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Multiracial people

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"Mixed race" redirects here. For the album by Tricky, seeMixed Race (album).For more information, seeMultiracialism.

The termsmultiracial peopleormixed-race peoplerefer to people who are of more than tworaces,[1]and the termsmulti-ethnic peopleorethnically mixed peoplerefer to people who are of more than twoethnicities.[2][3]A variety of terms have been used both historically and presently for mixed-race people in a variety of contexts, includingmultiethnic,polyethnic,occasionallybi-ethnic,Métis,Muwallad,[4]Melezi,[5]Coloured,Dougla,half-caste,ʻafakasi,mestizo,[6]mutt,[7]Melungeon,[8]quadroon,[9]octoroon,sambo/zambo,[10]Eurasian,[11]hapa,hāfu,Garifuna,pardo,andGurans.A number of these once-acceptable terms are now consideredoffensive,in addition to those that were initially coined for pejorative use.

Individuals of mixed-race backgrounds make up a significant portion of the population in many parts of the world. InNorth America,studies have found that the mixed-race population is continuing to grow. In many countries ofLatin America,mestizosmake up the majority of the population and in some others alsomulattoes.In the Caribbean, mixed-race people officially make up the majority of the population in the Dominican Republic (73%), Aruba (68%), and Cuba (51%).[12]

Definitions

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In terms of race

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See also:Race (human categorization)

While defining race is controversial[broken anchor],[13]raceremains a commonly used term for classification, often related to visible physical characteristics or known community. Insofar as race is defined differently in different cultures, perceptions of mixed race are subjective.

According to U.S. sociologistTroy Dusterand ethicist Pilar Ossorio:

Some percentage of people who look native European will possess genetic markers indicating that a significant majority of their recent ancestors were African. Some percentage of people who look African or native African will possess genetic markers indicating the majority of their recent ancestors were European.[14]

In the United States:

Many state and local agencies comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 1997 revised standards for the collection, tabulation, and presentation of federal data on race and ethnicity. The revised OMB standards identify a minimum of five racial categories:European American;African American;Native American and Alaska Native;Asian;andNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.Perhaps the most significant change for Census 2000 was that respondents were given the option to mark one or more races on the questionnaire to indicate their racial identity.Census 2000race data are shown for people who reported a race either alone or in combination with one or more other races.[15]

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In theEnglish-speaking world,many terms for mixed-race people exist, some of which are pejorative or are no longer used.Mulato,zamboandmestizoare used inSpanish,mulato,caboclo,cafuzo,ainoko(fromJapanese) andmestiçoin Portuguese, andmulâtreandmétisinFrench.These terms are also in certain contexts used in the English-speaking world. InCanada,theMétisare a recognized ethnic group of mixed European andIndigenous Americandescent, who have status in the law similar to that ofFirst Nations.

Terms such asmulattofor people of partially African descent andmestizofor people of partially Native American descent are still used by English-speaking people of the Western Hemisphere[citation needed]but mostly to refer to the past or to the demography ofLatin Americaand its diasporic population.Half-breedis a historic term for people of partial Native American ancestry; it is now considered pejorative and discouraged from use.Mestee,once widely used, is now used mostly for members of historically mixed-race groups, such as Louisiana Creoles,Melungeons,Redbones,Brass AnklesandMayles.

In South Africa and much of English-speaking southern Africa, the termColouredwas used to describe both mixed-race persons of African and European descent, and those Asians not of African descent.[16]While the term is socially accepted, it is becoming outdated because of its association with theapartheidera.[citation needed]

In Latin America, populations became triracial after the introduction of African slavery. A panoply of terms developed during the Spanish and Portuguese colonial periods, including terms such aszambofor persons of Native American and native African descent. Charts and diagrams intended to explain the classifications were common. The well-knownCastapaintings in Mexico and, to some extent, Peru, were illustrations of the different classifications.

At one time, Latin American census categories have used such classifications. In Brazilian censuses since theImperial times,for example, most persons of mixed heritage, exceptAsian Brazilianswith someEuropean descent(or any other to the extent it is not clearly perceptible) and vice versa, tend to be thrown into the single category of "pardo".Butracial boundaries in Brazilare related less to ancestry than to phenotype. A westernized Amerindian withcopper-coloredskin may also be classified as a "pardo", acabocloin this case, despite not being mixed race. A European-looking person, even with one or more nativeAfricanor Indigenous ancestors, is not classified as "pardo" but as "branco", awhite Brazilian.The same applies to "negros",Afro-Brazilianswhose European or Native American ancestors are not visible in their appearance. According to genetic research, most Brazilians of all racial groups (except Asian-Brazilians and natives) are, to some extent, mixed-race.

