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Montreux

Coordinates:46°26′06″N06°54′45″E/ 46.43500°N 6.91250°E/46.43500; 6.91250
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For other uses, seeMontreux (disambiguation).
Montreux
Municipality
A view of Montreux
A view of Montreux
Flag of Montreux
Flag
Coat of arms of Montreux
Coat of arms
Location of Montreux
Map
Montreux is located in Switzerland
Montreux
Montreux
Montreux is located in Canton of Vaud
Montreux
Montreux
Coordinates:46°26′06″N06°54′45″E/ 46.43500°N 6.91250°E/46.43500; 6.91250
CountrySwitzerland
CantonVaud
DistrictRiviera-Pays-d'Enhaut
Government
•ExecutiveMunicipalité
with 7 members
•MayorSyndic(list)
Olivier GfellerSPS/PSS
•ParliamentConseil communal
with 100 members
Area
[1]
• Total33.41 km2(12.90 sq mi)
Elevation
(railway station)
396 m (1,299 ft)
Highest elevation
(Naye)
2,021 m (6,631 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Lake Geneva)
374 m (1,227 ft)
Population
(31 December 2018)[2]
• Total25,984
• Density780/km2(2,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00(Central European Time)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
1815 Clarens, 1816 Chailly-Montreux, 1817 Brent, 1820 Montreux, 1820 Territet, 1822 Chernex, 1823 Glion, 1824 Caux, 1832 Chamby, 1832 Villard-sur-Chamby, 1833 Les Avants
SFOS number5886
ISO 3166 codeCH-VD
LocalitiesBaugy, Brent,Caux,Chailly-sur-Montreux, Chamby, Chaulin, Chêne, Chernex, Clarens, Collonge, Cornaux, Crin, Fontanivent,Glion,Jor, Le Châtelard,Les Avants,Les Planches, Mont-Fleuri, Pallens, Pertit, Planchamp, Sonzier, Tavel,Territet,Vernex, Villard-sur-Chamby, Vuarennes
Surrounded byVilleneuve,Blonay,Haut-Intyamon,La Tour-de-Peilz,Noville,Veytaux
Twin townsWiesbaden(Germany),Menton(France),Chiba City(Japan)
Websitehttp:// montreux.ch
Profile(in French),

Montreux(UK:/mɒ̃ˈtrɜː/,[3]US:/mɒ̃ˈtroʊ/;[4]French:[mɔ̃tʁø]ⓘ;Arpitan:Montrolx) is aSwiss municipalityandtownon the shoreline ofLake Genevaat the foot of theAlps.It belongs to theRiviera-Pays-d'Enhautdistrict in thecantonofVaud,having a population of approximately 26,500, with about 85,000 in theVevey-Montreux agglomeration as of 2019.

Located in the centre of a region named theVaudorSwiss Riviera(French:Riviera vaudoise), Montreux has been an important tourist destination since the 19th century due to its mild climate. The region includes numerousBelle Époquepalaces and hotels near the shores ofLake Geneva.Montreux railway stationis a stop on theSimplon Railwayand is a mountain railway hub.

History

[edit]
Lake Geneva from Montreux

The earliest settlement was a LateBronze Agevillage at Baugy. Montreux lies on the north east shore of Lake Geneva at the fork in theRomanroad from Italy over theSimplon Pass,where the roads to the Roman capital ofAventicumand the road intoGaulthroughBesançonseparated. This made it an important settlement in theRoman era.A Roman villa from the 2nd-4th centuries and a 6th–7th century cemetery have been discovered.[5]

The name derives from a smallmonastery(Latin:monasteriolum) on the site by the 11th century,[6]which subsequently developed asMustruel,Muchtern(1215),[5]Muistruum(1228),Monstruacum,Mustruz,andMoutru.[6]Viniculturewas introduced in the 12th century, and the sunny slopes of the lake fromLavauxto Montreux became an importantwinegrowingregion. In 1295, theBishop of Sionsold theparishof Montreux to Girard of Oron. In 1317, it was split between the Lords of Oron (Le Châtelard) and theCounts of Savoy(Les Planches).[5]ABrotherhood of the Holy Spiritadministered estates and a hospital in Montreux starting in about 1309.

