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This article is about the album. For the song, seeMoondance (Van Morrison song).For other uses, seeMoondance (disambiguation).

Moondance
Studio albumby
Van Morrison
ReleasedJanuary 27, 1970(1970-01-27)
RecordedAugust–September 1969
StudioA & R(New York)
Genre
Length38:14
LabelWarner Bros.
ProducerVan Morrison
Van Morrisonchronology
Astral Weeks
(1968) 		Moondance
(1970) 		His Band and the Street Choir
(1970)
SinglesfromMoondance
  1. "Come Running"
    Released: March 1970
  2. "Crazy Love"
    Released: April 1970
  3. "Moondance"
    Released: November 1977

Moondanceis the third studio album by Northern Irish singer-songwriterVan Morrison.It was released on 27 January 1970 byWarner Bros. Records.After the commercial failure of his first Warner Bros. albumAstral Weeks(1968), Morrison moved to upstate New York with his wife and began writing songs forMoondance.There, he met the musicians that would record the album with him at New York City'sA & R Studiosin August and September 1969.

The album found Morrison abandoning the abstractfolk jazzcompositions ofAstral Weeksin favour of more formally composed songs, which he wrote and produced entirely himself. Its livelyrhythm and blues/rock musicwas the style he would become most known for in his career. The music incorporatedsoul,jazz,pop,andIrish folksounds into songs about finding spiritual renewal and redemption in worldly matters such as nature, music, romantic love, and self-affirmation.

Moondancewas an immediate critical and commercial success. It helped establish Morrison as a major artist in popular music, while several of its songs became staples onFM radioin the early 1970s. Among the most acclaimed records in history,Moondancefrequently ranks in professional listings of the greatest albums. In 2013, the album's remastered deluxe edition was released to similar acclaim.

Background

[edit]
Morrison wrote songs forMoondanceat a mountain-top home inthe Catskills(view fromOverlook Mountainpictured).

After leaving the rock bandThem,Morrison met record producerBert Bernsin New York City and recorded his first solo single, "Brown Eyed Girl",in March 1967 for Berns'Bang Records.When the producer unexpectedly died later that year, Morrison was offered a record deal byWarner Bros. Recordsexecutive Joe Smith, who had seen the singer perform at Boston's Catacombs nightclub in August 1968. Smith bought out Morrison's Bang contract, and he was able to record his first album for Warner Bros.,Astral Weeks,that year.[1]Although it was later acclaimed by critics, its collection of lengthy, acoustic, revelatoryfolk jazzsongs was not well received by consumers at the time and the album proved to be a commercial failure.[2]

After recordingAstral Weeks,Morrison moved with his wife, Janet Planet, to a home on a mountain top in theCatskillsnearWoodstock,a hamlet in upstate New York with an artistic community.[3]According to Planet, he was influenced byBob Dylan,who had just moved out of town when Morrison arrived. "Van fully intended to become Dylan's best friend", Planet recalled. "Every time we'd drive past Dylan's house... Van would just stare wistfully out the window at the gravel road leading to Dylan's place. He thought Dylan was the only contemporary worthy of his attention."[4]

Morrison began writing songs forMoondancein July 1969.[5]Because ofAstral Weeks's poor sales figures, the singer wanted to produce a record that would be more accessible and appealing to listeners. "I make albums primarily to sell them and if I get too far out a lot of people can't relate to it", he later said. "I had to forget about the artistic thing because it didn't make sense on a practical level. One has to live."[6]The musicians who went on to recordMoondancewith Morrison were recruited from Woodstock and would continue working with him for several years, including guitaristJohn Platania,saxophonist Jack Schroer, and keyboardistJef Labes.[7]The singer left after theWoodstockmusic festival in August attracted an influx of people to the area.[8]

Recording and production

[edit]

Morrison began recording sessions forMoondanceat Century Sound in New York, accompanied by most of the musicians fromAstral Weeksand its engineer Brooks Arthur.[4]Lewis Merenstein—Moondance's executive producer—had brought inAstral Weekssession musiciansRichard Davis,Jay Berliner,andWarren Smith, Jr.for the first session, but Morrison—according to Platania— "sort of manipulated the situation" and "got rid of them all. For some reason he didn't want those musicians."[9]In place of these jazz-influenced musicians were a horn section and chorus enlisted by Morrison, who Merenstein recalled had grown more confident, outspoken, and independent of the producer.[4]Around this time, the singer made it known to Warner Bros. that he would lead production duties for all his future recordings, which forced producers recruited by the label into assisting roles. It also led to frequent enlisting and dismissal of musicians to meet Morrison's creative vision.[10]

