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Gates of the Temple Mount

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The Temple Mount viewed from southeast
Map of the Temple Mount; some gates are described in the map

TheTemple Mount,a holy site in theOld City of Jerusalem,also known as theal-Ḥaram al-SharīforAl-Aqsa,contains twelve gates. One of the gates, Bab as-Sarai, is currently closed to the public but was open under Ottoman rule. There are also six other sealed gates. This does not include theGates of the Old City of Jerusalemwhich circumscribe the external walls except on the east side.

List of openable gates

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The following is ananti-clockwiselist of gates which open onto the Al-Aqsa Compound. Currently eleven gates are open to the Muslim public. Non-Muslims are only permitted to enter through the Moroccan (or Magharibah) gate.[1]The keys to all the gates, with the exception of the Moroccan gate are held by the Islamic Waqf; they can only open or close gates with the permission of Israel.[2]

Gate of the Tribes (Bab al-Asbat)

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Gate of the Tribes

TheGate of the Tribes(Arabic:باب الأسباطBāb al-ʾAsbāṭ,Hebrew:שער השבטים) is located at the north-eastern corner of the compound. Its name refers to theTwelve Tribes of Israel( "Bani Isra'il" )who left Egyptand came to the Holy Land/Bayt al-Maqdis to find thePromised Land.[3]Bab al-Asbāt is located to the east of the short northern side of the compound. Behind the gate, there is also a road as the Lions' Gate in the old city (also known as St Stephen's Gate).

Asbāt gate is one of the important ancient gates and the gate names had been given by Ibn al Fakih and Ibn Abd' Rabbih two earliest authorities.[4]The Asbāt gate was first built by the Mamluk Ruler Bybars.[5]Later, the door was renewed by Sultan Süleyman I during the Ottoman period. According to a legend, Sultan Suleyman I, who had a bad dream, is claimed to have started to renew the walls of Jerusalem (Beit el-Maqdis) after this dream.[6]

The Asbāt gate is located on the northern wall of the Haram al-Sharif and it is in the double gateway also, it is almost directly opposite Ahwab Mihrab Mariam.[7]The entrance to the gate is impressively decorated. There has the single opening of a semicircular arch with a distinctive 45-degree chamfer and segmental inner arch at the part of the gate that has reached the present time, also the masonry of the wall shows that there are two gates because 1.20 meters of the gate wall reaches to the west side.[8]According to Ratrout, the Early Muslim architecture of Bab al-Asbāt and its dimensions coincide with those of Bab al-Hashmi. Bab al-Asbāt is 2.81 meters in the width of the doorway, 3.30 meters in the width of the inner threshold of the doorway, and 4.30 meters in height of its arch.[9]Due to its level with the ground, this gate is the only gate through which ambulances can enter the mosque in case of emergency.[10]

Gate of Remission (Bab al-Hitta)

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Remission (Forgiveness) Gate

TheGate of Remission(Arabic:باب الحطهBāb al-Ḥiṭṭa), where 'remission' means 'forgiveness', is located on the north side. It is one of the oldest gates of the Al-Aqsa compound, and is the main entrance for visitors entering from the northern side of the city of Jerusalem (al-Quds), including the neighborhood ofBab Huta.

Gate of Darkness (Bab al-Atim)

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King Faisal's Gate (Gate of Darkness)

TheGate of Darkness(Arabic:باب العتمBāb al-ʿAtimor-ʿAtam) is one of the three gates located on the north side. It was called "Gate of al-Dawadariya" (باب الدوادرية), after a nearby school. It is now also known asKing Faisal's Gate(باب الملك فيصل). The gate is four meters tall, with an arched roof. At least a couple renovations are known, once circa 1213, during the reign of Ayyubid Kingal-Mu'azzam Isa,and then circa 1930 by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.[11]It is one of the three gates on the north. The gate is also known as the "Gate of Honor of the Prophets" (باب شرف الانبیاء).[11]

Gate of the Bani Ghānim (Bab al-Ghawanima)

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TheGate of theBaniGhānim(Arabic:باب الغوانمهBāb al-Ghawānima) is located on the north-western corner. The name refers toArabiccollectiveof theclanname Ghanim, and is recorded since at least the16th century.[12]It was called the al-Khalil gate (باب الخلیل).[13]

Gate of the Seraglio or Palace (Bab as-Sarai; closed)

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A twelfth gate still open during Ottoman rule is now closed to the public: Bab as-Sarai (Gate of the Seraglio, or of the Palace); a small gate to the former residence of the Pasha of Jerusalem; in the northern part of the western wall, between theBani GhānimandCouncilGates.

