroughs	List Ahuntsic-Cartierville Anjou Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève LaSalle Lachine Le Plateau-Mont-Royal Le Sud-Ouest Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve Montréal-Nord Outremont Pierrefonds-Roxboro Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie Saint-Laurent Saint-Léonard Verdun Ville-Marie Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension
Government
• Type	Montreal City Council
•Mayor	Valérie Plante
•Federal riding	List Ahuntsic-Cartierville Bourassa Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle Hochelaga Honoré-Mercier La Pointe-de-l'Île Lac-Saint-Louis LaSalle—Émard—Verdun Laurier—Sainte-Marie Mount Royal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount Outremont Papineau Pierrefonds—Dollard Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie Saint-Laurent Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Sœurs
•Provincial riding	List Acadie Anjou–Louis-Riel Bourassa-Sauvé Camille-Laurin Crémazie D'Arcy-McGee Gouin Hochelaga-Maisonneuve Jeanne-Mance–Viger LaFontaine Laurier-Dorion Marguerite-Bourgeoys Marquette Mercier Mont-Royal Nelligan Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Outremont Pointe-aux-Trembles Robert-Baldwin Rosemont Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne Saint-Laurent Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques Tétreaultville Verdun Viau Westmount–Saint-Louis
•MPs	List of MPs Sameer Zuberi Mario Beaulieu Alexandre Boulerice Soraya Martinez Ferrada Anju Dhillon Patricia Lattanzio Emmanuel Dubourg Marc Garneau Anthony Housefather Mélanie Joly Emmanuella Lambropoulos David Lametti Steven Guilbeault Marc Miller Pablo Rodríguez Francis Scarpaleggia Justin Trudeau Rachel Bendayan
Area
•City	431.50 km2(166.60 sq mi)
• Land	365.13 km2(140.98 sq mi)
• Urban	1,293.99 km2(499.61 sq mi)
• Metro	4,604.26 km2(1,777.71 sq mi)
Highest elevation	233 m (764 ft)
Lowest elevation	6 m (20 ft)
Population (2021)
•City	1,762,949 (2nd)
• Density	4,828.3/km2(12,505/sq mi)
•Metro	4,291,732 (2nd)
• Metro density	919/km2(2,380/sq mi)
Demonyms	Montrealer Montréalais(e)
Time zone	UTC−05:00(EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00(EDT)
Postal codes	H H1A, H1C-H3N, H3S-H3W, H4A-H4T, H4Z-H5B, H8R-H8Z, H9C-H9E, H9H, H9K
Area codes	514, 438and 263
Police	SPVM
GDP(MontrealCMA)	C$228.71billion (2020)
GDP per capita (MontrealCMA)	C$48,289 (2022)
Website	montreal.ca/en/

Montreal(French:Montréal) is thelargest cityin theprovinceofQuebec,thesecond-largestinCanada,and thetenth-largestinNorth America.Founded in 1642 asVille-Marie,or "City of Mary",it is now named afterMount Royal,the triple-peaked hill around which the early settlement was built.The city is centred on theIsland of Montrealand a few, much smaller, peripheral islands, the largest of which isÎle Bizard.The city is 196 km (122 mi) east of the national capital,Ottawa,and 258 km (160 mi) southwest of the provincial capital,Quebec City.

As of 2021,the city had a population of 1,762,949,and ametropolitanpopulation of 4,291,732,making it thesecond-largestmetropolitan area in Canada.Frenchis the city's official language.In 2021, 85.7% of the population of the city of Montreal considered themselves fluent in French while 90.2% could speak it in the metropolitan area.Montreal is one of the mostbilingualcities in Quebec and Canada, with 58.5% of the population able to speak both French and English.

Historically the commercial capital of Canada, Montreal was surpassed in population and economic strength byTorontoin the 1970s.It remains an important centre of art,culture,literature,filmand television, music, commerce, aerospace,transport,finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design,education,tourism,food, fashion, video game development, and world affairs. Montreal is the location of the headquarters of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization,and was named aUNESCOCity of Designin 2006.In 2017, Montreal was ranked the 12th-most livable city in the world by theEconomist Intelligence Unitin its annualGlobal Liveability Ranking,although its ranking slipped to 40th in the 2021 index, primarily due to stress on the healthcare system from theCOVID-19 pandemic.It is regularly ranked as one of the ten best cities in the world to be a university student in theQS World University Rankings.In 2018, Montreal was ranked as aglobal city.

Montreal has hosted numerous important international events, including the1967 International and Universal Exposition,and is the only Canadian city to have hosted the Summer Olympics, having done soin 1976.The city hosts theCanadian Grand PrixofFormula One;theMontreal International Jazz Festival,the largest jazz festival in the world;theJust for Laughsfestival, the largest comedy festival in the world;andLes Francos de Montréal,the largest French-language music festival in the world.Insports,it is home to multiple professional teams, most notably theCanadiensof theNational Hockey League,who have won theStanley Cupa record 24 times.

Etymology and original names

See also:Name of Montreal

In theOjibwe language,the land is calledMooniyaangwhich was "the first stopping place" in the Ojibwe migration story as related in theseven fires prophecy.

In theMohawk language,the land is calledTiohtià:ke.This is an abbreviation ofTeionihtiohtiá:kon,which loosely translates as "where the group divided/parted ways."

French settlers fromLa Flèchein the Loire valley first named their new town, founded in 1642,Ville Marie( "City of Mary" ),named for theVirgin Mary.

The current form of the name,Montréal,is generally thought to be derived from Mount Royal (Mont Royalin French),the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. There are multiple explanations for howMont RoyalbecameMontréal.In 16th century French, the formsréalandroyalwere used interchangeably, soMontréalcould simply be a variant ofMont Royal.In the second explanation, the name came from an Italian translation. Venetian geographerGiovanni Battista Ramusioused the nameMonte Realto designate Mount Royal in his 1556 map of the region.However, theCommission de toponymie du Québecdisputes this explanation.

Historiographer François de Belleforest was the first to use the formMontréalwith reference to the entire region in 1575.

History

Main article:History of Montreal

For a chronological guide, seeTimeline of Montreal history.

Pre-European contact

Jacques CartieratHochelaga.Arriving in 1535, Cartier was the first European to visit the area.

Archaeologicalevidence in the region indicate thatFirst Nationsnative people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago.By the year AD 1000, they had started to cultivatemaize.Within a few hundred years, they had builtfortifiedvillages.TheSaint Lawrence Iroquoians,an ethnically and culturally distinct group from theIroquoisnations of theHaudenosaunee(then based in present-day New York), established thevillage of Hochelagaat the foot of Mount Royal two centuries before the French arrived. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at other locations in the valley since at least the 14th century. The French explorer Jacques Cartier visitedHochelagaon October 2, 1535, and estimated the population of the native people at Hochelaga to be "over a thousand people".Evidence of earlier occupation of the island, such as those uncovered in 1642 during the construction of Fort Ville-Marie, have effectively been removed.

Early European settlement (1600–1760)

In 1603, French explorerSamuel de Champlainreported that the St Lawrence Iroquoians and their settlements had disappeared altogether from the St Lawrence valley. This is believed to be due to outmigration, epidemics of European diseases, or intertribal wars.In 1611, Champlain established afurtrading poston the Island of Montreal on a site initially namedLa Place Royale.At the confluence ofPetite Riviereand St. Lawrence River, it is where present-dayPointe-à-Callièrestands.On his 1616 map, Champlain named the island Lille de Villemenon in honour of the sieur de Villemenon, a French dignitary who was seeking the viceroyship of New France.In 1639,Jérôme Le Royer de La Dauversièreobtained theSeigneurial titleto the Island of Montreal in the name of theNotre Dame Society of Montrealto establish a Roman Catholicmissiontoevangelizenatives.

DauversierehiredPaul Chomedey de Maisonneuve,then age 30, to lead a group of colonists to build a mission on his new seigneury. The colonists left France in 1641 for Quebec and arrived on the island the following year. On May 17, 1642, Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, with Maisonneuve as its first governor. The settlement included a chapel and a hospital, under the command ofJeanne Mance.By 1643, Ville-Marie had come under Iroquois raids. In 1652, Maisonneuve returned to France to raise 100 volunteers to bolster the colonial population. If the effort had failed, Montreal was to be abandoned and the survivors re-located downriver toQuebec City.Before these 100 arrived in the fall of 1653, the population of Montreal was barely 50 people.

French authorities surrender the city of Montreal to the British after theArticles of Capitulationwas signed in 1760.