Morrison went on to recordMoondanceat the Studio A penthouse ofA & R Studiosin New York from August to September 1969.[11]He entered A & R Studios with only the basic song structures written down and the songs'arrangementsin his memory, developing the compositions throughout the album's recording. Without anymusical charts,he received help with developing the music from Labes, Schroer, and flautist/saxophonist Collin Tilton.[5]"That was the type of band I dig", the singer recalled. "Two horns and a rhythm section – they're the type of bands that I like best."[12]According to biographerRitchie Yorke,all of the "tasteful frills" were generated spontaneously and developed at the studio.[5]Most of Morrison's vocals were recorded live, and he later said that he would have preferred to record the entire album live.[5]Shelly Yakus—one of the audio engineers who recorded the singer—remembered him being "very quiet and really introverted" in the studio, "yet when he sang it was a 'Holy Shit!' moment."[11]

Moondancewas the first album for which Morrison was credited as the producer; he later said "no one knew what I was looking for except me, so I just did it."[5]While not an overbearing presence among the record's personnel, the singer later conceded to creating an atmosphere of artistic autonomy during the sessions: "When I go into the studio, I'm a magician. I make things happen. Whatever is working in that particular space at that particular time, I use, I take advantage of."[10]

Music and lyrics

[edit]

ForMoondance,Morrison abandoned the abstract folk compositions ofAstral Weeksin favour ofrhythm and bluessounds, formally composed songs, and more distinct arrangements that included a horn section and chorus of singers as anaccompaniment.[13]The album found Morrison using more traditional melodicfigures,whichVH1editor Joe S. Harrington said lent the songs a "rustic and earthy" quality.[14]InRobert Christgau's opinion,Moondanceshowed the singer integrating his style ofIrish poetryintopopular song structurewhile expanding onAstral Weeks'"folk-jazz swing" with lively brass instruments, innovativehooks,and a strongbackbeat.[15]The songs were generally arranged around Morrison's horn section; music journalist John Milward called it "that rare rock album" on which the solos were performed by the saxophonist rather than the guitarist.[16]InThe Rolling Stone Album Guide(1992), Paul Evans observed upbeatsoul music,elements ofjazz,and ballads on what he considered a "horn-driven, bass-heavy" record.[17]Rob Sheffieldsaid it debuted the musical style Morrison would become known for—a "mellow, piano-based" fusion of jazz, pop, andIrish folkstyles.[18]

More structured and direct than its predecessor, [Moondance] somehow feels just as loose and free. This is Van Morrison's6th Symphony;likeBeethoven's equivalent, it's fixated on the power of nature, but rather than merely sitting in awe, it finds spirituality and redemption in the most basic of things.

—Nick Butler, Sputnikmusic[19]

Morrison's lyrics onMoondancedeal with themes of spiritual renewal and redemption.[20]It departed fromAstral Weeks'discursive,stream-of-consciousnessnarratives as the singer balanced his spiritual ideas with more worldly subject matter, which biographerJohnny Roganfelt offered the record a quality of "earthiness".[21]As a counterpart toAstral Weeks,AllMusiccritic Jason Ankeny believed it "retains the previous album's deeply spiritual thrust but transcends its bleak, cathartic intensity" by rejoicing in "natural wonder".[20]According to Christgau, the essence of Morrison's spirit was, much like theAfrican-American musicthat inspired him, "mortal and immortal simultaneously: this is a man who gets stoned on a drink of water and urges us to turn up our radios all the way into the mystic."[15]His "giddy" preoccupation with "natural wonder" on the album was a product of the new approach to composition and the mellow feel of his new band, Harrington said. In his opinion, the record's exuberant spirit and theme of self-affirmation were partly inspired by the singer having "settled into a life of domestic bliss".[22]MusicologistBrian Hintonargued that Morrison was celebrating a "natural alternative" in his music after quittingsoft drugsaround this time because they had impeded his productivity.[23]

Songs

[edit]