The region was subject to various princes, most notably the princes ofSavoyfrom the south side of the lake. They unified the territory which comprises the present canton ofVaudand were generally popular sovereigns.

After theBurgundian Warsin the 15th century, the Swiss inBernoccupied the region without resistance, an indication of the weakness of the princes of Savoy. Under Bernese rule (1536–1798) it belonged to theBailiwickof Chillon (renamed in 1735 into the Bailiwick of Vevey).

The Reformation made the region around Montreux andVeveyan attractive haven forHuguenotsfrom Italy, who brought their artisanal skills and set up workshops and businesses.

The abbey of Les Echarpes blanches was founded in 1626.[5]

In 1798,Napoleoncaptured the region from the Bernese. In the 19th century, the tourist industry became a major commercial outlet, with the grand hotels of Montreux attracting the rich and cultured from Europe and America.

Starting in the 19th century there were three independent municipalities that shared a central authority. This county council was made up of four deputies from Le Châtelard, two from Les Planches and one from Veytaux. The church, the market hall of La Rouvenaz, the secondary school (the building was from 1872 and 1897) and the slaughter-house (1912) were all owned by the county council. Each municipality had its own taxes and a mayor. In 1962, the municipalities of Le Châtelard and Les Planches merged, while Veytaux remained independent.[5]

Geography

[edit]
Montreux and Lake Geneva
Aerial view (1949)

Montreux has an area, as of 2009,of 33.41 km2(12.90 sq mi). Of this area, 8.34 km2(3.22 sq mi) or 25.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 16.80 km2(6.49 sq mi) or 50.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 6.68 km2(2.58 sq mi) or 20.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.09 km2(22 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and 1.55 km2(0.60 sq mi) or 4.6% is unproductive land.[7]

Of the built up area, housing and buildings make up 11.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.4%. Out of the forested land, 46.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.5% is used for growing crops and 9.9% is pastures, while 1.2% is used for orchards or vine crops and 13.7% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.[7]

The municipality was part of theVevey Districtuntil it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Montreux became part of the new district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut.[8]

The municipality stretches from Lake Geneva to the foothills of the Swiss Alps (Rochers-de-Naye). It includes the former municipalities of Montreux-Les Planches (until 1952 Les Planches) and Montreux-Le Châtelard (until 1952 Le Châtelard). It was formed in 1962 with the merger of the two former municipalities.

Climate

[edit]

TheKöppen Climate Classificationsubtype for Montreux's climate is "Cfb"(Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[9]

Climate data for Montreux-Clarens (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		23.9
(75.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		6.9
(44.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 90
(3.5) 		86
(3.4) 		104
(4.1) 		109
(4.3) 		119
(4.7) 		157
(6.2) 		130
(5.1) 		158
(6.2) 		117
(4.6) 		104
(4.1) 		114
(4.5) 		91
(3.6) 		1,379
(54.3)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 10
(3.9) 		8
(3.1) 		4
(1.6) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3
(1.2) 		8
(3.1) 		34
(13)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 11.6 10.6 12.4 11.9 13.8 13.1 10.3 12 9.5 8.9 11 11.3 136.4
Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) 2.7 1.9 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.0 8.6
Averagerelative humidity(%) 81 77 73 70 71 71 69 72 76 81 80 81 75
Source:MeteoSwiss[10]

Demographics

[edit]
High rise in Montreux
Apartment building in Montreux

Montreux has a population (as of December 2020) of 26,090.[11]As of 2008,44.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[12]Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 14.7%. It has changed at a rate of 22.3% due to migration and at a rate of -0.8% due to births and deaths.[13]

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaksFrench(16,695 or 74.4%) as their first language, withGermanbeing second most common (1,398 or 6.2%) andItalianbeing third (897 or 4.0%). There are 9 people who speakRomansh.[14]

The age distribution, as of 2009,in Montreux is; 2,050 children or 8.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 3,021 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 4,216 people or 17.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 3,016 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 3,552 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 3,048 people or 12.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 2,565 people or 10.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 1,795 people or 7.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 1,206 people or 4.9% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 263 people or 1.1% who are 90 and older.[15]

As of 2000,there were 9,380 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 9,758 married individuals, 1,631 widows or widowers and 1,685 individuals who are divorced.[14]