By 1685, Ville-Marie was home to some 600 colonists, most of them living in modest wooden houses. Ville-Marie became a centre for thefur tradeand a base for furtherexploration.In 1689, the English-allied Iroquois attackedLachineon the Island of Montreal, committing the worst massacre in the history of New France.By the early 18th century, theSulpician Orderwas established there. To encourage French settlement, it wanted the Mohawk to move away from the fur trading post at Ville-Marie. It had a mission village, known asKahnewake,south of the St Lawrence River. The fathers persuaded some Mohawk to make a new settlement at their former hunting grounds north of the Ottawa River. This becameKanesatake.In 1745, several Mohawk families moved upriver to create another settlement, known asAkwesasne.All three are now Mohawk reserves in Canada. The Canadian territory was ruled as a French colony until 1760, whenMontreal fell to a British offensiveduring theSeven Years' War.The colony then surrendered to Great Britain.

Ville-Marie was the name for the settlement that appeared in all official documents until 1705, when Montreal appeared for the first time, although people referred to the "Island of Montreal" long before then.

American occupation (1775–1776)

As part of theAmerican Revolution,theinvasion of Quebecresulted afterBenedict ArnoldcapturedFort Ticonderogain present-day upstate New York in May 1775 as a launching point toArnold's invasion of Quebec in September.While Arnold approached thePlains of Abraham,Montreal fell to American forces led byRichard Montgomeryon November 13, 1775, after it was abandoned byGuy Carleton.After Arnold withdrew from Quebec City toPointe-aux-Trembleson November 19, Montgomery's forces left Montreal on December 1 and arrived there on December 3 to plot toattack Quebec City,with Montgomery leavingDavid Woosterin charge of the city. Montgomery was killed in the failed attack and Arnold, who had taken command, sent Brigadier GeneralMoses Hazento inform Wooster of the defeat.

Wooster left Hazen in command on March 20, 1776, as he left to replace Arnold in leading further attacks on Quebec City. On April 19, Arnold arrived in Montreal to take over command from Hazen, who remained as his second-in-command. Hazen sent ColonelTimothy Bedelto form a garrison of 390 men 40 miles upriver in a garrison atLes Cèdres, Quebec,to defend Montreal against the British army. In theBattle of the Cedars,Bedel's lieutenantIsaac Butterfieldsurrendered to George Forster.

Forster advanced toFort Sennevilleon May 23. By May 24, Arnold was entrenched inMontreal's borough of Lachine.Forster initially approached Lachine, then withdrew toQuinze-Chênes.Arnold's forces then abandoned Lachine to chase Forster. The Americans burned Senneville on May 26. After Arnold crossed theOttawa Riverin pursuit of Forster, Forster's cannons repelled Arnold's forces. Forster negotiated a prisoner exchange withHenry Sherburneand Isaac Butterfield, resulting in a May 27 boating of their deputy Lieutenant Park being returned to the Americans. Arnold and Forster negotiated further and more American prisoners were returned to Arnold atSainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec,( "Fort Anne" ) on May 30 (delayed two days by wind).

Arnold eventually withdrew his forces back to the New York fort of Ticonderoga by the summer. On June 15, Arnold's messenger approachingSorelspotted Carleton returning with a fleet of ships and notified him. Arnold's forces abandoned Montreal (attempting to burn it down in the process) prior to the June 17 arrival of Carleton's fleet.

The Americans did not return British prisoners in exchange, as previously agreed, due to accusations of abuse, with Congress repudiating the agreement at the protest of George Washington. Arnold blamed Colonel Timothy Bedel for the defeat, removing him and Lieutenant Butterfield from command and sending them to Sorel for court-martial. The retreat of the American army delayed their court martial until August 1, 1776, when they were convicted andcashieredat Ticonderoga. Bedel was given a new commission by Congress in October 1777 after Arnold was assigned to defend Rhode Island inJuly 1777.

Modern history as city (1832–present)

See also:Municipal history of Quebec

View ofLachine Canalin 1826, a year after it opened. It bypassed the rapids west of the city, linking Montreal with other continental markets.

Montreal was incorporated as a city in 1832.The opening of the Lachine Canal permitted ships to bypass the unnavigableLachine Rapids,while the construction of theVictoria Bridgeestablished Montreal as a major railway hub. The leaders of Montreal's business community had started to build their homes in theGolden Square Milefrom about 1850. By 1860, it was the largest municipality inBritish North Americaand the undisputed economic and cultural centre of Canada.

In the 19th century, maintaining Montreal's drinking water became increasingly difficult with the rapid increase in population. A majority of the drinking water was still coming from the city's harbour, which was busy and heavily trafficked, leading to the deterioration of the water within. In the mid-1840s, the City of Montreal installed a water system that would pump water from the St. Lawrence and intocisterns.The cisterns would then be transported to the desired location. This was not the first water system of its type in Montreal, as there had been one in private ownership since 1801. In the middle of the 19th century, water distribution was carried out by "fontainiers". The fountainierswould open and close water valves outside of buildings, as directed, all over the city. As they lacked modern plumbing systems it was impossible to connect all buildings at once and it also acted as a conservation method. However, the population was not finished rising — it rose from 58,000 in 1852 to 267,000 by 1901.

Political protests fromToriesled to theburning of the Parliament Buildings in Montrealin 1849.

Montreal was the capital of theProvince of Canadafrom 1844 to 1849, but lost its status when aTorymobburnt down the Parliament buildingto protest the passage of theRebellion Losses Bill.Thereafter, the capital rotated between Quebec City andTorontountil in 1857,Queen Victoriaherself establishedOttawaas the capital due to strategic reasons. The reasons were twofold. First, because it was located more in the interior of the Province of Canada, it was less susceptible to attack from the United States. Second, and perhaps more importantly, because it lay on the border between French and English Canada, Ottawa was seen as a compromise between Montreal, Toronto,Kingstonand Quebec City, which were all vying to become the young nation's official capital. Ottawa retained the status as capital of Canada when the Province of Canada joined withNova ScotiaandNew Brunswickto form the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Aninternment campwas set up at Immigration Hall in Montreal from August 1914 to November 1918.

AfterWorld War I,theprohibitionmovement in the United States led to Montreal becoming a destination for Americans looking foralcohol.Unemployment remained high in the city and was exacerbated by theStock Market Crash of 1929and theGreat Depression.

An anti-conscriptionrally in Montreal, 1917. During bothWorld Wars,the city saw protest against the implementation of conscription.

DuringWorld War II,MayorCamillien Houdeprotested against conscription and urged Montrealers to disobey the federal government's registry of all men and women.The federal government, part of theAllied forces,was furious over Houde's stand and held him in a prison camp until 1944.That year, the government decided to institute conscription to expand the armed forces and fight theAxis powers.(SeeConscription Crisis of 1944.)

Montreal was the official residence of theLuxembourgroyal family in exile during World War II.

By 1951, Montreal's population had surpassed one million.However, Toronto's growth had begun challenging Montreal's status as the economic capital of Canada. Indeed, the volume of stocks traded at theToronto Stock Exchangehad already surpassed that traded at theMontreal Stock Exchangein the 1940s.TheSaint Lawrence Seawayopened in 1959, allowing vessels to bypass Montreal. In time, this development led to the end of the city's economic dominance as businesses moved to other areas.During the 1960s, there was continued growth as Canada's tallest skyscrapers, new expressways and the subway system known as theMontreal Metrowere finished during this time. Montreal also held the World's Fair of 1967, better known asExpo67.

Lighting of theOlympic Torchinside Montreal'sOlympic Stadium.The city hosted the1976 Summer Olympics.

The 1970s ushered in a period of wide-ranging social and political changes, stemming largely from the concerns of theFrench-speakingmajority about the conservation of their culture and language, given the traditional predominance of theEnglish Canadianminority in the business arena.TheOctober Crisisand the 1976 election of theParti Québécois,which supported sovereign status for Quebec, resulted in the departure of many businesses and people from the city.In 1976, Montreal hosted theSummer Olympics.While the event brought the city international prestige and attention, theOlympic Stadiumbuilt for the event resulted in massive debt for the city.During the 1980s and early 1990s, Montreal experienced a slower rate of economic growth than many other major Canadian cities. Montreal was the site of the 1989École Polytechnique massacre,one of Canada's worstmass shootings,where 25-year-oldMarc Lépineshot and killed 14 people, all of them women, and wounded 14 other people before shooting himself atÉcole Polytechnique.

Montreal wasmergedwith the 27 surrounding municipalities on the Island of Montreal on January 1, 2002, creating a unified city encompassing the entire island. There was substantial resistance from the suburbs to the merger, with the perception being that it was forced on the mostly English suburbs by the Parti Québécois. As expected, this move proved unpopular and several mergers were later rescinded. Several former municipalities, totalling 13% of the population of the island, voted to leave the unified city in separatereferendumsin June 2004. The demerger took place on January 1, 2006, leaving 15 municipalities on the island, including Montreal. Demerged municipalities remain affiliated with the city through an agglomeration council that collects taxes from them to pay for numerous shared services.The 2002 mergers were not the first in the city's history. Montreal annexed 27 other cities, towns and villages beginning withHochelagain 1883, with the last prior to 2002 beingPointe-aux-Tremblesin 1982.