The opening song, "And It Stoned Me",was written about feelings of ecstasy received from witnessing and experiencing nature, in a narrative describing a rural setting with a county fair and mountain stream. Morrison said he based it on a quasi-mystical experience he had as a 12-year-old fishing in theCombervillage of Ballystockart, where he once asked for water from an old man who said he had retrieved it from a stream. "We drank some and everything seemed to stop for me", the singer recalled, adding that it induced a momentary feeling of quietude in him. According to Hinton, these childhood images foreshadowed both spiritual redemption and—in Morrison's reference to "jellyroll"in the chorus—sexual pleasure.[23]AllMusic's Tom Maginnis argued that the singer was instead likening the experience to the first time hearing jazz pianistJelly Roll Morton.[24]The largely acoustic title track "Moondance"featured piano, guitar, saxophone, electric bass, and a fluteover-dubbacking Morrison, who sang of an adult romance set in Autumn and imitated a saxophone with his voice near the song's conclusion. "This is a rock musician singing jazz, not a jazz singer, though the music itself has a jazz swing", Hinton remarked.[25]"Crazy Love"was recorded with Morrison's voice so close to the microphone that it captured the click of Morrison's tongue hitting the roof of his mouth as he sang.[26]He sings infalsetto,producing what Hinton felt was a sense of intense intimacy, backed by a female chorus.[27]

Some songs used a three-piece chorus of backup singers that featuredEmily Houston(pictured in 1975).

"Caravan"and"Into the Mystic"were cited by Harrington as examples of Morrison's interest in" the mystifying powers of the music itself "throughoutMoondance.[14]The former song thematisesmusic radioandgypsylife—which fascinated the singer—as symbols of harmony.[27]Harrington called it an ode to "the transcendent powers of rock 'n' roll and the spontaneous pleasures of listening to a great radio station", while biographer Erik Hage regarded it as "a joyful celebration of communal spirit, the music of radio, and romantic love".[28]"Into the Mystic" reconcilesMoondance's R&B style with the more orchestrated folk music ofAstral Weeks,along with what Evans described as "the complementary sides of Morrison's psyche".[17]Harrington believed it explores "the intricate balance between life's natural wonder and the cosmic harmony of the universe".[14]Hinton said the song evoked a sense of "visionary stillness" shared with "And It Stoned Me" and the gypsy imagery of "Caravan", while working on several other interpretive levels. Its images of setting sail and water in particular represented "a means of magical transformation" for the writer, comparable toAlfred Lord Tennyson's poems of leave-taking such as "Crossing the Bar",which had" the same sense of crossing over, both to another land and into death ". The lyrics also deal with" the mystical union of good sex ", and an act of love Hinton said was intimated by Morrison's closing vocal" too late to stop now "—a phrase the singer would use to conclude his concerts in subsequent years.[29]

"Come Running"was described by Morrison as" a very light type of song. It's not too heavy; it's just a happy-go-lucky song. "By contrast, Hinton found the song's sentiments tender and lustful in the vein of the 1967Bob Dylansong "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight".He argued that" Come Running "juxtaposed images of unstoppable nature—wind and rain, a passing train—against" which human life and death play out their little games ", and in which the narrator's and his lover's dream will not end" while knowing of course it will ".[30]According to the writer, "These Dreams of You"manages to be simultaneously accusatory and reassuring. The lyrics cover suchdream sequencesasRay Charlesbeing shot down, paying dues in Canada, and "his angel from above" cheating while playing cards in the dark, slapping him in the face, ignoring his cries, and walking out on him. Morrison said he was inspired to write "Brand New Day"after hearingthe Bandon the radio playing either "The Weight"or"I Shall Be Released":"I looked up at the sky and the sun started to shine and all of a sudden the song just came through my head. I started to write it down, right from 'When all the dark clouds roll away'. "[31]Yorke quoted Morrison as saying in 1973 that "Brand New Day" was the song that worked best to his ear and the one with which he felt most in touch.[32]

