Mozhaysk
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Mozhaysk
Можайск | |
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 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Mozhaysk  | |
  Mozhaysk Location of Mozhaysk  Mozhaysk Mozhaysk (Moscow Oblast) | |
| Coordinates:55°31′N36°02′E/ 55.517°N 36.033°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Moscow Oblast[1] |
| Administrative district | Mozhaysky District[1] |
| Town | Mozhaysk[1] |
| First mentioned | 1231 |
| Town status since | 1708 |
| Elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 31,363 |
| •Capitalof | Mozhaysky District,[1]Town of Mozhaysk[1] |
| •Municipal district | Mozhaysky Municipal District[3] |
| •Urban settlement | Mozhaysk Urban Settlement[3] |
| •Capitalof | Mozhaysk Municipal District,[3]Mozhaysk Urban Settlement[3] |
| Time zone | UTC+3(MSK [4]) |
| Postal code(s)[5] | 143200–143204, 143210 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 49638 |
| OKTMOID | 46633101001 |
| Website | gpmozhaysk |
Mozhaysk[6](Russian:Можа́йск,IPA:[mɐˈʐajsk]) is atownand theadministrative centerofMozhaysky DistrictinMoscow Oblast,Russia,located 110 kilometers (68 mi) to the west ofMoscow,on the historic road leading toSmolenskand then toPoland.Population:31,363 (2010 Russian census);[2]31,459 (2002 Census);[7]30,735 (1989 Soviet census).[8]
History
[edit]First mentioned in 1231 as anappanageofChernigov;[citation needed]A theory says Mozhaysk took its name from the Mozhay (Mozhaya) River, whose name could be of Baltic origin (compare Lithuanianmažoji"small"[9]- in contrast to the largerMoskva Rivernearby). Later Mozhaysk became an important stronghold of theSmolenskdynasty, in the 13th century ruled by Duke (later Saint)Theodore the Black.Muscovitesseized Mozhaysk in 1303, but in the course of the following century had serious troubles defending it againstAlgirdas(Grand Duke of Lithuaniafrom 1345 to 1377). A younger brother of the ruling Grand Duke of Moscow usually held the Principality of Mozhaysk - until the practice was dropped in 1493. In 1562 Denmark and Russia signed theTreaty of Mozhayskthere during theLivonian Warof 1558–1583. In 1708 the administration ofPeter the Greatgranted town status to Mozhaysk.[citation needed]
Mozhaysk played a role in defending the Western approaches to Moscow in the 19th and 20th centuries. During theFrench invasion of Russiain 1812 theBattle of Borodinotook place 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the town.
InWorld War II,the GermanWehrmachttook Mozhaysk on October 18, 1941;[10]: 157 the SovietRed Armyre-captured it on January 20, 1942.
Administrative and municipal status
[edit]Within theframework of administrative divisions,Mozhaysk serves as theadministrative centerofMozhaysky District.[1]As an administrative division, it is, together with twenty-onerural localities,incorporated within Mozhaysky District as theTownof Mozhaysk.[1]As amunicipal division,the Town of Mozhaysk is incorporated within Mozhaysky Municipal District asMozhaysk Urban Settlement.[3]
Architecture
[edit]
The first stone cathedral was built in thekremlinin the early 14th century and named Nikolskiy (thenStaro-Nikolsky) Cathedral. It very much resembled the Dormition Cathedral inZvenigorod.At that time the wooden statue ofSaint Nicholas of Mozhayskwas carved by an unknown master and placed into the cathedral. Later the statue was moved to the Church Over-the-gates.
The first fortifiedDetinetsexisted in the Mozhaysk as early as in the 12th century. After the great fire of 1541, it was completely rebuilt by an order ofIvan the Terrible.Only in the early 17th century, the stone fortress was constructed, replaced with the Kremlin made of bricks in 1624–1626.
The Cathedral of St. Nicholasin theGothic Revivalstyle, designed by Aleksei Bakarev (Matvei Kazakov's student), started in 1802, but the building was ransacked by the retreating French troops in 1812. Only in 1814 the cathedral was completed and consecrated.[11]The church of St. Joachim and Anna preserves some parts from the early 15th century. Another important landmark is theLuzhetsky Monastery,founded in 1408 bySt. Ferapontand rebuilt in brick in the 16th century. The monastery cathedral, erected during the reign ofVasily III,was formerly known for its frescoes, ascribed toDionisius' circle.