Council Gate (Bab al-Majlis)

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Main article:Inspector's Gate

TheCouncil Gate(باب المجلسBāb al-Majlis), also known as theInspector's Gate(Bāb an-NāẓirorNadhir), is located on the northern side of the western Temple Mount wall. It was calledBāb al-Mīkāʾīl(باب المیکائیل) andBāb al-Ḥabs(باب الحبس).

Iron Gate (Bab al-Hadid)

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Little Western Wallnear the Iron Gate

TheIron Gate(باب الحديدBāb al-Ḥadīd,Hebrew:Shaar Barzel) is located on the western side, at the end of Bab al-Hadid Street, being within the Muslim Quarter, and where, before entering, one gains access to an exposed and contiguous section of the ancient wall of theTemple Mount,known locally as theLittle Western Wall.[14]

Cotton Merchants' Gate (Bab al-Qattanin)

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Main article:Cotton Merchants' Gate
Dome of the Rockviewed through Cotton Merchants' Gate

TheCotton Merchants' Gate(Arabic:باب القطانينBāb al-QaṭṭānīnHebrew:שער מוכרי הכותנה) leads onto the Temple Mount. It was built by theruler of Damascus,Tankiz,during the reign ofMamlukSultanibn Qalawun,as marked by an inscription over the door.[15]Since this site is the closest a person can get to theFoundation Stonewithout setting foot on the mount itself, the gate was a popular place of prayer for Jews during the 19th century.

Ablution Gate (Bab al-Matahara)

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Through the Ablution Gate towards the Old City

TheAblution Gate(Arabic:باب المطهرةBāb al-Maṭaharaorباب المتوضأBāb al-Mutawaḍḍaʾ,orBāb aṭ-Ṭahāra(باب الطهارة) is located on the western flank.

The gate is rectangular in shape and reaches a height of 3.5 m. It was renovated during the reign of the Mamluk Prince Alaa al-Din al-Busairi in the year 666AH(1266 CE). It is the only gate that does not lead to the streets and alleys of the Old City, but to a private road that leads toal-Mutahara,located 50 meters away from it.

TheWaqf(Islamic Endowments) Department in Jerusalem, which is in charge of managing the affairs of theAl-Aqsa Mosque,rebuilt it in the 1980s.

Tranquility Gate (Bab as-Salam)

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TheTranquility Gate(Bāb as-SalāmorBāb as-Sakīna) is the closed, twin gate of theChain Gate.

Chain Gate (Bab as-Silsila)

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Gate of the Chain
Main article:As-Silsila Gate

TheChain Gate(Arabic:باب السلسلة,Bāb as-Silsila;Hebrew:Shaar HaShalshelet) is located on the western flank. Though not without dispute, some think that this was the site of the Kipunos (Coponius) Gate, which existed during theSecond Templeperiod.[16]

Magharibah Gate

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The Morocco Gate from within the Mount

TheMoors' Gate,also known asMagharibah Gate[17][18](Arabic:باب المغاربةBāb al-Maghāriba;Hebrew:Shaar HaMughrabim), is the southernmost gate on the western flank of the compound, built directly over the Herodian-period gate known as the Gate of the Prophet (also known asBarclay's Gate,named forJames Turner Barclay). It is believed that the current gate was built during the Ayyubid period and renovated and connected to the western section of the compound during Mamluke rule.[19]The gate was constructed around the time that the Ayyubids endowed the quarter to North Africans and Moors of Andalusia, Malikites, who were living side by side in Jerusalem.[19]The Magharibah, as these communities were called in Arabic, lived in this area until they were dispersed with the quarter's demolition in 1967 by Israel in order to construct the Western Wall Plaza for the Jews to pray.[19]Some 130 homes were destroyed, displacing the North African inhabitants who came and settled in the area since the time of Saladin.