Along with "Brand New Day", "Everyone"and"Glad Tidings"form a closing trio of songs permeated by whatJohn Toblercalled "a celebratory air, bordering on spiritual joy".[8]Labes opened "Everyone" by playing aclavinetfigure in6
8time.A flute comes in, playing themelodyafter Morrison has sung four lines, with Schroer playing theharmonyunderneath onsoprano saxophone.Although Morrison says the song is just a song of hope, Hinton says its lyrics suggest a more troubled meaning, as 1969 was the year in whichThe Troublesbroke out in Belfast.[31]The final track, "Glad Tidings", has a bouncybeatbut the lyrics, like "Into the Mystic", remain largely impenetrable, according to Hinton. In his opinion, "the opening line and closing line, 'and they'll lay you down low and easy', could be either about murder or an act of love."[33]In Hage's opinion, "'Glad Tidings' was a premonition of the future, as for the next four decades, Morrison would continue to use a song here and there to vent about the evils of the music industry and the world of celebrity."[34]

Packaging

[edit]

The album's cover photo was shot at Morrison's home byElliot Landy,who had previously done the cover for Dylan's 1969 albumNashville Skyline.Landy captured Morrison's face closely and framed the shot to conceal a sizeable pimple the singer had on his forehead the day of the shoot.[4]

Planet wrote the album'sliner notes,drawing on the style offairy talesin narrating Morrison's story; the notes began, "Once upon a time, there lived a very young man who was, as they say, gifted". According to Planet, Warner Bros. encouraged her to help promote him, believing "that my image, precisely because it was so Enigma tic, was the perfect visual to describe what was going on musically". In retrospect, she found that "being a muse is a thankless job, and the pay is lousy."[4]

Release and reception

[edit]

Moondancewas released by Warner Bros. on 27 January 1970 in the United Kingdom and on 28 February in the United States, receiving immediate acclaim from critics.[35]Reviewing forThe Village Voicein 1970,Robert Christgaugave the album an "A" and claimed that Morrison had finally fulfilled his artistic potential: "ForgetAstral Weeks—this is a brilliant, catchy, poetic, and completely successful LP. "[36]Greil MarcusandLester Bangsjointly reviewed the album inRolling Stone,hailing it as a work of "musical invention and lyrical confidence; the strong moods of 'Into the Mystic' and the fine, epic brilliance of 'Caravan' will carry it past many good records we'll forget in the next few years."[37]FellowRolling StonecriticJon Landaufound the singer's vocals overwhelming: "Things fell into place so perfectly I wished there was more room to breathe. Morrison has a great voice and onMoondancehe found a home for it. "[33]Ralph J. Gleasonfrom theSan Francisco Chroniclealso wrote of Morrison's singing as a focal point of praise: "He wails as the jazz musicians speak of wailing, as the gypsies, as theGaelsand the old folks in every culture speak of it. He gets a quality of intensity in that wail which really hooks your mind, carries you along with his voice as it rises and falls in long, soaring lines. "[37]

After the commercial failure ofAstral Weeks,Moondancewas seen bymusic journalistsas a record that redeemed Morrison.[38]Billboardmagazine predicted it would reach rock and folk audiences while rectifying music buyers' oversight of the singer's previous record "with a more commercial entry, still rich with the soul-folk nuances of this sensitive Irish song surrealist".[39]Moondancereached the top 30 of theAmerican albums chartand the top 40 of theBritish chartin 1970, while establishing Morrison as a young, commercially successful, and artistically independent singer-songwriter with great promise.[40]Its eclectic, lushly arranged style of music proved more accessible to listeners and translatable for live audiences, leading Morrison to formthe Caledonia Soul Orchestra,a large ensemble of musicians with whom he would find his greatest concert success.[41]According to Harrington,Moondancewas very successful withhippiecouples who were "settling into complacent domesticity" at the time.[14]In Hage's opinion, its success lent Morrison a rising cultural iconicity and presence in the burgeoning singer-songwriter movement of the early 1970s, first indicated by his front cover feature on the July 1970 issue ofRolling Stone.[42]

Legacy and reappraisal

[edit]
Retrospective professional reviews
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[20]
Christgau's Record GuideA+[15]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[43]
The Great Rock Discography9/10[44]
Los Angeles Times[45]
Music Story[46]
MusicHound Rock5/5[47]
Pitchfork8.4/10[4]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[17]
Sputnikmusic5/5[48]