The 21st century has brought with it a revival of the city's economic and cultural landscape. The construction of new residential skyscrapers, two super-hospitals (theCentre hospitalier de l'Université de MontréalandMcGill University Health Centre), the creation of theQuartier des Spectacles,reconstruction of theTurcot Interchange,reconfiguration of the Decarie and Dorval interchanges, construction of the newRéseau express métropolitain,gentrification ofGriffintown,subway line extensions and the purchase of new subway cars, the complete revitalization and expansion ofTrudeau International Airport,the completion ofQuebec Autoroute 30,the reconstruction of theChamplain Bridgeand the construction of a new toll bridge to Laval are helping Montreal continue to grow.

Geography

Main article:Geography of Montreal

Theisland of Montrealat the confluence of theSaint LawrenceandOttawarivers.

Montreal is in the southwest of the province of Quebec. The city covers most of the Island of Montreal at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The port of Montreal lies at one end of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the river gateway that stretches from theGreat Lakesto the Atlantic.Montreal is defined by its location between the Saint Lawrence river to its south and theRivière des Prairiesto its north. The city is named after the most prominent geographical feature on the island, a three-head hill called Mount Royal, topped at 232 m (761 ft)above sea level.

Montreal is at the centre of theMontreal Metropolitan Community,and is bordered by the city ofLavalto the north;Longueuil,Saint-Lambert,Brossard,and other municipalities to the south;Repentignyto the east and theWest Islandmunicipalities to the west. Theanglophoneenclaves ofWestmount,Montreal West,Hampstead,Côte Saint-Luc,theTown of Mount Royaland thefrancophoneenclaveMontreal Eastare all surrounded by Montreal.

Climate

Montreal is classified as awarm-summer humid continental climate(Köppen climate classification:Dfb). Summers are warm to hot and humid with a daily maximum average of 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F) in July; temperatures in excess of 30 °C (86 °F) are common. Conversely, cold fronts can bring crisp, drier and windy weather in the early and later parts of summer.

Winters in Montreal bring cold, snowy, windy, and at times, icy weather.

Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average ranging from −10.5 to −9 °C (13.1 to 15.8 °F) in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.While the air temperature does not fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) every year,thewind chilloften makes the temperature feel this low to exposed skin.

Spring and fall are pleasantly mild but prone to drastic temperature changes; spring even more so than fall.Late season heat waves as well as "Indian summers"are possible. Early and late season snow storms can occur in November and March, and more rarely in April. Montreal is generally snow free from late April to late October. However, snow can fall in early to mid-October as well as early to mid-May on rare occasions.

The lowest temperature in Environment Canada's books was −37.8 °C (−36 °F) on January 15, 1957, and the highest temperature was 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) on August 1, 1975, both atDorval International Airport.

Before modern weather record keeping (which dates back to 1871 for McGill),a minimum temperature almost 5 degrees lower was recorded at 7 a.m. on January 10, 1859, where it registered at −42 °C (−44 °F).

Annual precipitation is around 1,000 mm (39 in), including an average of about 210 cm (83 in) of snowfall, which occurs from November through March. Thunderstorms are common in the period beginning in late spring through summer to early fall; additionally, tropical storms or their remnants can cause heavy rains and gales. Montreal averages 2,050 hours of sunshine annually, with summer being the sunniest season, though slightly wetter than the others in terms of total precipitation—mostly from thunderstorms.

Climate data forMontreal(Montréal–Trudeau International Airport) WMO ID:71627; coordinates45°28′N73°45′W;elevation: 36 m (118 ft); 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1941−present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record highhumidex	13.5	14.7	28.0	33.8	40.9	45.0	45.8	46.8	42.8	34.1	26.2	18.1	46.8
Record high °C (°F)	13.9 (57.0)	15.1 (59.2)	25.8 (78.4)	30.0 (86.0)	36.6 (97.9)	35.0 (95.0)	36.1 (97.0)	37.6 (99.7)	33.5 (92.3)	28.3 (82.9)	24.3 (75.7)	18.0 (64.4)	37.6 (99.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−5.0 (23.0)	−3.4 (25.9)	2.4 (36.3)	11.3 (52.3)	19.4 (66.9)	24.2 (75.6)	26.7 (80.1)	25.7 (78.3)	21.1 (70.0)	13.2 (55.8)	6.1 (43.0)	−1.2 (29.8)	11.7 (53.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−9.2 (15.4)	−8.0 (17.6)	−2.0 (28.4)	6.2 (43.2)	13.9 (57.0)	19.0 (66.2)	21.7 (71.1)	20.6 (69.1)	16.0 (60.8)	8.9 (48.0)	2.3 (36.1)	−5.0 (23.0)	7.0 (44.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−13.5 (7.7)	−12.4 (9.7)	−6.5 (20.3)	1.1 (34.0)	8.3 (46.9)	13.8 (56.8)	16.7 (62.1)	15.6 (60.1)	10.9 (51.6)	4.5 (40.1)	−1.7 (28.9)	−8.7 (16.3)	2.3 (36.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−37.8 (−36.0)	−33.9 (−29.0)	−29.4 (−20.9)	−15.0 (5.0)	−4.4 (24.1)	0.0 (32.0)	6.1 (43.0)	3.3 (37.9)	−2.2 (28.0)	−7.2 (19.0)	−19.4 (−2.9)	−32.4 (−26.3)	−37.8 (−36.0)
Record lowwind chill	−49.1	−46.0	−42.9	−26.3	−9.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	−4.8	−11.6	−30.7	−46.0	−49.1
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	85.8 (3.38)	65.5 (2.58)	77.2 (3.04)	90.0 (3.54)	85.6 (3.37)	83.6 (3.29)	91.1 (3.59)	93.6 (3.69)	89.2 (3.51)	103.1 (4.06)	84.2 (3.31)	91.9 (3.62)	1,040.8 (40.98)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	32.8 (1.29)	16.9 (0.67)	37.3 (1.47)	74.9 (2.95)	85.6 (3.37)	83.6 (3.29)	91.2 (3.59)	93.6 (3.69)	89.2 (3.51)	101.6 (4.00)	67.4 (2.65)	44.2 (1.74)	818.3 (32.22)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	52.0 (20.5)	47.1 (18.5)	37.1 (14.6)	14.8 (5.8)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	1.1 (0.4)	16.3 (6.4)	48.2 (19.0)	216.6 (85.2)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2 mm)	17.1	13.7	13.7	12.4	13.8	12.9	12.8	11.2	11.3	13.5	14.3	16.8	163.5
Average rainy days(≥ 0.2 mm)	4.5	3.8	7.0	11.4	13.7	12.9	12.8	11.2	11.3	13.2	11.1	6.7	119.6
Average snowy days(≥ 0.2 cm)	15.4	12.4	9.0	3.0	0.04	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.63	4.8	12.8	58.1
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 15:00 LST)	68.1	63.0	57.8	50.7	49.8	53.6	55.5	56.1	58.2	61.4	66.4	71.9	59.4
Mean monthlysunshine hours	101.2	127.8	164.3	178.3	228.9	240.3	271.5	246.3	182.2	143.5	83.6	83.6	2,051.3
Percentpossible sunshine	35.7	43.7	44.6	44.0	49.6	51.3	57.3	56.3	48.3	42.2	29.2	30.7	44.4
Averageultraviolet index	1	2	3	5	6	7	7	7	5	3	1	1	4
Source:Environment and Climate Change Canadaand Weather Atlas

Architecture

Main article:Architecture of Montreal

Many colonial era buildings can be found inOld Montrealwith several dating as far back as the late 17th century.

For over a century and a half, Montreal was the industrial and financial centre of Canada.This legacy has left a variety of buildings including factories,elevators,warehouses,mills, andrefineries,that today provide an invaluable insight into the city's history, especially in the downtown area and the Old Port area. There are 50National Historic Sites of Canada,more than any other city.

Some of the city's earliest still-standing buildings date back to the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Although most are clustered around the Old Montreal area, such as the Sulpician Seminary adjacent to Notre Dame Basilica that dates back to 1687, and Château Ramezay, which was built in 1705, examples of early colonial architecture are dotted throughout the city. Situated in Lachine, the Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the oldest complete building in the city, built between 1669 and 1671. In Point St. Charles visitors can see the Maison Saint-Gabriel, which can trace its history back to 1698.There are many historic buildings in Old Montreal in their original form:Notre Dame of Montreal Basilica,Bonsecours Market,and the 19th‑century headquarters of all major Canadian banks onSt. James Street(French: Rue Saint Jacques). Montreal's earliest buildings are characterized by their uniquely French influence and grey stone construction.

