Morgan Bible
TheMorgan Bible(mostlyMorgan Library & Museum,New York,Ms M. 638), also called theMorgan Picture Bible,Crusader Bible, Shah Abbas BibleorMaciejowski Bible,is a unique medievalilluminated manuscript.It is apicture bookBible consisting of 46 survivingfolios.The book consists of miniature paintings of events from theHebrew Bible,set in the scenery and costumes of thirteenth-century France, and depicted from aChristianperspective. It is not a complete Bible, as it consists largely of illustrations of stories of kings, especiallyKing David.[1]The illustrations are now surrounded by text in three scripts and five languages:Latin,Persian,Arabic,Judeo-Persian,andHebrew.[2]The level of detail in the images and the remarkable state of preservation of the work make it particularly valuable to scholars.[1]
Forty-three folios are in theMorgan Library & MuseuminNew York City,with two folios in theBibliothèque nationale de France(MS nouv. acq. lat. 2294). A single folio is now in theJ. Paul Getty Museum,Los Angeles (MS 16).[3]Two folios are thought to be missing from the original work.
Description
[edit]The Morgan Bible is part ofMorgan Library & MuseuminNew York(Ms M. 638). It is a medievalpictureBible.The Morgan Bible originally contained 48folios;of these, 43 still reside in the Morgan Museum, two are in theBibliothèque nationale de France,Paris,one is in theJ. Paul Getty Museum,Los Angeles, and two have been lost.[3]The cover that once bound the manuscript has also been lost over time. The surviving leaves measure at 32.5 × 29.1 cm (12 13/16 × 11 7/16 in.)[4]In full, the manuscript contained over 380 scenes.[4]It was the work of at least six different artists.[1]The book consists of paintings of events fromHebrew scripturebut are given a setting in the customs and costumes of thirteenth-century France, concentrating on stories of kings, especiallyDavid.[1]
The Morgan Bible is not a complete Bible. It includes portions of "Genesis, Exodus, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and Samuel" with a particular emphasis on early Israelite heroes who are presented as models of kingship to learn from.[3]
Originally, the Bible contained only miniatures, organized in a consistent visual rhythm from page to page. Within 100 years, the book acquiredmarginalinscriptions inLatindescribing the scenes illustrated.[5]CardinalBernard Maciejowski,Bishop of Kraków,had the book given as a gift toAbbas I of Persiain 1608.[6]Abbas ordered inscriptions inPersianto be added, mostly translating the Latin ones already there. Later, in the eighteenth century, inscriptions were added inJudeo-Persian.[7]The Latin text allowed art historians to identify the subjects of the miniatures.[8]
The manuscript is of particular interest to scholars because of the quality and preservation of the illuminations. The level of detail included, from architecture tosiege enginesto haircuts, provides historians with valuable clues as to what life was like at the time, while the stylistic changes and subtle variations in the story-lines give some insight into one of the most powerful men in Europe.[1]
Provenance
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The book has traditionally been thought to have been created in Paris in the mid-1240s forLouis IX of France.[9]A suggestion by Allison Stones, expanding on conclusions by others such as François Avril, that it was instead illuminated in northern France around 1250 has not won general acceptance.[10]
The modern imagery may have been a political statement because the Franks, especially during the reign of Louis IX, saw themselves as the legitimate heirs of Rome. Under Louis IX, France took a militant position against the enemies of Christendom, taking an active part in theSeventhandEighthCrusades.[1]The creation of the Morgan Bible falls around the time Louis IX went on his first crusade, and the style of using modern clothes on biblical figures appears in other works he commissioned around this time such as theSainte-Chapellechapel in Paris, whose stained glass is in the same style, suggesting they may have been used to legitimize his position at home and among the other crusaders.[1]