In the English language, the termsmiscegenationandamalgamationwere used for unions between whites, blacks, and other ethnic groups. The term 'miscegenation' initially replaced 'amalgamation' due to the latter's association with slavery in the 1800s,[17][18]while 'miscegenation' is today often considered offensive and controversial.[19]The termsmixed-race,biracialormultiracialare becoming generally accepted. In other languages, terms for miscegenation are not necessarily considered offensive.[19]

In terms of ethnicity

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The terms "multi-ethnic people" or "ethnically mixed people" refer to people who are of more than oneethnicity.[2][20]

Regions with significant mixed-race populations

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Africa

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InEast Africa,specificallyUganda,KenyaandTanzania(including portions of theEast African Community), people of mixed race are calledhalf-castes(in English) orchotara(singular, inSwahili),wachotara(plural in Swahili).[21]

North Africa

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Further information:Afro-Arab

North Africa has numerous mixed-race communities, reflecting a history of both extensive Mediterranean trade around the region and later colonization and migration by African groups. Among these are theHaratin,oasis-dwellers of Saharan southernMorocco,Algeria,andMauritania.They are believed to be an ethnicity composed ofSub-Saharan AfricanandBerberancestry. They constitute a socially and ethnically distinct group within the Maghreb.[22]

For centuries,Arab slave traderssold sub-Saharan Africans as slaves in cumulatively large numbers throughout thePersian Gulf,Anatolia,Central Asiaand theArab world.Communities descended from these slaves and local peoples can be found throughout these regions.[23]Barbary pirates were known to attack European and British ships and take Europeans into slavery as well. So many were taken, that the memoirs of survivors are considered a literary genre known ascaptivity narratives.When English and other European colonists were taken captive by Native Americans, they had models for recounting their trials.

Cape Verde, in west Africa, has one of the most mixed-race populations (around 75% of the population) on the planet.[citation needed]

South Africa

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ExtendedColouredfamily fromSouth Africa.
Main article:Coloureds

InSouth Africa,theProhibition of Mixed Marriages Actof 1949 prohibited marriage between Native Europeans (people of European descent) and non-Whites (being classified as African, Asian and Coloured). But this followed centuries of interaction and unions resulting in mixed-race children. This law was repealed in 1985.

Mixed-race South Africans are commonly referred to asColoureds.According to the 2016 South African Census,[24]they are the second-largest ethnic group (8.8%), behindNative Africans,or Native African Bantu peoples, who constitute (80.8%) of the current population.European South Africansmake up 8.1%.[24]

Madagascar

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Main article:Malagasy peoples

Madagascarwas settled between the first and ninth centuries AD by two groups:Austronesianpeoples who arrived onoutrigger canoesfrom across the Indian Ocean, andBantumigrants who crossed theMozambique Channelfrom mainland Africa. These two groups intermixed, forming the modern Malagasy people; later migrants from Arabia, Somalia, and India added to the genetic mixture.

Virtually all Malagasy people are of some degree of mixed descent; however, the amount of mixture varies greatly between regions of Madagascar, despite all Malagasy people sharing a common language and similar cultural elements. The Malagasy of the central highlands of Madagascar have predominantly Austronesian ancestry, the Malagasy of the west coast and the south of the island have predominantly Bantu ancestry, and Malagasy of the island's east coast are of roughly equal degrees Bantu and Austronesian ancestry. The average Malagasy person's genetic makeup includes a roughly equal blend of Southeast Asian and East African genes.[25]

Asia

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India

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See also:Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

The people of South Asia have a diverse genetic pool, being composed of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Neolithic Iranians, andWestern Steppe Herders.This makes up the genome of modern-day Indians and varies from caste and region.

Henry Louis Vivian Derozio,a radical thinker and educator, was of Indian and European background.[relevant?] Prior to colonization, the peoples of India had a long history of trade and other interaction with other peoples. More recently a Eurasian mix developed during the Colonial period, beginning with the French, Dutch, Portuguese and other European traders and merchants, including British. Such interaction continued during theBritish Rulein India, although it lessened as British families settled in the country. The estimated population of Anglo-Indians, the term for these Eurasians, is 600,000 worldwide, with the majority living in India and the UK.

Article 366(2) of theIndian ConstitutiondefinesAnglo-Indianas:[26][27]

(2) an Anglo-Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;

Myanmar (Burma)

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Myanmar(formerly Burma) was a British colony from 1826 until 1948. Other European nationals were active in the country before the British arrived. Intermarriage and relationships took place among such settlers and merchants with the local Burmese population, and subsequently between British colonists and the Burmese. The local Eurasian population is known as theAnglo-Burmese.This group dominated colonial society and through the early years of independence. After Burma gained independence in 1948, manyAnglo-Burmeseleft the country; the diaspora resides primarily inAustralia,New Zealandand theUK.An estimated 52,000 Anglo-Burmese live in Burma.