In artistic and commercial terms,Moondancewould "practically define [Morrison] in the public consciousness for decades to follow", according to Hage.[41]It made the singer a popular radio presence in the 1970s, as several of its songs becameFM airplaystaples, including "Caravan", "Into the Mystic", the title track, and "Come Running", which was atop 40hit in the US.[49]Some songs from the album became hits for other recording artists, such asJohnny Rivers' 1970 cover of "Into the Mystic" and the 1971 "Crazy Love" recording byHelen Reddy.[8]Moondancewas also a precursor to the decade'sadult-oriented rockradio format—typified by the music ofCrosby, Stills, Nash & Young,James Taylor,andPaul McCartney—and the first hit album for mi xing engineerElliot Scheiner,who went on to have a prolific career engineering some of the 1970s' most popular recording artists.[50]In summarising the album's legacy, Ryan H. Walsh wrote inPitchfork:

The album would solidify Van Morrison as an FM radio mainstay, act as a midwife for the burgeoning genre of 'soft rock,' and help usher in the '70s in America, where the beautiful hippie couples of the late '60s would soundtrack their developing newfound domestic comfort with the sweet sounds of Morrison's mystical love-anthems.[4]

Although the album never topped the record charts, it sold continuously for the next 40 years of its release, particularly after itsdigitally remasteredreissue in 1990.[51]In 1996,Moondancewas certifiedtriple platinumby theRecording Industry Association of America,having shipped three million copies in the US.[52]

In the years following the original release,Moondancehas been frequently ranked as one of the greatest albums ever.[53]In 1978, it was voted the 22nd best album of all time inPaul Gambaccini's poll of 50 prominent American and English rock critics.[54]Christgau, one of the critics polled, named it the 7th best album of the 1970s inThe Village Voicethe following year.[55]In a retrospective review, Nick Butler from Sputnikmusic consideredMoondanceto be the peak of Morrison's career and "maybe of non-American soul in general", whileSpindeemed it "the great white soul album" in an essay accompanying the magazine's 1989 list of the all-time 25 greatest albums, on whichMoondancewas ranked 21st.[56]In 1999, the album was inducted into theGrammy Hall of Fame,and in 2003, it was placed at number 65 onRolling Stone's list ofThe 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[57][nb 1]The album was also included in the 2000 edition ofColin Larkin'sAll Time Top 1000 Albums(where it placed at number 79), the music reference book1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die(2005), andTimemagazine's 2006 list of the "All-TIME 100 Albums".[59]The following year, theRock and Roll Hall of FamenamedMoondanceone of their "Definitive 200" albums, ranking it 72nd.[60]In 2009,Hot Presspolled numerous Irish recording artists and bands, who voted it the 11th best Irish album of all time.[61]

2013 reissue

[edit]

A deluxe edition ofMoondancewas released by Warner Bros. on 22 October 2013. It featured a newly remastered version of the original record, three CDs of previously unreleased music from the recording sessions, and aBlu-raydisc withhigh-resolution audioof the original album. The packaging included a linen-wrapped folio and a booklet with liner notes written by Scheiner and music journalistAlan Light.[46]Select alternate takes from the deluxe edition were later compiled, along with previously unreleased mixes of "And It Stoned Me" and "Crazy Love", forThe Alternative Moondance,an album conceived as an alternate version of the original record and released exclusively in vinyl format forRecord Store Dayin April 2018.[62]

The 2013 deluxe reissue was met with widespread critical acclaim;Record Collectorcalled it an aural "marvel", whileThe Independentsaid the remastering "strips away centuries of digital compression and makes the music sound as if you've never heard it properly".[63]InRolling Stone,Will Hermesfelt the numerous outtakes possessed an intimate quality that compensated for lacking the "sublime, brassy" arrangements featured on the final version of Morrison's "jazzy-pop masterpiece".[64]Morrison, however, disowned the release as "unauthorised" and done without his consultation while claiming his management company had given away the rights to the music in the early 1970s.[65]

Track listing

[edit]

All songs were written byVan Morrison,except where noted.[66]

1970 LP

[edit]
Side one
No.TitleLength
1."And It Stoned Me"4:30
2."Moondance"4:35
3."Crazy Love"2:34
4."Caravan"4:57
5."Into the Mystic"3:25
Side two
No.TitleLength
1."Come Running"2:30
2."These Dreams of You"3:50
3."Brand New Day"5:09
4."Everyone"3:31
5."Glad Tidings"3:13