Habitat 67is a model community and housing complex developed forExpo 67World Fair.

Saint Joseph's Oratory,completed in 1967,Ernest Cormier'sArt DecoUniversité de Montréalmain building, the landmarkPlace Ville Marieoffice tower, the controversial Olympic Stadium and surrounding structures, are but a few notable examples of the city's 20th-century architecture. Pavilions designed for the 1967 International and Universal Exposition, popularly known as Expo 67, featured a wide range of architectural designs. Though most pavilions were temporary structures, several have become landmarks, including Buckminster Fuller'sgeodesic domeU.S. Pavilion, now theMontreal Biosphere,andMoshe Safdie's striking Habitat 67 apartment complex.

The Montreal Metro has public artwork by some of the biggest names inQuebec culture.

In 2006 Montreal was named a UNESCO City of Design, one of only three design capitals of the world (the others beingBerlinandBuenos Aires).This distinguished title recognizes Montreal's design community. Since 2005 the city has been home for theInternational Council of Graphic Design Associations(Icograda);the International Design Alliance (IDA).

TheUnderground City(officially RÉSO), an important tourist attraction, is an underground network connecting shopping centres, pedestrian thoroughfares, universities, hotels, restaurants, bistros, subway stations and more, in and around downtown with 32 km (20 mi) of tunnels over 12 km²(4.6 sq mi) in the most densely populated part of Montreal.

Neighbourhoods

Main article:List of neighbourhoods in Montreal

See also:Boroughs of Montreal

Map of boroughs & neighbourhoods on the island of Montreal.

The city is composed of 19 largeboroughs,subdivided into neighbourhoods. The boroughs are: Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce,Le Plateau-Mont-Royal(The Plateau Mount Royal),OutremontandVille-Mariein the centre;Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve,Rosemont–La Petite-PatrieandVilleray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extensionin the east;Anjou,Montréal-Nord,Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-TremblesandSaint-Léonardin the northeast;Ahuntsic-Cartierville,L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève,Pierrefonds-RoxboroandSaint-Laurentin the northwest; andLachine,LaSalle,Le Sud-Ouest(The Southwest)andVerdunin the south.

Many of these boroughs were independent cities that were forced to merge with Montreal in January 2002 following the2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal.

A view ofDowntown MontrealfromMount Royal.Many neighbourhoods, including downtown, are in the borough ofVille-Marie.

The borough with the most neighbourhoods is Ville-Marie, which includes downtown, the historical district of Old Montreal,Chinatown,theGay Village,theLatin Quarter,the gentrifiedQuartier internationalandCité Multimédiaas well as theQuartier des spectacleswhich is under development.Other neighbourhoods of interest in the borough include the affluentGolden Square Mileneighbourhood at the foot of Mount Royal and theShaughnessy Village/Concordia Uarea home to thousands of students atConcordia University.The borough also comprises most ofMount Royal Park,Saint Helen's Island,andNotre-Dame Island.

The Plateau Mount Royal borough was a working class francophone area. The largest neighbourhood isthe Plateau(not to be confused with the whole borough), which was undergoing considerable gentrification as of 2009,and a 2001 study deemed it as Canada's most creative neighbourhood because artists comprise 8% of its labour force.The neighbourhood ofMile Endin the northwestern part of the borough has been a very multicultural area of the city, and features two of Montreal's well-knownbagel establishments,St-Viateur BagelandFairmount Bagel.TheMcGill Ghettois in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands ofMcGill Universitystudents and faculty members.

The Southwest borough was home to much of the city's industry during the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th century. The borough includedGoose Villageand was historically home to the traditionally working-classIrishneighbourhoods ofGriffintownandPoint Saint Charlesas well as the low-income neighbourhoods ofSaint HenriandLittle Burgundy.

Other notable neighbourhoods include the multicultural areas ofNotre-Dame-de-GrâceandCôte-des-Neigesin the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grace borough, andLittle Italyin the borough of Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie andHochelaga-Maisonneuve,home of theOlympic Stadiumin the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.

Old Montreal

Main article:Old Montreal

Place Jacques-Cartieris a majorpublic squareand attraction inOld Montreal.

Old Montreal is a historic area southeast of downtown containing many attractions such as theOld Port of Montreal,Place Jacques-Cartier,Montreal City Hall,theBonsecours Market,Place d'Armes,Pointe-à-Callière Museum,the Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica, and theMontreal Science Centre.

Architecture and cobbled streets in Old Montreal have been maintained or restored. Old Montreal is accessible from the downtown core via theunderground cityand is served by severalSTMbus routes and Metro stations, ferries to the South Shore and a network of bicycle paths.

The riverside area adjacent to Old Montreal is known as the Old Port. The Old Port was the site of thePort of Montreal,but its shipping operations have been moved to a larger site downstream, leaving the former location as a recreational and historical area maintained byParks Canada.The new Port of Montreal is Canada's largest container port and the largest inland port on Earth.

Mount Royal

Main article:Mount Royal

The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park, one of Montreal's largestgreenspaces.The park, most of which is wooded, was designed byFrederick Law Olmsted,who also designed New York'sCentral Park,and was inaugurated in 1876.

View ofMont-Royal's eastern slope from theGeorge-Étienne Cartier Monument.The park is one of Montreal's largestopen space reserves.

The park contains twobelvederes,the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with achaletoverlooking Downtown Montreal. Other features of the park are Beaver Lake, a small man-made lake, a shortskislope,asculpture garden,Smith House, aninterpretive centre,and a well-knownmonument to Sir George-Étienne Cartier.The park hosts athletic, tourist and cultural activities.

The mountain is home to two major cemeteries, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges (founded in 1854) and Mount Royal (1852).Mount Royal Cemeteryis a 165 acres (67 ha) terraced cemetery on the north slope of Mount Royal in the borough of Outremont.Notre Dame des Neiges Cemeteryis much larger, predominantly French-Canadian and officially Catholic.More than 900,000 people are buried there.

Mount Royal Cemetery contains more than 162,000 graves and is the final resting place for a number of notable Canadians. It includes a veterans section with several soldiers who were awarded theBritish Empire's highest military honour, theVictoria Cross.In 1901, the Mount Royal Cemetery Company established the first crematorium in Canada.

The firstcrosson the mountain was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfilment of a vow he made to theVirgin Marywhenprayingto her to stop a disastrous flood.Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4 m-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by theJohn the Baptist Societyand now owned by the city.It was converted tofibre opticlight in 1992.The new system can turn the lights red, blue, or purple, the last of which is used as a sign of mourning between the death of the Pope and the election of the next.

Demographics

Population history of Montreal

Year	Pop.	±%
1665	625	—
1667	760	+21.6%
1681	1,418	+86.6%
1685	724	−48.9%
1688	1,360	+87.8%
1692	801	−41.1%
1695	1,468	+83.3%
1698	1,185	−19.3%
1706	2,025	+70.9%
1739	4,210	+107.9%
1754	4,000	−5.0%
1765	5,733	+43.3%
1790	18,000	+214.0%
1825	31,516	+75.1%
1831	27,297	−13.4%
1841	40,356	+47.8%
1851	57,715	+43.0%
1861	90,323	+56.5%
1871	130,022	+44.0%
1881	176,263	+35.6%
1891	254,278	+44.3%
1901	325,653	+28.1%
1911	490,504	+50.6%
1921	618,506	+26.1%
1931	818,577	+32.3%
1941	903,007	+10.3%
1951	1,021,520	+13.1%
1961	1,201,559	+17.6%
1971	1,214,352	+1.1%
1976	1,080,545	−11.0%
1981	1,018,609	−5.7%
1986	1,015,420	−0.3%
1991	1,017,666	+0.2%
1996	1,016,376	−0.1%
2001	1,039,534	+2.3%
2006	1,620,693	+55.9%
2011	1,649,519	+1.8%
2016	1,704,694	+3.3%
2021	1,762,949	+3.4%
Note: Many boroughs were independent cities that were forced to be merged with Montreal in January 2002 following the2002 municipal reorganization of Montreal. Source:

Main article:Demographics of Montreal

In the2021 Census of Populationconducted byStatistics Canada,Montréal had a population of1,762,949living in816,338of its878,542total private dwellings, a change of3.4% from its 2016 population of1,704,694.With a land area of 364.74 km²(140.83 sq mi), it had a population density of4,833.4/km²(12,518.6/sq mi) in 2021.

According toStatistics Canada,at the2016 Canadian censusthe city had 1,704,694 inhabitants.A total of 4,098,927 lived in the MontrealCensus Metropolitan Area(CMA) at the same 2016 census, up from 3,934,078 at the 2011 census (within 2011 CMA boundaries), which is a population growth of 4.19% from 2011 to 2016.In 2015, the Greater Montreal population was estimated at 4,060,700.According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities. In the 2016 census, children under 14 years of age (691,345) constituted 16.9%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (671,690) numbered 16.4% of the total population of the CMA.