Philippines

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See also:Filipino mestizo
Mestizos as illustrated in theCarta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas,1734.

ThePhilippineswas aSpanish colonyfor almost four centuries, or 333 years. The United States took it over after the Spanish-American War, ruling for 46 years. Many Filipinos are mixedSpanish Filipino,and according toFedor Jagor,one-third of Luzon which holds half the Philippine population, has Spanish or Latin-American admxiture. And it also has Philippine-American descent.[28]

After the defeat of Spain during theSpanish–American Warin 1898, the Philippines and other remainingSpanish colonieswere ceded to the United States in theTreaty of Paris.The Philippines was under U.S.sovereigntyuntil 1946, though occupied by Japan during World War II. In 1946, in theTreaty of Manila,the U.S. recognized the Republic of the Philippines as an independent nation. Even after 1946, the U.S. maintained a strong military presence in the Philippines, with as many as 21 U.S. military bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there as defense in Asia and during the Vietnam War.

After the bases closed in 1992, American troops left, often abandoning partners and theirAmerasianchildren.[29]The Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians in the Philippines, with 5,000 in the Clark area ofAngeles City.[30]An academic research paper presented in the U.S. (in 2012) by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000. This is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasians intermarried with other Amerasians and Filipino natives.[31][32]The newer Amerasians from the United States would add to the already older settlement of peoples from other countries in the Americas that happened when the Philippines was under Spanish rule,[33]as the Philippines once received immigrants from Spanish occupied Panama, Peru,[34]and Mexico.[35]: Chpt. 6 

In the United States, intermarriage between Filipinos and other ethnicities is common. They have the highest number ofinterracial marriagesamong Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.[36]Some 21.8% of Philippine-Americans are of mixed ancestry.[37]

Singapore and Malaysia

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According to government statistics, the population ofSingaporeas of September 2007 was 4.68 million. Mixed-race people, includingChindiansandEurasians,formed 2.4%.

In Singapore andMalaysia,the majority of inter-ethnic marriages are betweenChineseandIndians.The offspring of such marriages are informally known as "Chindian".The Malaysian government classifies them only by their father's ethnicity. As the majority of these intermarriages usually involve an Indian groom and Chinese bride, the majority of Chindians in Malaysia are usually classified as"Indian"by the government. As for theMalays,who are predominantlyMuslim,legal restrictions in Malaysia make it uncommon for them to intermarry with either the Indians, who are predominantlyHindu,or the Chinese, who are predominantlyBuddhistandTaoist.[38]But Indian Muslims andArabs in Singaporeand Malaysia often take local Malay wives, because of their commonIslamicfaith.[39]

TheChittypeople, in Singapore and theMalaccastate of Malaysia, areTamilswith considerable Malay ancestry. The early Tamil settlers took local wives, as they had not brought their own women at that time.

In the East Malaysian states ofSabahandSarawak,intermarriage has been common betweenChineseand native tribespeople, such as theMurutandDusunin Sabah, and theIbanandBisayain Sarawak. A mixture of cultures has resulted in both states. The offspring of these marriages are called "Sino-(name of tribe)", e.g. Sino-Dusun. Normally, children are strongly affected by the father's ethnicity and culture, being raised in his culture. TheseSino-nativesusually become fluent in bothMalayandEnglish.A smaller number are able to speak Chinese dialects andMandarin,especially those who have received education in vernacular Chinese schools.

Sri Lanka

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Due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the island ofSri Lankahas been a confluence for settlers from various parts of the world. There are several mixed-race ethnicities in the island. The most notable mixed-race group is theSri Lankan Moors,who trace their ancestry to Arab traders who settled on the island and intermarried with local women. Today, the Sri Lankan Moors live primarily in urban communities. They preserve Arab-Islamic cultural heritage while adopting many Southern Asian customs.

TheBurghersare a Eurasian ethnic group. They are descendants through paternal lines of European colonists from the 16th to 20th centuries (mostly Portuguese, Dutch, German and British) and with maternal ancestry among local women. Other European minorities in such admixtures include Swedish, Norwegian, French and Irish.

TheSri Lanka Kaffirsare an ethnic group partially descended from 16th-century Portuguese traders and their enslaved Africans. The Kaffirs spoke a distinctive creole based on Portuguese, the Sri Lanka Kaffir language, which is now extinct. Their cultural heritage includes the dance styles Kaffringna and Manja, as well as the Portuguese Sinhalese, Creole, Afro-Sinhalese varieties.