After the death of Louis IX, ownership passed to his brother,Charles of Anjouwho defeated Naples in 1266 and founded theAngevin Dynasty.[6]While the book was in Italy, Latin text was added.[11]
Ownership up to this point has been based mostly on guesswork and circumstantial evidence. The first recorded owner of the Bible was CardinalBernard Maciejowski,who was the Bishop ofCracow,Poland.[6]Maciejowski studied for the priesthood in Italy and likely gained ownership of the manuscript while there.[6]
In 1604, Cardinal Maciejowski gifted the Bible toShahAbbas through a delegation, as is evidenced by the inscription of folio 1 that reads inLatin(translated by Daniel Weiss): “Bernard Maciejowski, Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman Church, Bishop of Cracow,Duke of Siewierz,and Senator of theKingdom of Polandwith sincere wishes offers this gift to the supreme King of the Persians at Cracow the mother city of the kingdom of Poland on the seventh of September 1604.”[6]It officially reached the Shah back inIsfahanin 1608.[6]The Shah seemed to enjoy the gift and after having missionaries explain the pictures, he hadPersianinscriptions added and added his own seal of ownership on folio 42v.[6]
Lost Leaves
[edit]It appears that at some point during the manuscript's travels, several pages were deliberately removed from it.[6]It has been suggested that Shah Abbas tore out these pages, all involvingAbsalom's rebellion, because he thought they might be a bad influence on his young son; however, others suggest that he may have removed them in 1615, as they may have provided a painful reminder of how he executed his son that year for treason.[6]
When the AfghansconqueredIsfahan in 1722, the royal library was sacked along with the rest of the city. Little is known of the manuscript's whereabouts in the succeeding years, except that a Persian Jew addedJudeo-Persianinscriptions to the manuscript, and even commented on and corrected the previous scripts.[6]
The manuscript was not heard of again until 1833, when it was auctioned off bySotheby's,whose records indicate that they purchased it inCairo.[6]It was sold to London dealers Payne and Foss, who subsequently sold it to manuscript collectorSir Thomas Phillipps,who owned around 60,000 manuscripts before he died.[6]When Phillipps died, his collection went to his daughter, and then to his grandson, who eventually began selling it off in order to pay off debts.[6]Sotheby's once again took charge of auctioning the book, eventually selling it toJ. P. Morganin 1910 for £10,000.[6]
Notes
[edit]- ^abcdefgWeiss, Daniel H. (2010-09-16), "Morgan Library Picture Book",Oxford Art Online,Oxford University Press,doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2089313
- ^Morgan Library, "Inscriptions"
- ^abcMorgan Library, "About the Book"
- ^ab"Leaf from the Morgan Picture Bible (Getty Museum)".The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.Retrieved2020-03-24.
- ^Morgan Library, "About the Book"
- ^abcdefghijklmnMorgan Library, "Provenance"
- ^Morgan Library, "Inscriptions"
- ^Chaudun, Nicolas (2008).The Horse.New York, USA: Abbeville Press Publishers. p. 168.ISBN978-07892-10180.
- ^Mogan Library: "Patronage"
- ^Stones, Allison (2005), "Questions of style and provenance in the Morgan Bible",Between the Word and the Picture,Princeton
- ^"Leaf from the Morgan Picture Bible (Getty Museum)".The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.Retrieved2020-03-25.
References
[edit]- Hourihane, Colum (ed.), Between the Picture and the Word, Princeton Index of Christian Art, Princeton, 2005
- Cockerell, Sydney C.and John Plummer (1969), Old Testament miniatures: a medieval picture book with 283 paintings from Creation to the story of David (New York: G. Braziller) [contains reproductions of all paintings in the Morgan Bible.]
- Noel, William and Daniel Weiss, eds. (2002), The Book of Kings: Art, War, and the Morgan Library's Medieval Picture Bible (Baltimore: Walters Art Museum). [catalog of recent exhibition]
- Jafari Mazhab, Mohsen: "Ketab Moqaddse San Looyi dar Esfahan [Saint Louis`s Bible in Isfahan]" inKetab Mah Tarikh va Joghrafia,no 13, Tehran: nov. 1998 [in Persian]
External links
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