Ethnicity

People ofEuropean ethnicitiesformed the largest cluster of ethnic groups. The largest reported European ethnicities in the 2006 census wereFrench(23%),Italians(10%),Irish(5%),English(4%),Scottish(3%), andSpanish(2%).

Thepanethnicbreakdown of the city of Montreal as per the2021 censuswasEuropean(1,038,940 residents or 60.3% of the population),African(198,610; 11.5%),Middle Eastern(159,435; 9.3%),South Asian(79,670; 4.6%),Latin American(78,150; 4.5%),Southeast Asian(65,260; 3.8%),East Asian(64,825; 3.8%),Indigenous(15,315; 0.9%), and Other/Multiracial(23,010; 1.3%).

Visible minoritiescomprised 38.8% of the city of Montreal population in the2021 census.The five most numerous visible minorities areBlack Canadians(11.5%),Arab Canadians(8.2%), South Asian Canadians (4.6%), Latin Americans (4.5%), andChinese Canadians(3.3%).Furthermore, some 27.2% of the populationGreater Montrealare members of a visible minority group as of 2021,up from 5.2% in 1981.Visible minorities are defined by theCanadian Employment Equity Actas "persons, other thanAboriginals,who are non-white in colour ".

Panethnicgroups in theCity of Montreal(2001−2021)

Panethnicgroup	2021		2016		2011		2006		2001
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
European	1,038,940	60.29%	1,082,620	65.09%	1,092,465	67.74%	1,171,295	73.49%	784,420	76.92%
African	198,610	11.53%	171,385	10.3%	147,100	9.12%	122,880	7.71%	68,245	6.69%
Middle Eastern	159,435	9.25%	137,525	8.27%	114,780	7.12%	76,910	4.83%	34,035	3.34%
South Asian	79,670	4.62%	55,595	3.34%	53,515	3.32%	51,255	3.22%	33,310	3.27%
Latin American	78,150	4.54%	67,525	4.06%	67,160	4.16%	53,970	3.39%	31,190	3.06%
Southeast Asian	65,260	3.79%	58,315	3.51%	61,320	3.8%	47,950	3.01%	33,505	3.29%
East Asian	64,825	3.76%	61,400	3.69%	52,195	3.24%	52,650	3.3%	25,810	2.53%
Indigenous	15,315	0.89%	12,035	0.72%	9,510	0.59%	7,600	0.48%	3,555	0.35%
Other	23,010	1.34%	16,835	1.01%	14,585	0.9%	9,205	0.58%	5,675	0.56%
Total responses	1,723,230	97.75%	1,663,225	97.57%	1,612,640	97.76%	1,593,725	98.34%	1,019,735	98.1%
Total population	1,762,949	100%	1,704,694	100%	1,649,519	100%	1,620,693	100%	1,039,534	100%

Language

As of the 2021 Census,47.0% of Montreal residents spokeFrenchalone as a first language, while 13.0% spokeEnglishalone. 2% spoke both English and French as first languages, 2.6% spoke both French and a non-official language and 1.5% spoke both English and a non-official language. 0.8% of residents spoke English, French and a non-official language as first languages. 32.8% of residents spoke one non-official language as a first language, and 0.3% spoke multiple non-official languages as first languages. The most common wereArabic(5.7%),Spanish(4.6%),Italian(3.3%),Chinese Languages(2.7%),Haitian Creole(1.6%),Vietnamese(1.1%), andPortuguese(1.0%).

Immigration

Population age pyramidof Montréal (2021 Census)

The2021 censusreported thatimmigrants(individuals born outside Canada) comprise 576,125 persons or 33.4% of the total population of Montreal. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin wereHaiti(47,550 residents or 8.3% of the population),Algeria(43,840; 7.6%),France(39,275; 6.8%),Morocco(33,005; 5.7%),Italy(30,215; 5.2%),China(26,335; 4.6%), thePhilippines(20,475; 3.6%),Lebanon(17,455; 3.0%),Vietnam(16,395; 2.8%), andIndia(13,575; 2.4%).

Religion

Religion in Montreal (2021)
Religion			Percent (%)
Christian			49.5%
No religion			31.0%
Muslim			12.7%
Jewish			2.1%
Hindu			1.8%
Buddhist			1.5%
Sikh			0.9%
Other			0.5%

The Greater Montreal Area is predominantlyCatholic;however, weekly church attendance in Quebec was among the lowest in Canada in 1998.Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including theNotre-Dame Basilica,theCathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde,andSaint Joseph's Oratory.

Some 49.5% of the total population is Christian,largely Roman Catholic (35.0%), primarily because of descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins.Protestantswhich includeAnglican Church in Canada,United Church of Canada,Lutheran,owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 11.3%, with a further 3.2% consisting mostly ofOrthodox Christians,fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes.

Islamis the largest non-Christian religious group, with 218,395 members,the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 12.7%. TheJewish community in Montrealhas a population of 90,780.In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. In 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal numbered 109,480.Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.

Economy

Main article:Economy of Montreal

Montreal has the second-largest economy of Canadian cities based on GDPand the largest in Quebec. In 2019, Metropolitan Montreal was responsible forCA$234.0 billionof Quebec'sCA$425.3 billionGDP.The city is today an important centre of commerce, finance, industry, technology, culture, world affairs and is the headquarters of theMontreal Exchange.In recent decades, the city was widely seen as weaker than that of Toronto and other major Canadian cities, but it has recently experienced a revival.

ThePort of Montrealis one of the largestinland portsin the world, handling over 26 milliontonnesof cargo annually.

Industries includeaerospace,electronicgoods,pharmaceuticals,printed goods,software engineering,telecommunications, textile and apparel manufacturing, tobacco, petrochemicals, and transportation. The service sector is also strong and includescivil,mechanicalandprocess engineering,finance, higher education, and research and development. In 2002, Montreal was the fourth-largest centre in North America in terms of aerospace jobs. The Port of Montreal is one of the largest inland ports in the world handling 26 million tonnes of cargo annually.As one of the most important ports in Canada, it remains a transshipment point forgrain,sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods. For this reason, Montreal is the railway hub of Canada and has always been an extremely important rail city; it is home to the headquarters of theCanadian National Railway,and was home to the headquarters of theCanadian Pacific Railwayuntil 1995.

The headquarters of theCanadian Space Agencyis in Longueuil, southeast of Montreal.Montreal also hosts the headquarters of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO, aUnited Nationsbody);theWorld Anti-Doping Agency(anOlympicbody);theAirports Council International(the association of the world's airports – ACI World);theInternational Air Transport Association(IATA),IATA Operational Safety Auditand the International Gay and Lesbian Chamber of Commerce (IGLCC),as well as some other international organizations in various fields.

Montreal is a centre of film and television production. The headquarters ofAlliance Filmsand five studios of theAcademy Award-winningNational Film Board of Canadaare in the city, as well as the head offices ofTelefilm Canada,the national feature-length film and television funding agency andTélévision de Radio-Canada.Given its eclectic architecture and broad availability of film services and crew members, Montreal is a popular filming location for feature-length films, and sometimes stands in for European locations.The city is also home to many recognized cultural, film, and music festivals (Just For Laughs,Just For Laughs Gags,Montreal International Jazz Festival,and others), which contribute significantly to its economy. It is also home to one of the world's largest cultural enterprises, theCirque du Soleil.

Tour de la Boursehas been home to theMontreal Exchangefrom 1965 to 2018, subsequently also including offices of various companies, entities and professional firms.

Montreal is also a global hub forartificial intelligenceresearch with many companies involved in this sector, such asFacebookAI Research (FAIR),Microsoft Research,Google Brain,DeepMind,Samsung ResearchandThales Group(cortAIx).The city is also home toMila (research institute),an artificial intelligence research institute with over 500 researchers specializing in the field of deep learning, the largest of its kind in the world.

The video game industry has been booming in Montreal since November 2, 1995, coinciding with the opening ofUbisoft Montreal.Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such asEA,Eidos Interactive,BioWare,Artificial Mind and Movement,Strategy First,THQ,Gameloftmainly because of the quality of local specialized labour, and tax credits offered to the corporations. In 2010,Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment,a division ofWarner Bros.,announced that it would open a video game studio.Relatively new to the video game industry, it will be Warner Bros. first studio opened, not purchased, and will develop games for such Warner Bros. franchises asBatmanand other games from theirDC Comicsportfolio. The studio will create 300 jobs.