As of 2000,there were 9,823 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2 persons per household.[13]There were 4,198 households that consist of only one person and 402 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 10,236 households that answered this question, 41.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 53 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 2,563 married couples without children, 2,245 married couples with children. There were 605 single parents with a child or children. There were 159 households that were made up of unrelated people and 413 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.[14]

In 2000there were 1,375 single family homes (or 43.2% of the total) out of a total of 3,183 inhabited buildings. There were 1,024 multi-family buildings (32.2%), along with 530 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (16.7%) and 254 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.0%).[16]

In 2000,a total of 9,553 apartments (70.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 3,043 apartments (22.5%) were seasonally occupied and 916 apartments (6.8%) were empty.[16]As of 2009,the construction rate of new housing units was 1.6 new units per 1000 residents.[13]

As of 2003the average price to rent an average apartment in Montreux was 1067.93Swiss francs(CHF) per month (US$850, £480, €680 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 567.76 CHF (US$450, £260, €360), a two-room apartment was about 787.77 CHF (US$630, £350, €500), a three-room apartment was about 1014.16 CHF (US$810, £460, €650) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1817.64 CHF (US$1450, £820, €1160). The average apartment price in Montreux was 95.7% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[17]The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010,was 0.55%.[13]

The historical population is given in the following chart:[5][18]

Hearth tax

Heritage sites of national significance

[edit]
Main article:List of cultural property of national significance in Switzerland: Vaud § Montreux

The Swissheritage site of national significancein Montreux includes: The Audiorama (also known as the Swiss National Audiovisual Museum),Crêtes Castle,Châtelard Castle,theTrain Station,theHôtel Montreux Palace,theCaux Palace Hotel,the Ile and Villa Salagnon, the Marché couvert, theGrand-Hôtel/the Hôtel des Alpes(which served as the recording studio forDeep Purple'sMachine Headalbum), and the Villa Karma.

The entire urban village of Territet / Veytaux as well as the Caux, Montreux and Villas Dubochet areas are all part of theInventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.[19]

Twin towns

[edit]

Montreux istwinnedwith the towns of

Politics

[edit]
See also:List of mayors of Montreux

In the2007 federal electionthe most popular party was theSPwhich received 22.11% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were theSVP(21.97%), theFDP(16.06%) and theGreen Party(13.49%). In the federal election, a total of 4,473 votes were cast, and thevoter turnoutwas 39.7%.[23]

Economy

[edit]

As of 2010,Montreux had an unemployment rate of 6.9%. As of 2008,there were 70 people employed in theprimary economic sectorand about 27 businesses involved in this sector. 1,165 people were employed in thesecondary sectorand there were 174 businesses in this sector. 9,290 people were employed in thetertiary sector,with 999 businesses in this sector.[13]There were 10,202 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 46.1% of the workforce.

In 2008the total number offull-time equivalentjobs was 8,991. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 55, of which 31 were in agriculture, 17 were in forestry or lumber production and 6 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,118 of which 403 or (36.0%) were in manufacturing and 708 (63.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 7,818. In the tertiary sector; 1,296 or 16.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 439 or 5.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 1,311 or 16.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 70 or 0.9% were in the information industry, 564 or 7.2% were the insurance or financial industry, 458 or 5.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 943 or 12.1% were in education and 1,591 or 20.4% were in health care.[24]

In 2000,there were 4,949 workers who commuted into the municipality and 4,964 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.3% of the workforce coming into Montreux are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.[25]Of the working population, 22.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.[13]

Religion

[edit]
St. Vincent church in Montreux

From the 2000 census,8,557 or 38.1% wereRoman Catholic,while 6,438 or 28.7% belonged to theSwiss Reformed Church.Of the rest of the population, there were 745members of an Orthodox church(or about 3.32% of the population), there were 18 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to theChristian Catholic Church,and there were 925 individuals (or about 4.12% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 73 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who wereJewish,and 1,031 (or about 4.59% of the population) who wereMuslim.There were 80 individuals who wereBuddhist,171 individuals who wereHinduand 90 individuals who belonged to another church. 2,796 (or about 12.45% of the population) belonged to no church, areagnosticoratheist,and 1,941 individuals (or about 8.64% of the population) did not answer the question.[14]