Over the years, the ground level outside the Magharibah Gate rose by many meters above its threshold and the Gate of the Prophet (Barclay's Gate) was finally walled up in the 10th century. At some stage, a new gate called Bab al-Magharibah was installed in al-Buraq Wall (Western Wall) above the Gate of the Prophet (Barclay's Gate), at the level of the compound esplanade. It was named after the residents of theadjacent neighborhood,who had come to Jerusalem fromthe Maghrebin the days ofSaladin.This gate is open to this day and since1967has been the entrance to the Al-Aqsa Mosque accessible to non-Muslims only.[17][18]Muslims have been banned from using this gate since 1967.

Although the keys to the Al-Aqsa compound gates are the property of the IslamicWaqforganization, the keys to the al-Magharibah gate were seized by Israel in 1967 and continue to remain in their possession until today.[citation needed]

The gate, specifically theexcavation of the historic rampleading up to it, has been a point of contention between Israelis and Arab Muslims.[20]In February 2004, a wall which supported the 800-year-old ramp jutting out from al-Buraq Wall (Western Wall) and leading up to the Maghariba Gate, partially collapsed. Israeli authorities believed a recent earthquake and snowfall may have been responsible, whileHamasand Muslim officials blamed the collapse on Israelis working in the area.[21][22]The Maghariba Gate is the only access for non-Muslims to enter the site, meaning its closure will prevent both Jews and tourists from visiting until a replacement structure is built. The ramp leads from the plaza by the Western Wall up to the adjoining compound, known to Muslims as Haram al-Sharif, which houses the Al-Aqsa Mosque. It is known that Israel has been carrying out archaeological excavations in an area outside the compound, inviting the charge that they are trying to destabilise the mosque, Islam's third holiest site.[21]In 2007, the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) built a temporary wooden pedestrianbridgeto the Maghariba Gate. No agreement could be reached over a more permanent structure.

The damaged ramp, situated beneath the bridge and not connected to it, consists of an accumulation of archaeological layers which have been excavated by the IAA, who removed surface material and made visible several ruined structures. This was done in contravention to the action plan initially submitted by the IAA to theUNESCO.

In 2013, an archaeological excavation was conducted at the Maghariba Gate by Hayim-Her Barbe, Roie Greenvald, and Yevgeni Kagan, on behalf of theIsrael Antiquities Authority(IAA).[23]

Firas Dibs, Press Spokesperson for the Jerusalem Islamic Foundations Administration, stated that the Israeli police attacked the al-Haram as-Sharif community.[24]Dibs pointed out that there was a dispute and friction between Palestinian youth and Israeli police in front of the Al-Maqariba (Moroccans) Gate in the south west of Al-Aqsa Mosque, and write that the police intervened with sound bombs and rubber bullets.[24]

On 24 May 2021, the Temple Mount complex was reopened to Jews for the first time in 20 days after Muslim unrest.[25]

Sealed gates

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The wall surrounding the Temple Mount contains six sealed gates.

Golden Gate

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Main article:Golden Gate (Jerusalem)
The Golden Gate from within the Mount