Montreal plays an important role in the finance industry. The sector employs approximately 100,000 people in the Greater Montreal Area.As of March 2018, Montreal is ranked in the 12th position in theGlobal Financial Centres Index,arankingof thecompetitivenessoffinancial centresaround the world.The city is home to the Montreal Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in Canada and the only financial derivatives exchange in the country.The corporate headquarters of theBank of MontrealandRoyal Bank of Canada,two of the biggest banks in Canada, were in Montreal. While both banks moved their headquarters to Toronto, Ontario, their legal corporate offices remain in Montreal. The city is home to head offices of two smaller banks,National Bank of CanadaandLaurentian Bank of Canada.TheCaisse de dépôt et placement du Québec,an institutional investor managing assets totalling $408 billion CAD, has its main business office in Montreal.Many foreign subsidiaries operating in the financial sector also have offices in Montreal, includingHSBC,Aon,Société Générale,BNP ParibasandAXA.

Several companies are headquartered in Greater Montreal Area includingRio Tinto Alcan,Bombardier Inc.,Canadian National Railway,CGI Group,Air Canada,Air Transat,CAE,Saputo,Cirque du Soleil,Stingray Group,Quebecor,Ultramar,Kruger Inc.,Jean Coutu Group,Uniprix,Proxim,Domtar,Le Château,Power Corporation,Cellcom Communications,Bell Canada.Standard Life,Hydro-Québec,AbitibiBowater,Pratt and Whitney Canada,Molson,Tembec,Canada Steamship Lines,Fednav,Alimentation Couche-Tard,SNC-Lavalin,MEGA Brands,Aeroplan,Agropur,Metro Inc.,Laurentian Bank of Canada,National Bank of Canada,Transat A.T.,Via Rail,GardaWorld,Novacam Technologies,SOLABS,Dollarama,Ronaand theCaisse de dépôt et placement du Québec.

TheMontreal Oil Refining Centreis the largest refining centre in Canada, with companies likePetro-Canada,Ultramar,Gulf Oil,Petromont, Ashland Canada, Parachem Petrochemical, Coastal Petrochemical, Interquisa (Cepsa) Petrochemical,Nova Chemicals,and more. Shell decided to close the refining centre in 2010, throwing hundreds out of work and causing an increased dependence on foreign refineries for eastern Canada.

Culture

Main article:Culture of Montreal

Montreal was referred to as "Canada's Cultural Capital" byMonoclemagazine.The city is Canada's centre for French-language television productions, radio, theatre, film, multimedia, and print publishing. Montreal's many cultural communities have given it a distinct local culture. Montreal was designated as theWorld Book Capitalfor the year 2005 byUNESCO.

Montreal Fireworks Festivalis the world's largest annual fireworks festival. The city hosts a number of festivals annually.

Being at the confluence of the French and the English traditions, Montreal has developed a unique and distinguished cultural face. The city has produced much talent in the fields of visual arts, theatre, dance, and music, with a tradition of producing both jazz and rock music. Another distinctive characteristic of cultural life is the vibrancy of its downtown, particularly during summer, prompted by cultural and social events, including itsmore than 100 annual festivals,the largest being the Montreal International Jazz Festival which is the largest jazz festival in the world. Other popular events have included theJust for Laughs(largest comedy festival in the world),Montreal World Film Festival,theFestival du nouveau cinéma,theFantasia Film Festival,Les FrancoFolies de Montréal,Nuits d'Afrique,Pop Montreal,Divers/Cité,Fierté Montréaland theMontreal Fireworks Festival,Igloofest,Piknic Electronik,Montréal en Lumiere,Osheaga,Heavy Montreal,Mode + Design, Montréal complètement cirque,MUTEK,Black and Blue, and many smaller festivals. The city of Montreal is also widely recognized for its diverse and vibrant night life, which is considered a vital part of the local cultural ecosystem.

A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, thePlace des Artsis a complex of different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown. Place des Arts has the headquarters of one of the world's foremost orchestras, theMontreal Symphony Orchestra.TheOrchestre Métropolitainand the chamber orchestraI Musici de Montréalare two other well-regarded Montreal orchestras. Also performing at Place des Arts are theOpéra de Montréaland the city's chief ballet companyLes Grands Ballets Canadiens.Internationally recognized avant-garde dance troupes such asCompagnie Marie Chouinard,La La La Human Steps,O Vertigo,and theFondation Jean-Pierre Perreaulthave toured the world and worked with international popular artists on videos and concerts. The unique choreography of these troupes has paved the way for the success of the world-renowned Cirque du Soleil.

View of theNotre-Dame BasilicafromPlace d'Armes.The number of churches in Montreal led it to be called "the city of a hundred steeples".

Nicknamedla ville aux cent clochers(the city of a hundred steeples), Montreal is renowned for its churches. There are an estimated 650 churches on the island, with 450 of them dating back to the 1800s or earlier.Mark Twainnoted, "This is the first time I was ever in a city where you couldn't throw a brick without breaking a church window."The city has four Roman Catholicbasilicas:Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral,Notre-Dame Basilica,St Patrick's Basilica,andSaint Joseph's Oratory.The Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the second largest copper dome in the world, afterSaint Peter's Basilicain Rome.

Beginning in the 1940s, Quebec literature began to shift from pastoral tales romanticising theFrench-Canadiancountryside to writing set in the multicultural city of Montreal. Notable pioneering works describing the character of the city includeGabrielle Roy's 1945 novelBonheur D'Occasion,translated asThe Tin Flute,andGwethalyn Graham's 1944 novelEarth and High Heaven.Subsequent writers of fiction who have set their work in Montreal have includedMordecai Richler,Claude Jasmin,Francine Noel,andHeather O'Neill,amongmany others.

Sports

Main article:Sports in Montreal

The most popular sport isice hockey.The professional hockey team, theMontreal Canadiens,is one of theOriginal Sixteams of theNational Hockey League(NHL), and has won an NHL-record 24Stanley Cupchampionships. The Canadiens' most recent Stanley Cup victory came in1993.They have major rivalries with theToronto Maple LeafsandBoston Bruins,both of which are also Original Six teams, and with theOttawa Senators,the closest team geographically. The Canadiens have played at theBell Centresince 1996. Prior to that they played at theMontreal Forum.

Opened in 1996, theBell Centreis a sports and entertainment complex and the home arena for theMontreal Canadiens.

TheMontreal Alouettesof theCanadian Football League(CFL) play atPercival Molson Memorial Stadiumon the campus ofMcGill Universityfor their regular-season games. Late season and playoff games are sometimes played at the much larger, enclosed Olympic Stadium, which also hosted the2008 Grey Cup.The Alouettes have won the Grey Cup eight times, most recently in2023.The Alouettes have had two periods on hiatus. During the second one, theMontreal Machineplayed in theWorld League of American Footballin 1991 and 1992. TheMcGill Redbirds,Concordia Stingers,andUniversité de Montréal Carabinsplay in theU Sports footballleague.

Montreal has a storied baseball history. The city was the home of the minor-leagueMontreal Royalsof theInternational Leagueuntil 1960. In 1946,Jackie Robinsonbroke theBaseball colour linewith the Royals in an emotionally difficult year; Robinson was forever grateful for the local fans' fervent support.Major League Baseballcame to town in the form of theMontreal Exposin 1969. They played their games atJarry Park Stadiumuntil moving into Olympic Stadium in 1977. After 36 years in Montreal, the team relocated to Washington, D.C., in 2005 and re-branded themselves as theWashington Nationals.

Montreal is the site of theCanadian Grand Prix,an annualFormula Oneauto race.

CF Montréal(formerly known as the Montreal Impact) are the city's professional soccer team. They play at asoccer-specific stadiumcalledSaputo Stadium.They joinedMajor League Soccerin 2012. The Montreal games of the2007 FIFA U-20 World Cupand2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cupwere held at Olympic Stadium, and the venue hosted Montreal games in the2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Montreal is the site of a high-profileauto racingevent each year: the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One (F1) racing. This race takes place on theCircuit Gilles Villeneuveon Île Notre-Dame. In 2009, the race was dropped from the Formula One calendar, to the chagrin of some fans,but the Canadian Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2010. It was dropped from the calendar again in 2020 and 2021, due toCOVID-19 pandemic,but racing resumed in 2022, with the2022 Canadian Grand Prix.The Circuit Gilles Villeneuve also hosted a round of theChamp Car World Seriesfrom 2002 to 2007, and was home to theNAPA Auto Parts 200,aNASCAR Nationwide Seriesrace, and the Montréal 200, aGrand AmRolex Sports Car Seriesrace.

Uniprix Stadium,built in 1993 on the site of Jarry Park, is used for theNational Bank Open(formerly known as the Rogers Cup) men's and women's tennis tournaments. The men's tournament is aMasters 1000event on theATP Tour,and the women's tournament is aPremier tournamenton theWTA Tour.The men's and women's tournaments alternate between Montreal and Toronto every year.