Education

[edit]

In Montreux about 7,464 (33.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatoryupper secondary education,and 3,171 or (14.1%) have completed additional higher education (eitheruniversityor aFachhochschule). Of the 3,171 who completed tertiary schooling, 39.8% were Swiss men, 25.3% were Swiss women, 19.8% were non-Swiss men and 15.1% were non-Swiss women.[14]

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 2,106 students in the Montreux school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.[26]During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 817 children of which 456 children (55.8%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton'sprimary schoolprogram requires students to attend for four years. There were 1,056 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 931 students in those schools. There were also 119 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.[27]

As of 2000,there were 490 students in Montreux who came from another municipality, while 790 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[25]

Public libraries

[edit]

Montreux is home to theBibliothèque municipale de Montreux et Veytauxlibrary. The library has (as of 2008) 48,948 books or other media, and loaned out 99,490 items in the same year. It was open a total of 274 days with average of 28 hours per week during that year.[28]

Private schools

[edit]

The Riviera School or École Riviera, an international school, is in Montreux.[29]

Other local schools includeSurval Montreux(an internationalall girlsboarding school) andSt George's School in Switzerland(British international school, inClarens).[30][31]

Institut Monte Rosa,an international co-educational boarding school, is inTerritet.[32] Swiss Montreux Business School

Privatehospitality schoolsin the area includeSwiss Hotel Management School(inCaux),Hotel Institute Montreux(Montreux), andGlion Institute of Higher Education(Glion).[33][34]

Transportation

[edit]
Wide three-story building
The Montreux station building in 2012

Montreux has three railway stations on theSimplon line,Clarens,Territet,andMontreux.The latter is also the western terminus of theMontreux–Glion–Rochers-de-NayeandMontreux–Lenk im Simmental lines,both of which climb into the hills away fromLake Genevaand have several dozen stations within Montreux.[35]

Culture

[edit]

Montreux was a haven for Catherine Barkley and Lt. Frederic Henry in Ernest Hemingway's classic novelA Farewell to Arms.

Montreux hosts several festivals:

  • The Septembre musical de Montreux, founded in 1946 and held every year since then.
  • Freddie Celebration Days— Montreux Celebration is organising this major and entirely free event in Montreux around September 5, the birthday ofFreddie Mercury,late singer of the band Queen.
  • TheMontreux Jazz Festival,held annually in July since 1967. It is held at theMontreux Convention Centre,built in 1973, and has become a global phenomenon.
  • The Golden Rose Festival, annually in spring (1961–2003), which awarded theGolden Rose of Montreux,an international award for television.
  • The Golden Award of Montreux, annually in April, is traditionally, since 1989, the first international advertising and multimedia Competition in Europe – starting the global season for awarding creative excellence.

Montreux has a walking trail along the lake, stretching fromVilleneuveto Vevey. The main square of the town, Place du Marché, features a statue of Freddie Mercury facing Lake Geneva. Some of the numerous small cities around Montreux include La Tour-de-Peilz, and Villeneuve. TheChâteau of Chillonhas views over Lake of Geneva and can be accessed via bus, train, walk or boat.[citation needed]

Deep Purpletraveled to Montreux in December 1971 to recordMachine Head.The band's song "Smoke on the Water"tells of the events of December 1971, when aFrank Zappafan with a flare gun set theMontreux Casinoon fire, destroying the casino where they had originally planned to record the album. Thanks toClaude Nobs,who eventually arranged alternate locations, theGrand Hôtel de Territetwas where almost the entirety of the album was created and recorded, except for "Smoke on the Water" which had already been partly recorded at the "Le Petit Palais", formerly called "Le Pavilion". Deep Purple again returned in 1973 to recordBurn.The Montreux Casino was reopened in 1975, and later a monument commemorating Deep Purple and their song "Smoke on the Water" was built along the lake shore, with the band's name, the song title, and the riff in musical notes. However, the only other memorial dedicated to the band's song that can be found nowadays in Montreux, is a small plaque placed outside the back entrance of the formerGrand Hôtel de Territet.

The Dubliners's song "Montreux Monto" on their albumLive at Montreuxwas recorded live at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1976.