TheGolden Gate(Arabic:باب الرحمة,romanized:Bāb al-Raḥma,lit. 'Mercy Gate';Hebrew:Sha'ar Harachamim,"Gate of Mercy" ), located on the eastern wall of the Temple Mount, was probably built in the 520sCE,as part ofJustinian I's building program inJerusalem,on top of the ruins of an earlier gate in the wall. An alternate theory holds that it was built in the later part of the 7th century byByzantineartisans employed by theUmayyadkhalifs.It has two vaulted halls which lead to the Door of Mercy, Bab al-Rahma, and the Door of Repentance, Bab al-Taubah. Closed by the Muslims in 810, reopened in 1102 by the Crusaders, it was walled up by Saladin after regaining Jerusalem in 1187.Suleiman the Magnificentrebuilt it together with the city walls, but walled it up in 1541, and it has stayed that way until today.[26]The 1st-century historian,Josephus,who mentions the "eastern gate" in hisAntiquities,makes note of the fact that this gate was considered within the far northeastern extremity of the inner sacred court.[27]According to theMishnah,there was formerly a causeway which led out of the Temple Mount eastward over theKidron Valley,extending as far as theMount of Olives.[28]Rabbi Eliezer,dissenting, says that it was not a causeway, but rather marble pillars over which cedar boards had been laid, used by the High Priest and his entourage.[29]This gate was not used by the masses to enter the Temple Mount, but reserved only for the High Priest and all those that aided him when taking out the Red Heifer or the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement.

Dutch archaeologistLeen Ritmeyer,who explored the gate in the 1970s, reached the conclusion that the two monolithic massive gateposts seen on the inside of the gate belong to an old structure of the gate, thought to be theShushan Gate(mentioned inMishnahMiddot1:3 as being the only gate in the Eastern Wall), and that it dates from theFirst Temple period.[30]

During theOttoman-Turk era,the inner recess (vestibule) built within the western side of the Golden Gate was used for brick burning, which bricks were then used to renovate buildings and structures in theHaram esh-Sharif(Temple Mount enclosure).[31]A small mosque was built near the Golden Gate to cater to the brick burners, but which was later destroyed, along with part of the Gate's wall, by order of the Sultan in the 19th-century in order to make room for renovations.[31]A new wall and two new arches were added to the Gate's western interior. The gate house, which is accessed from the Temple Mount by descending a wide flight of stairs leading into it, and where the current ground floor is built in the shape of a rectangle measuring 24 metres (79 ft) × 17 metres (56 ft) (exterior wall measurements), is surrounded by walls, the length of which space is divided by a row of columns forming two equal divisions. At the ground level can be seen the top of an ancient arch (the lower stones still buried underground), the existence of which leads to the conclusion that the original ground level was much lower than what it is today.[31]

Warren's Gate

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Main article:Warren's Gate

Hittah Gate/Barclay's Gate

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Al-Buraq Mosque drawn by Barclay, c. 1851–1854

Barclay's Gatelies within theAl-Buraq Mosque,[32]under theMoroccans' Gate(Moors' Gate) and is one of the four Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa original gates on its western side. Its Arabic name isBāb an-Nabi,"Gate of the Prophet [Muhammad]"[33]—not to be confused with the Triple Gate, which has the same Arabic name. It is named afterJames Turner Barclay,a 19th-centuryChristianmissionarywho discovered the main structure of the gate buried underground within the Al-Aqsa compound in 1852.[32][34]Several researchers identified it as one of theSecond Temple periodgates, possibly the Coponius Gate, which is mentioned in Jewish and Christian sources of the period. The gate was blocked with stones at the end of the 10th century and the internal gate room was transformed into amosque dedicated to Buraq.Today the room is closed and entrance to it is prohibited without the approval of theWaqf.[35]

After theSix-Day War,the Israel Religious Affairs Ministry andBenjamin Mazar,who was at the time conducting the dig outside thesouthern wallof the Temple Mount, planned to uncover this gate, but they were prevented from doing so by both Jewish and Muslim religious leaders.[36]

Huldah Gates

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Main article:Huldah Gates
The Triple Gate

TheHuldah Gatescomprise two sets of bricked-up gates in the southern wall of the Temple Mount. The fact that the original entrance gateways still exist reflects an ancient promise cited in a work ofrabbinic literature,Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah:"The Kohen Gate and the Huldah Gate were never destroyed and God will renew them".[dubious–discuss]The 1st-century historian,Josephus,mentions these gates in hisAntiquities:"...the fourth front of the temple [mount], which was southward, had indeed itself gates in its middle."[37]

The Double Gate/ The Prophets Gate/ Bab Al Nabi The Prophets Gate or the Double Gate is one of the permanently closed gates along the Southern wall of Al Aqsa Compound. The Gate was used by the Umayyad Caliphs when they would visit Al Aqsa Mosque from their palaces to the south of the compound.