TheOlympic Stadiumwas built for the1976 Summer Olympicsin Montreal. It is used byMLS'sCF Montréalfor select games.

Montreal was the host of the 1976 Summer Olympic Games. The stadium cost $1.5 billion;with interest that figure ballooned to nearly $3 billion, and was paid off in December 2006.Montreal also hosted the first everWorld Outgamesin the summer of 2006, attracting over 16,000 participants engaged in 35 sporting activities.

Montreal was the host city for the 17th unicycling world championship and convention (UNICON) in August 2014.

Active professional sports teams in Montreal

Club	League	Sport	Venue	Established	Championships
Montreal Canadiens	NHL	Ice hockey	Bell Centre	1909	24
PWHL Montreal	PWHL	Ice hockey	Verdun Auditorium	2023	0
Montréal Alouettes	CFL	Canadian football	Percival Molson Memorial Stadium Olympic Stadium	1946	8
CF Montréal	MLS	Soccer	Saputo Stadium	2012	0
Montreal Alliance	CEBL	Basketball	Verdun Auditorium	2022	0

Media

Main article:Media in Montreal

Montreal is Canada's second-largest media market, and the centre of Canada's francophone media industry.

There are fourover-the-airEnglish-language television stations:CBMT-DT(CBC Television),CFCF-DT(CTV),CKMI-DT(Global) andCJNT-DT(Citytv). There are also five over-the-air French-language television stations:CBFT-DT(Ici Radio-Canada),CFTM-DT(TVA),CFJP-DT(Noovo), CIVM-DT (Télé-Québec), andCFTU-DT(Canal Savoir).

Montreal has three daily newspapers, the English-languageMontreal Gazetteand the French-languageLe Journal de Montréal,andLe Devoir;another French-language daily,La Presse,became an online daily in 2018. There are two free French dailies,Métroand24 Heures.Montreal has numerous weekly tabloids and community newspapers serving various neighbourhoods, ethnic groups and schools.

Government

Main articles:Montreal City CouncilandMayor of Montreal

The head of thecity government in Montrealis the mayor, who isfirst among equalsin the city council.

Completed in 1878,Montreal City Hallis theseat of local government.

The city council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs.The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, theenvironment,urban planning,and a three-year capital expenditure program. The council is required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.

Reporting directly to the council, the executive committee exercises decision-making powers similar to those of the cabinet in aparliamentary systemand is responsible for preparing various documents includingbudgetsandby-laws,submitted to the council for approval. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants, the management of human and financial resources, supplies and buildings. It may also be assigned further powers by the city council.

Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the public study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction. A public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a public question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years. In addition, the City Council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman and a vice-chairman. The members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee.

The city is only one component of the larger Montreal Metropolitan Community (Communauté Métropolitaine de Montréal, CMM), which is in charge of planning, coordinating, and financing economic development, public transportation, garbage collection andwaste management,etc., across the metropolitan area. The president of the CMM is the mayor of Montreal. The CMM covers 4,360 km²(1,680 sq mi), with 3.6 million inhabitants in 2006.

Montreal is the seat of thejudicial districtof Montreal, which includes the city and the other communities on the island.

Montréal federal election results

Year		Liberal		Conservative		Bloc Québécois		New Democratic		Green
	2021	48%	348,308	9%	64,857	19%	133,718	18%	132,395	2%	14,565
	2019	48%	377,036	8%	63,376	20%	156,398	16%	129,517	6%	45,845

Montréal provincial election results

Year		CAQ		Liberal		QC solidaire		Parti Québécois
	2018	18%	119,806	38%	254,069	25%	164,153	13%	89,353
	2014	11%	81,844	54%	414,477	14%	106,335	19%	149,792

Policing

Main article:Service de police de la Ville de Montréal

Law enforcement on the island itself is provided by theService de Police de la Ville de Montréal,or the SPVM for short.

Crime

Since 1975, when Montreal's homicide rate peaked at around 10.3 per 100,000 people with a total of 112 murders, the overall crime rate in Montreal has declined, with a few notable exceptions, reaching a minimum in 2016 with 23 murders.Sex crimes have increased 14.5 per cent between 2015 and 2016 and fraud cases have increased by 13 per cent over the same period.The major criminal organizations active in Montreal are theRizzuto crime family,Hells AngelsandWest End Gang.However, in the 2020s, the city has seen an increase in overall crime, with a notable increase in homicides. 25 homicides were reported in 2020 which matched the number reported in 2019. The next year saw a 48% increase in murders with a total of 37 in 2021, giving the city a homicide rate of around 2.1 per 100,000 people. The Montreal Police Annual Report for 2021 showed that there were 144 shootings across the city, or an average of one shooting every 2.5 days. In comparison, there were 71 shootings recorded the year before.2022 saw another 10.8% increase in homicides, with a total of 41 being reported (giving a slightly higher homicide rate of 2.3 per 100,000 people), the highest number since 2007, when there were 42.

Education

Main article:Education in Montreal

Theeducation system in Quebecis different from other systems in North America. Between high school (which ends at grade 11) and university, students must go through an additional school calledCEGEP.CEGEPs offer pre-university (2-years) and technical (3-years) programs. In Montreal,seventeen CEGEPsoffer courses in French and five in English.

French-language elementary and secondary public schools in Montreal are operated by theCentre de services scolaire de Montréal(CSSDM),Centre de services scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoysand theCentre de services scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île.

English-language elementary and secondary public schools on Montreal Island are operated by theEnglish Montreal School Boardand theLester B. Pearson School Board.

With four universities, ten other degree-awarding institutions, and 12CEGEPsin an 8 km (5.0 mi) radius, Montreal has the highest concentration of post-secondary students of all major cities in North America (4.38 students per 100 residents, followed by Boston at 4.37 students per 100 residents).

Higher education (English)

Established in 1821,McGill Universityis the oldest operating university in Montreal.

• McGill Universityis one of Canada's leading post-secondary institutions and is widely regarded as a world-class institution. In 2021, McGill was ranked as the top medical-doctoral university in Canada for the seventeenth consecutive year byMaclean'sand second in Canada and the 27th best university in the world by theQS World University Rankings.
• Concordia Universitywas created from the merger ofSir George Williams UniversityandLoyola Collegein 1974.The university has been ranked as one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada by Macleans.

Higher education (French)

Université de Montréalfrom theMontreal Metrostation.The institution is the largest university in the city.

• Université de Montréal(UdeM) is the second largest research university in Canada and ranked as one of the top universities in Canada. Two separate institutions are affiliated to the university: theÉcole Polytechnique de Montréal(School of Engineering) andHEC Montréal(School of Business). HEC Montreal was founded in 1907 and is considered one of the best business schools in Canada.
• Université du Québec à Montréal(UQAM) is the Montreal campus ofUniversité du Québec.UQAMgenerally specializes in liberal-arts, although many programs related to the sciences are available.
  • TheUniversité du Québecnetwork also has three separately run schools in Montreal, notably theÉcole de technologie supérieure(ETS),theÉcole nationale d'administration publique(ÉNAP)and theInstitut national de la recherche scientifique(INRS).
• L'Institut de formation théologique de Montréaldes Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice(IFTM) specializes in theology and philosophy.
• Institut d'hôtellerie et de tourisme du Québec(IHTQ) offers an Applied Bachelor in Hospitality and Hotel Management.
• Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréaloffers both aBachelorand aMasterprogram in classical music.

Additionally, two French-language universities,Université de SherbrookeandUniversité Lavalhave campuses in the nearby suburb of Longueuil on Montreal'ssouth shore.Also, l'Institut de pastorale des Dominicainsis Montreal's university centre of Ottawa'sCollège Universitaire Dominicain/Dominican University College.TheFaculté de théologie évangéliqueisNova Scotia'sAcadia UniversityMontreal based serving French Protestant community in Canada by offering both a Bachelor and a Master program in theology

Transportation

Main article:Transportation in Montreal

Montreal is a hub for Quebec'sautoroutesystem ofcontrolled-access highways.

Like many major cities, Montreal has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion. Commuting traffic from the cities and towns in the West Island (such asDollard-des-OrmeauxandPointe-Claire) is compounded by commuters entering the city that use twenty-four road crossings from numerous off-island suburbs on theNorthand South Shores. The width of the Saint Lawrence River has made the construction of fixed links to the south shore expensive and difficult. There are presently four road bridges (including two of the country's busiest) along with one bridge-tunnel, two railway bridges, and a metro line. The far narrower Rivière des Prairies to the city's north, separating Montreal from Laval, is spanned by nine road bridges (seven to the city of Laval and two that span directly to the north shore) and a Metro line.