Trivia
[edit]Mozhaysk was frequently the last major obstacle on the way to the capital and it gave birth to the expression "to push beyond Mozhay" (загнать за Можай,zagnat' za Mozhay), which literally means "to push (the enemy) beyond Mozhay". In modern usage, it means to "completely crush the enemy and push them away at a great distance". The phrase originated during thePolish Muscovite Warwhen the Polish Army retreated to Mozhaysk following theBattle of Moscow (1612).[12]
Transport
[edit]Bus line 457 goes from the Mozhaysk autobus station toPark Pobedyin Moscow. Several bus andmarshrutkaservices operate within Mozhaysk and connect the town with nearby localities, as well as with touristic sites in the fields ofBorodino.[13] Railway transport is also available. Suburban regular andexpresstrains run betweenMozhaysk railway stationand Moscow. The minor railway platform Km. 109 of theBelorussky suburban railway line,located on the outskirts of the city, serves the adjacement settlement ofStroitel.Mozhaysk is also linked by train toSmolensk Oblast,with both short-distance services between the town andVyazmaand long-distance Lastochka trains on the Moscow-Smolensk route stopping at Mozhaysk.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Mozhaysk (extremes 1932–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
37.7 (99.9) |
31.5 (88.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
37.7 (99.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
9.8 (49.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
5.6 (42.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −9.7 (14.5) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
1.4 (34.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.0 (−47.2) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−19.9 (−3.8) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−41.7 (−43.1) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 42.2 (1.66) |
36.1 (1.42) |
34.2 (1.35) |
32.8 (1.29) |
66.6 (2.62) |
77.2 (3.04) |
90.0 (3.54) |
68.4 (2.69) |
58.3 (2.30) |
60.1 (2.37) |
47.1 (1.85) |
44.8 (1.76) |
657.8 (25.89) |
| Source: pogoda.ru.net[14] | |||||||||||||
Twin towns and sister cities
[edit]Mozhaysk istwinnedwith:
Château-du-Loir,France
Drochtersen,Germany
Etropole,Bulgaria
Lohja,Finland
Pereiaslav,Ukraine
Ujazd,Poland
Vileyka,Belarus
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abcdefghResolution #123-PG
- ^abRussian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census](in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^abcdeLaw #95/2005-OZ
- ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). June 3, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
- ^Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post).Поиск объектов почтовой связи(Postal Objects Search)(in Russian)
- ^Alternative transliterations includeMozhaisk,Mozhajsk,Mozhaĭsk,andMožajsk.
- ^Federal State Statistics Service(May 21, 2004).Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS).Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002](in Russian).
- ^Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров[All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers].Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989](in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – viaDemoscope Weekly.
- ^Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва, 1998. Стр. 272
- ^Ueberschär, Gerd R. (1984). "Das Scheitern des Unternehmens 'Barbarossa': Der deutsch-sowjetische Krieg vom Überfall bis zur Wende vor Moskau im Winter 1941/42". In Ueberschär, Gerd R.; Wette, Wolfram (eds.).'Unternehmen Barbarossa': Der deutsche Überfall auf die Sowjetunion 1941.Ferdinand Schöningh. pp. 141–172.ISBN9783506774682.
- ^Brumfield, W. (June 9, 2017)."The Mozhaisk St. Nicholas Cathedral: From Prokudin-Gorsky to the present".Russia Beyond the Headlines.RetrievedJanuary 29,2020.
- ^Diclist.Ru[1](in Russian)
- ^"Yandex schedule for Mozhaysk buses"(in Russian).
- ^"Климат Можайска"(in Russian).RetrievedDecember 28,2022.
Sources
[edit]- Губернатор Московской области. Постановление №123-ПГ от 28 сентября 2010 г. «Об учётных данных административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Московской области», в ред. Постановления №252-ПГ от 26 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в учётные данные административно-территориальных и территориальных единиц Московской области». Опубликован: "Информационный вестник Правительства МО", №10, 30 октября 2010 г.(Governor of Moscow Oblast. Resolution #123-PG of September 28, 2010On the Inventory Data of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Moscow Oblast,as amended by the Resolution #252-PG of June 26, 2015On Amending the Inventory Data of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Units of Moscow Oblast.).
- Московская областная Дума. Закон №95/2005-ОЗ от 30 марта 2005 г. «О статусе и границах Можайского муниципального района и вновь образованных в его составе муниципальных образований», в ред. Закона №128/2011-ОЗ от 15 июля 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Московской области "О статусе и границах Можайского муниципального района и вновь образованных в его составе муниципальных образований" ». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ежедневные Новости. Подмосковье", №59, 2 апреля 2005 г.(Moscow Oblast Duma. Law #95/2005-OZ of March 30, 2005On the Status and the Borders of Mozhaysky Municipal District and the Newly Established Municipal Formations Comprising It,as amended by the Law #128/2011-OZ of July 15, 2011On Amending the Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of Mozhaysky Municipal District and the Newly Established Municipal Formations Comprising It".Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
[edit]- Official website of Mozhaysk(in Russian)
- Unofficial website of Mozhaysk(in Russian)
Historical towns and monasteries of the formerPrincipality of Moscow | ||
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