2013 deluxe CD

[edit]
Disc one:Moondance– Remastered
No.TitleLength
1."And It Stoned Me"4:32
2."Moondance"4:34
3."Crazy Love"2:35
4."Caravan"5:00
5."Into the Mystic"3:27
6."Come Running"2:31
7."These Dreams of You"3:51
8."Brand New Day"5:10
9."Everyone"3:32
10."Glad Tidings"3:40
Disc two: The Sessions
No.TitleLength
1."What do we call this, Van?"1:49
2."Caravan" (take 1)5:53
3."Caravan" (takes 2–3)1:01
4."Caravan" (take 4)5:52
5."Caravan" (takes 5–6)3:46
6."Caravan" (take 7)2:31
7."Caravan" (take 8)5:41
8."I've Been Working"(early version, take 1)11:03
9."I've Been Working" (early version, take 2)2:50
10."I've Been Working" (early version, take 5)10:25
11."Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"(outtake; written byJimmie Cox)3:27
12."I Shall Sing" (take 1)1:42
13."I Shall Sing" (takes 2–3)4:48
14."I Shall Sing" (takes 4–6)3:39
15."I Shall Sing" (take 7)3:58
16."I Shall Sing" (takes 8–12)4:48
17."I Shall Sing" (takes 13)3:36
Disc three: More Sessions
No.TitleLength
1."Into the Mystic" (take 10)3:50
2."Into the Mystic" (take 11)4:04
3."Into the Mystic" (takes 12–13)3:58
4."Into the Mystic" (takes 14–16)4:48
5."Into the Mystic" (take 17)3:32
6."Caravan" (redo: takes 1–2)0:50
7."Caravan" (redo: take 3)4:57
8."Brand New Day" (take 1)5:23
9."Brand New Day" (take 2)5:30
10."Brand New Day" (take 3)5:24
11."Brand New Day" (take 4)5:36
12."Brand New Day" (takes 5–6)1:08
13."Brand New Day" (take 7)5:24
14."Glad Tidings" (fast version, take 1)3:42
15."Glad Tidings" (takes 2–4)5:11
16."Glad Tidings" (takes 7–8)5:12
17."Glad Tidings" (take 9)3:58
Disc four: Sessions, Alternates & Mixes
No.TitleLength
1."Come Running" (take 1)4:00
2."Come Running" (take 2)4:38
3."Come Running" (takes 3–4)4:47
4."Come Running" (take 5)4:19
5."Come Running" ( "Rolling on 4" )3:57
6."Moondance" (take 21)1:03
7."Moondance" (take 22)4:50
8."Glad Tidings" (master mixreelalternate version)3:41
9."These Dreams of You" (master mix reel alternate version)4:02
10."Crazy Love" (mono mix)2:56
11."Glad Tidings" (mono remix 1)3:53
12."Glad Tidings" (mono remix 2)3:53
13."Glad Tidings" (mono remix 3)3:52
14."Caravan" (mono remix 1)5:33
15."These Dreams of You" (mono remix)4:30
16."I Shall Sing" (mono mix)3:11

The Alternative MoondanceLP (2018)

[edit]
Side one
No.TitleLength
1."And It Stoned Me" (Alternate mix)4:37
2."Moondance" (Take 22)4:48
3."Crazy Love" (Alternate mix)2:37
4."Caravan" (Take 4)5:50
5."Into the Mystic" (Take 14)3:22
Side two
No.TitleLength
1."Come Running" (Take 2)4:38
2."These Dreams of You" (Alternate mix)4:02
3."Brand New Day" (Take 3)5:19
4."I Shall Sing" (Take 7)3:54
5."Glad Tidings" (Alternate version)3:39

Personnel

[edit]

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.[66]

Musicians

Production

  • Craig Anderson –Blu-ray authoring(deluxe edition)
  • Bob Cato– design
  • Wyn Davis – additional mi xing and mastering (deluxe edition)
  • Kate Dear – packaging coordination (deluxe edition)
  • Steve Friedberg – engineering
  • David Gahr– photography
  • Lisa Glines – art direction and design (deluxe edition)
  • Brian Kehew– additional mi xing and mastering (deluxe edition)
  • Elliot Landy– photography, remastering and liner notes (deluxe edition)
  • Alan Light– liner notes
  • Tony May – engineering
  • Lewis Merenstein– executive production
  • Janet Planet – liner notes
  • Neil Schwartz – engineering
  • Elliot Scheiner– engineering
  • Steve Woolard – production (deluxe edition)
  • Shelly Yakus– engineering