The island of Montreal is a hub for the QuebecAutoroutesystem, and is served by Quebec AutoroutesA-10(known as the Bonaventure Expressway on the island of Montreal),A-15(aka the Décarie Expressway south of the A-40 and the Laurentian Autoroute to the north of it),A-13(aka Chomedey Autoroute),A-20,A-25,A-40(part of theTrans-Canada Highwaysystem, and known as "The Metropolitan" or simply "The Met" in its elevated mid-town section),A-520andR-136(aka the Ville-Marie Autoroute). Many of these Autoroutes are frequently congested atrush hour.However, in recent years, the government has acknowledged this problem and is working on long-term solutions to alleviate the congestion. One such example is the extension ofQuebec Autoroute 30on Montreal's south shore, which will be abypassfor trucks and intercity traffic.

Société de transport de Montréal

A train departs fromAcadie station.TheMontreal Metrohas68 stationsand four lines.

Main articles:Société de transport de MontréalandMontreal Metro

Public local transport is served by a network of buses, subways, and commuter trains that extend across and off the island. The subway and bus system are operated by STM (Société de transport de Montréal,“Montreal Transit Company” ). TheSTM bus networkconsists of 203 daytime and 23 night time routes. STM bus routes serve 1,347,900 passengers on an average weekday in 2010.It also provides adapted transport and wheelchair-accessible buses.The STM won the award of Outstanding Public Transit System in North America by the APTA in 2010. It was the first time a Canadian company won this prize.

The Metro was inaugurated in 1966 and has 68 stations on four lines.Total daily passengers is 1,050,800 passengers on an average weekday (as of Q1 2010).Each station was designed by different architects with individual themes and features original artwork, and the trains run on rubber tires, making the system quieter than most.The project was initiated by Montreal MayorJean Drapeau,who later brought the Summer Olympic Games to Montreal in 1976. The Metro system has long had a station on the South Shore inLongueuil,and in 2007 was extended to the city of Laval, north of Montreal, with three new stations.The metro has recently been modernizing its trains, purchasing newAzurmodels with inter-connected wagons.

Air

AnAir Canadaflight flies past the company's corporate headquarters, atMontréal–Trudeau International Airport.

Montreal has two international airports, one for passengers only, the other for cargo.Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport(also known asDorval Airport) in the City ofDorvalserves all commercial passenger traffic and is the headquarters of Air Canadaand Air Transat.To the north of the city isMontreal Mirabel International AirportinMirabel,which was envisioned as Montreal's primary airport but which now serves cargo flights along withMEDEVACsandgeneral aviationand some passenger services.In 2018, Trudeau was thethird busiest airport in Canadaby passenger traffic and aircraft movements, handling 19.42 million passengers,and 240,159 aircraft movements.With 63% of its passengers being on non-domestic flights it has the largest percentage of international flights of any Canadian airport.

It is one of Air Canada's majorhubsand operates on average approximately 2,400 flights per week between Montreal and 155 destinations, spread on fivecontinents.

Airlines servicing Trudeau offer year-roundnon-stop flightsto five continents, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America.It is one of only two airports in Canada with direct flights to five continents or more.

Rail

Montreal-based Via Rail Canada provides rail service to other cities in Canada, particularly to Quebec City and Toronto along theQuebec City – Windsor Corridor.Amtrak,the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates itsAdirondackdaily to New York. All intercity trains and mostcommuter trainsoperate out ofCentral Station.

Central Stationis a majorinter-cityandcommuter railhub for the city.

Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was founded here in 1881.Its corporate headquarters occupiedWindsor Stationat 910Peel Streetuntil 1995, when it moved toCalgary,Alberta.With the Port of Montreal kept open year-round by icebreakers, lines to Eastern Canada became surplus, and now Montreal is the eastern and intermodal freight terminus of CPR's successor company,Canadian Pacific Kansas City(CPKC).CPKC connects at Montreal with the Port of Montreal, theDelaware and Hudson Railwayto New York, theQuebec Gatineau Railwayto Quebec City andBuckingham,theCentral Maine and Quebec Railwayto Halifax, andCanadian National Railway(CN). The CPR's flagship train,The Canadian,ran daily from Windsor Station toVancouver,but in 1978 all passenger services were transferred to Via. Since 1990,The Canadianhas terminated in Toronto instead of in Montreal.

Montreal-based CN was formed in 1919 by the Canadian government following a series of country-wide rail bankruptcies. It was formed from theGrand Trunk,Midland andCanadian Northern Railways,and has risen to become CPR's chief rival in freight carriage in Canada.Like the CPR, CN divested itself of passenger services in favour of Via.CN's flagship train, theSuper Continental,ran daily from Central Station to Vancouver and subsequently became a Via train in 1978. It was eliminated in 1990 in favour of reroutingThe Canadian.

The commuter rail system is managed and operated byExo,and reaches the outlying areas of Greater Montreal with six lines. It carried an average of 79,000 daily passengers in 2014, making it the seventh busiest in North America following New York, Chicago, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, and Mexico City.

On April 22, 2016, the forthcoming automatedrapid transitsystem, theRéseau express métropolitain(REM), was unveiled. Groundbreaking occurred April 12, 2018, and construction of the 67-kilometre-long (42 mi) network – consisting of three branches, 26 stations, and the conversion of the region's busiest commuter railway – commenced the following month. To be opened in three phases as of 2022, the REM will be completed by mid-2024, becoming the fourth largest automated rapid transit network after theDubai Metro,theSingapore Mass Rapid Transit,and theVancouver SkyTrain.Most of it will be financed by pension fund manager Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ Infra).

Bike Share Program

Main articles:BIXI MontréalandPBSC Urban Solutions

The city of Montreal is world-renowned for being in the top 20 most cyclist-friendly cities around the globe.It follows that they have one of the world's most successful bike share systems inBIXI.First launched in 2009with Montreal-based PBSC Urban Solutions ICONIC bikes, the bicycle-sharing scheme has since grown its fleet to include 750 docking and charging stations across the different neighbourhoods with 9000 bikes available for users.In what theSTMstates is a mission to combine different forms of mobility, transit card holders can now take advantage of their membership to also rent bicycles at select stations.

Notable people

Main article:List of people from Montreal

International relations

Sister cities

• Algiers,Algeria – 1999
• Brussels,Belgium
• Bucharest,Romania
• Busan,South Korea – 2000
• Boston,United States – 1995
• Guadalajara,Mexico – 2004
• Hanoi,Vietnam – 1997
• Hiroshima,Japan – 1998
• Lyon,France – 1979
• Manila,Philippines – 2005
• Melbourne,Australia – 2007
• Port-au-Prince,Haiti – 1995
• Quito,Ecuador – 1997
• Rio de Janeiro,Brazil – 1998
• San Salvador,El Salvador – 2001
• Shanghai,China – 1985
• Tunis,Tunisia – 1999
• Yerevan,Armenia – 1998

Friendship cities

• Paris,France – 2006

See also

• List of anglophone communities in Quebec
• List of mayors of Montreal
• List of Montreal music venues
• List of shopping malls in Montreal
• List of tallest buildings in Montreal
• Montreal International Games Summit
• Order of Montreal
• Royal eponyms in Canada

Further reading

• Collard, Edgar A. (1976).Montréal: The Days That Are No More,in series, Totem Book[s]. This ed. slightly edited [anew]. Toronto, Ont.: Doubleday Canada, [1978], cop. 1976. x, 140, [4] p., ill. in b&w with maps and numerous sketches.ISBN0-00-216686-0.
• Gagnon, Robert (1996).Anglophones at the C.E.C.M.: a Reflection of the Linguistic Duality of Montréal.Trans. by Peter Keating. Montréal: Commission des écoles catholiques de Montréal. 124 p., ill. with b&w photos.ISBN2-920855-98-0.
• Harris, David; Lyon, Patricia (2004).Montréal.Fodor's.ISBN978-1-4000-1315-9.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2023.RetrievedDecember 28,2021.
• Heritage Montréal (1992).Steps in Time = Patrimoine en marche.Montréal: Québécor. 4 vol. of 20, 20 p. each. Text printed "tête-bêche" in English and in French. On title covers: "Montréal, fête, 350 ans".
• Marsan, Jean-Claude (1990).Montreal in evolution.McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN978-0-7735-0798-2.
• Tomàs, Mariona. "Exploring the metropolitan trap: the case of Montreal."International Journal of Urban and Regional Research(2012) 36#3 pp: 554–567.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01066.x.
• "2006 Census of Canada".Statistics Canada. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon October 10, 2008.RetrievedMay 28,2008.
• "Montreal".2006 Census of Canada: Community Profiles.Statistics Canada. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon December 2, 2008.RetrievedMay 28,2008.
• Natural Resources Canada (2005).Canadian Geographical Names: Island of Montreal.Retrieved August 29, 2005.
• Michael Sletcher, "Montréal", in James Ciment, ed.,Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History(5 vols., N.Y., 2005).

External links

• Official website