This gate is located around 100 metres from the South Western corner of the Compound. According to Khusru, Bab al Nabi was named as such because it was believed to be the place that the Prophet Muhammed entered Al Aqsa on the night of Isra and Miraj. Since the 19th Century according to Ratrout, the name “Double Gate” was given due to the two rectangular doorways which opened up into the long tunnel leading to the “Ancient Mosque” or “Al Aqsa Qadeem”. The Gateway enters into a long tunnel which measures more than 77 metres towards the north from the Southern wall. On the side of the doorways, above the arch there are floral engravings which according to Ben-Dov 1985, p138 is an “arch in the style of the Muslim Period”

According to Ratrout, p256,[38]Bab Al Nabi leads to a square domed vestibule which then leads to a flight of stairs leading to a double passage tunnel up to the level of the compound. The tunnel according to Ratrout during the early Islamic Period was much shorter but was extended to the north by the Abbasid Caliphs Al Mansur and Al Mahdi in 154-163 AH/ 771-780 AD [Hamilton, 1949, p63]

Triple Gate

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The set on the right is a triple-arched gate, known as the Triple Gate - not to be confused withBarclay's Gate,which has the same Arabic name. Each of the gates once led into a passageway stretching underneath the esplanade of the Mount, and then to steps leading up to the esplanade itself.

Single Gate

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TheSingle Gateis located along thesouthern wall.It once led to the underground area of the Temple Mount known asSolomon's Stables.