View of Montreux town fromMontreux railway station

Montreux is the home ofMountain Studios,the recording studio used by several artists. "Bonzo's Montreux"byLed Zeppelinis named after the city where the drums session ofJohn Bonhamwas recorded in 1976. In 1978, the bandQueenbought the studio. It was then sold to Queen producer David Richards. In 2002, the Mountain Studios was converted into a bar as part of a complete renovation of the studio. David Richards has left Montreux to settle down somewhere else. Queen also appeared in 1984 and in 1986 at the Golden Rose Festival and Queen guitaristBrian Mayappeared in 2001 at the Jazz Festival. Montreux was also the subject of the 1995 Queen single "A Winter's Tale"on the albumMade in Heaven,one of Freddie's last songs before his death on 24 November 1991. The album cover features the statue of Mercury beside the lake.

In 1990, theWakker Prizefor the development and preservation of its architectural heritage was awarded to Montreux.[36]

TheFédération Internationale de Roller Sportswas founded in Montreux in 1924.Montreux HC,the oldest roller hockey club in Switzerland (founded in 1911) is based in Montreux.

Thesymphonic metalbandAd Infinitumwas founded in Montreux.

Notable residents

[edit]
Freddie Mercury statue
Dame Joan Sutherland, 1975
Pyotr Iliych Tchaikovsky
[edit]
  • Freddie Mercury statue at sunset in Montreux.
    Freddie Mercury statue at sunset in Montreux.
  • Southwest view over the Lake Geneva from Montreux.
    Southwest view over the Lake Geneva from Montreux.
  • Lake Geneva as seen from Montreux, Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1810
    Lake Geneva as seen from Montreux,Joseph Mallord William Turner,1810
  • Montreux 1900
    Montreux 1900
  • Another angle of Montreux 1900
    Another angle of Montreux 1900

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen".Federal Statistical Office.Retrieved13 January2019.
  2. ^https:// pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/fr/px-x-0102020000_201/-/px-x-0102020000_201.px/.Retrieved2 June2020.{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
  3. ^"Montreux".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-22.
  4. ^"Montreux Gold Rose, the".Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.Longman.Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2019.Retrieved29 August2019.
  5. ^abcdefMontreuxinGerman,FrenchandItalianin the onlineHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  6. ^abMartignier, David; et al. (1867),Dictionaire Historique Géographique et Statistique du Canton de Vaud[Historical, Geographical, and Statistical Dictionary of Vaud Canton] (in French), Lausanne: L. Corbaz, p.p. 624.
  7. ^abSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use StatisticsArchived2020-08-16 at theWayback Machine2018 data(in German)accessed 26 July 2020
  8. ^Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der SchweizArchived2015-11-13 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 4 April 2011
  9. ^Climate Summary for MontreuxArchived2017-10-10 at theWayback Machineaccessed 27 June 2013
  10. ^"Climate Normals Montreux−Clarens (Reference period 1961−1990)"(PDF).Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 January 2022.Retrieved29 January2022.
  11. ^"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit".bfs.admin.ch(in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020.Retrieved21 September2021.
  12. ^Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008Archived2010-06-28 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 19 June 2010
  13. ^abcdefSwiss Federal Statistical OfficeArchived2016-01-05 at theWayback Machineaccessed 17-August-2011
  14. ^abcdeSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000Archived2014-04-09 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 2 February 2011
  15. ^Canton of Vaud Statistical OfficeArchived2015-03-16 at theWayback Machine(in French)accessed 29 April 2011
  16. ^abSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und WohnungenArchived2014-09-07 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 28 January 2011
  17. ^Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental pricesArchived2010-04-23 at theWayback Machine2003 data(in German)accessed 26 May 2010
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  21. ^"Wiesbaden's international city relations".Archived fromthe originalon 13 February 2013.Retrieved24 December2012.
  22. ^"International Exchange".List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures.Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved21 November2015.
  23. ^Swiss Federal Statistical Office,Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/CantonArchived2015-05-14 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 28 May 2010
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  26. ^Organigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine(in French)accessed 2 May 2011
  27. ^Canton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transitionArchived2016-04-25 at theWayback Machine(in French)accessed 2 May 2011
  28. ^Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of librariesArchived2015-07-06 at theWayback Machine(in German)accessed 14 May 2010
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