Charts

[edit]
Chart (1970–71) Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[67] 20
American Albums Chart[68] 29
British Albums Chart[68] 32
Dutch Albums Chart[69] 9
German Albums Chart[69] 56
Norwegian Albums Chart[69] 19
Chart (2013) Peak
position
Italian Albums Chart[69] 42
New Zealander Albums Chart[69] 36

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[70] Platinum 300,000‡
United States (RIAA)[52] 3× Platinum 3,000,000^

^Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Rolling Stonelater re-ranked the album on revised editions of the list, first at number 66 in 2012 and then at 121 in 2020.[58]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Anon. 2007,p. 201;Walsh 2018a,pp. 15–19.
  2. ^Anon. 2007,p. 201;Christgau 1972.
  3. ^Heylin 2004,p. 229;Anon. 2007,p. 201.
  4. ^abcdefgWalsh 2018b.
  5. ^abcdeYorke 1975,pp. 70–83.
  6. ^Rogan 2006,p. 248.
  7. ^Tobler 2005;Hage 2009,p. 50.
  8. ^abcTobler 2005.
  9. ^Heylin 2004,p. 215.
  10. ^abHage 2009,p. 63.
  11. ^abBuskin 2009.
  12. ^Anon. 2003,p. 113.
  13. ^Evans 1992,p. 488;Rogan 2006,p. 250.
  14. ^abcdHarrington 2003,p. 87.
  15. ^abcChristgau 1981,p. 265.
  16. ^Light 2006;Milward n.d..
  17. ^abcEvans 1992,p. 488.
  18. ^Sheffield 2004,p. 560.
  19. ^Anon. (g) n.d.
  20. ^abcAnkeny n.d.
  21. ^Rogan 2006,p. 250.
  22. ^Harrington 2003,p. 86.
  23. ^abHinton 2003,p. 106.
  24. ^Maginnis n.d.
  25. ^Hinton 2003,pp. 106–7.
  26. ^Collis 1997,p. 118.
  27. ^abHinton 2003,p. 107.
  28. ^Hage 2009,p. 51.
  29. ^Hinton 2003,pp. 108–9.
  30. ^Hinton 2003,p. 109.
  31. ^abHinton 2003,p. 110.
  32. ^Yorke 1975,p. 83.
  33. ^abHinton 2003,p. 111.
  34. ^Hage 2009,p. 53.
  35. ^Mendelsohn & Klinger 2012;Hage 2009,p. 53.
  36. ^Christgau 1970.
  37. ^abYorke 1975,p. 82.
  38. ^Hage 2009,pp. 53–4.
  39. ^Anon. 1970,p. 52.
  40. ^Hage 2009,pp. 53–4;Gambaccini 1978,pp. 83–4.
  41. ^abHage 2009,p. 49.
  42. ^Hage 2009,pp. 49, 53–4.
  43. ^Larkin 2006,p. 12.
  44. ^Strong 2004.
  45. ^Hilburn 1986.
  46. ^abAnon. 2013a.
  47. ^Rucker 1996.
  48. ^Thomas 2010.
  49. ^Harrington 2003,p. 86;Tobler 2005.
  50. ^Harrington 2003,p. 87;Gibson 2006,p. 220;Walsh 2001,p. 40.
  51. ^Elias 2011.
  52. ^abAnon. (f) n.d.
  53. ^Anon. 2013b.
  54. ^Gambaccini 1978,pp. 83–4.
  55. ^Christgau 1979.
  56. ^Anon. (g) n.d.;Anon. 1989,p. 50.
  57. ^Anon. 2013b;Anon. 2003,p. 113.
  58. ^Anon. 2012;Anon. 2020.
  59. ^Larkin 2000,p. 68;Tobler 2005;Light 2006.
  60. ^Hinckley 2007.
  61. ^McGreevy 2009.
  62. ^Reiff 2018.
  63. ^Anon. (e) n.d.
  64. ^Hermes 2013.
  65. ^Anon. 2013c.
  66. ^abcLight, Planet & Scheiner 2013.
  67. ^Kent 1993,p. 208.
  68. ^abAnon. 2007,p. 201.
  69. ^abcdeAnon. (d) n.d.
  70. ^Anon. 2023.

Bibliography

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