Gate of the Funerals, or of the Burāq

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Bāb al-Janā’iz(باب الجنائز), orBāb al-Burāq(باب البراق) (Gate of the Funerals/of theBurāq) is a hardly noticeablepostern,or maybe an improvised gate, once opening into the eastern wall a short distance south of theGolden Gate.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Elaine McArdle,"How to visit Temple Mount as a tourist: Old City, Jerusalem, Israel,"The Whole World is a Playground,1 January 2015
  2. ^"GATES".Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2023.Retrieved21 May2024.
  3. ^Ugurluel, Talha (2020).Arzin Kapisi Kudus.Timas Tarih. p. 33.ISBN978-605-08-2425-4.
  4. ^Strange, Guy Le (1890).Palestine Under the Moslem: A description of Syria and Holy Land.OCOMMITTEE F THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND. p. 185.
  5. ^Yilmaz, Hayrunisa (22 December 2019). "Kudüs'teki Memlûk Türk Devleti Armaları ('Renk'ler)".Belleten.83(298): 917.
  6. ^"4 May 2020".
  7. ^AL-RATROUT, HAITHEM FATHI (2004).PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF Al-AQSA MOSQUE, in: The Architectural Development of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islamic Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period.Al-Maktum Institute Academic Press. p. 307.
  8. ^AL-RATROUT, HAITHEM FATHI (2004).PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF Al-AQSA MOSQUE, in: The Architectural Development of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islamic Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period: Sacred Architecture in the Shape of "The Holy.".Al-Maktum Institute Academic Press. p. 307.
  9. ^AL-RATROUT, HAITHEM FATHI (2004).PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF Al-AQSA MOSQUE, in: The Architectural Development of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Islamic Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period: Sacred Architecture in the Shape of "The Holy.".Al-Maktum Institute Academic Press. p. 314.
  10. ^""باب الأسباط فی القدس.. تاریخ من المقاومة الفلسطینیة ضد الاحتلال"".
  11. ^ab"Gate of Darkness".Madain Project.Retrieved27 April2019.
  12. ^Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023)."Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)".Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.139(2).
  13. ^"Bab Ghawanimah".Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2023.Retrieved21 May2024.
  14. ^Nine unknown sites in the Old City of Jerusalem,Oren Cahanovitc: The Small Wailing Wall
  15. ^Eliyahu Wager (1988).Illustrated guide to Jerusalem.Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing viewed through the Cotton Merchants' Gate]]House. p. 35.
  16. ^Drory, Joseph[in Hebrew];Sapir, Baruch (1980). "Chain Gate (Sha'ar ha-shalshelet)". In Chaim Rubenstein (ed.).Israel Guide - Jerusalem (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)(in Hebrew). Vol. 10. Jerusalem:Keter Publishing House,in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 71–72.OCLC745203905.
  17. ^ab"Tourism Min. plan to widen Jewish access to Temple Mount angers Palestinians".Haaretz.7 October 2014.Retrieved5 November2014.
  18. ^ab"Israel issues tender for new settlement units".Al Jazeera. 18 December 2011.Retrieved5 November2014.
  19. ^abcal-Jubeh, Nazmi (2018)."Bab al-Magharibah Joah's Nail in the Haram al-Sharif"(PDF).Jerusalem Quarterly File:17–24 – via Institute for Palestine Studies.
  20. ^Marshall J. Breger; Yitzhak Reiter; Leonard Hammer (19 June 2013).Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine: Religion and Politics.Routledge. pp. 251, 266.ISBN978-1-136-49034-7.
  21. ^abBBC NEWS. Warning over Jerusalem holy site
  22. ^Jerusalem wall collapse sparks Jewish-Muslim row
  23. ^Israel Antiquities Authority,Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013,Survey Permit # A-6697
  24. ^ab"İsrail'in Mescid-i Aksa ve Filistinlilere saldırıları: 9'u çocuk 21 ölü, yüzlerce yaralı".euronews.11 May 2021.Retrieved25 May2021.
  25. ^"Jerusalem: Temple Mount reopens to Jews after 20 days".Indiafaith.24 May 2021.Retrieved7 June2021.
  26. ^Dr. J. Randall Price,Rose Guide To The Temple.Rose Publishing 2013, p. 135,ISBN9781596364684[1]
  27. ^Josephus,Antiquities15.424
  28. ^Mishnah (Parah3:6;Middot1:3)
  29. ^ToseftaParah3:7
  30. ^Ritmeyer, L.(11 March 2019)."The Golden Gate of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem - The interior of the Golden Gate in the 1970's".History, Image Library, Jerusalem, News, Temple Mount.Retrieved20 October2020.
  31. ^abcSchiller, Eli, ed. (1989).The Temple Mount and its Sites (הר הבית ואתריו)(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. pp. 98–108 (The Golden Gate).OCLC741174009.(Reproduced fromAriel: A Journal for the Knowledge of the Land of Israel,volumes 64-65)
  32. ^abBarclay, J.T. (1857).The City of the Great King: Or, Jerusalem as it Was, as it Is, and as it is to be.J. Challen. p. 489.Retrieved18 August2022.
  33. ^Le Strange,Palestine Under the Moslemsp. 189
  34. ^Josephus,Antiquities(xv, 410 [15.11.5]),Loeb Classical Library,ed.H.St.J. Thackeray,Heinemann: London 1926
  35. ^Baruch, Yuval."The Mughrabi Gate Access – The Real Story".Israel Antiquities Authority.Retrieved10 July2007.
  36. ^Shragai, Nadav (12 February 2007)."The gate of the Jews".Haaretz.Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2007.Retrieved10 July2007.
  37. ^Josephus,Antiquities15.410
  38. ^HAITHEM FATHI AL-RATROUT, July 2002THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT Of AL-AQSA MOSQUE IN ISLAMICJERUSALEM IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD SACRED ARCHITECTURE IN THE SHAPE OF "THE HOLY" ThesisDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE, GLASGOW, UK
  39. ^Charles Wilson (1879).Quarterly Statement for 1879.London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Retrieved24 September2015.Over the doorway of the postern there is a sort of lintel, but there are no regular jambs, and the whole has more the appearance of a hole broken through the masonry and afterwards roughly filled up than that of a postern in a city wall; still it probably marks the site ofMejr-ed-Din's Gate of Burak.
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