Vietnam

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Under terms of theGeneva Accords of 1954,departing French troops took thousands of Vietnamese wives and children with them after theFirst Indochina War.Some Eurasians stayed in Vietnam, after independence from French rule.[40]

China

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Main article:Hùnxuě'ér

West Asia

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Further information:Afro-Arab,Afro-Iranians,andAfro Turks

Ottomanslave traders sold slaves in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries throughout thePersian Gulf,Anatolia,Central Asiaand theArab worldand communities descended from these slaves can be found throughout these regions.[23]

Europe

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Romani peopleare of mixed South Asian, Middle Eastern and European ancestry. They settled in Europe hundreds of years ago.[41]

United Kingdom

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Main article:Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)

In 1991 an analysis of the census showed that 50% of Mixed Caribbean men born in the UK have native British partners,[42]and the 2011 BBC documentaryMixed Britannianoted that 1 in 10 British children are growing up in mixed households.

In 2000,The Sunday Timesreported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world" and certainly the UK has the highest rate in theEuropean Union.[43]The 2001 census showed the population of England to be 1.4% mixed-race, compared with 2.7% in Canada and 1.4% in the U.S. (estimate from 2002), although this U.S. figure did not include mixed-race people who had a parent with African Ancestry. Both the US and UK have fewer people identifying as mixed race, however, than Canada.

In the United Kingdom, many mixed-race people haveCaribbean,AfricanorAsianheritage. For example, supermodelNaomi CampbellhasJamaican,AfricanandAsianroots. Some, like 2008Formula OneWorld ChampionLewis Hamilton,are referred to or describe themselves as 'mixed'.

The2001 UK Censusincluded a section entitled 'Mixed', to which 1.4% (1.6% by 2005 estimates) of people responded, which was split further intoWhite and Black Caribbean,White and Asian,White and Native AfricanandOther Mixed.[citation needed]In the 2011 census, 2.2% chose 'Mixed' for the question on ethnicity.[44]

North America

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Canada

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See also:Métis in Canada
Canadian actor and musicianKeanu Reevesis ofEnglish,Native Hawaiian,Irish,PortugueseandChinesedescent.[45][46][47]
Canada Census Multiple Visible Minority 1996 – 2016

Mixed-race Canadians in 2006 officially totaled 1.5% of the population, up from 1.2% in 2001. The official mixed-race population grew by 25% since the previous census. Of these, the most frequent combinations weremultiple visible minorities(for example, people of mixed black and South Asian heritage form the majority, specifically inToronto), followed closely bywhite-black,white-Chinese,white-Araband many other smaller mixes.[48]

During the time ofslavery in the United States,a very large but unknown number of African American slaves escaped to Canada, whereslaverywas made illegal in 1834, via theUnderground Railroad.Many of these people married in with European Canadian and Native Canadian populations, although their precise numbers and the numbers of their descendants are not known.

Another 1.2% of Canadians officially areMétis(descendants of a historical population who were partiallyAboriginal—also called "Indian" or "Native" —andEuropean,particularlyEnglish,Scottish,IrishandFrenchethnic groups). Although the term "Métis" stems from the Latin verbmiscēre,"to mix", the Métis people are a distinct ethnic group within Canada.

United States

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Main article:Multiracial Americans
Further information:Black Indians in the United States,Melungeons,Métis in the United States,andChildren of the Plantation
US Census reporting of Two or Mixed Races 2010 – 2019

In theUnited States,the 2000 census was the first in the history of the country to offer respondents the option of identifying themselves as belonging to more than one race. This mixed-race option was considered a necessary adaptation to the demographic and cultural changes that the United States has been experiencing.[49]

Mixed-raceAmericansofficially numbered 6.1 million in 2006, or 2.0% of the population.[50][51]There is considerable evidence that an accurate number would be much higher. Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their mixed-race heritage. The development ofbinary thinkingabout race meant that African Americans, a high proportion of whom have also had European ancestry, were classified as black. Some are now reclaiming additional ancestries. Many Americans today are multi-racial without knowing it. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, 75% of allAfrican Americanshad mixed ancestries, usually European and Native American.[52]

In 2010, the number of Americans who checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms was 134 percent higher than it had been a decade earlier.[53]In 2012, those choosing 'Two or more races' on the census was 2.4% of the total.[54]

According toJames P. Allenand Eugene Turner, by some calculations in the 2000 Census, the mixed-race population that is part white is as follows:

  • White/Native American andAlaskan Native:7,015,017
  • White/African American: 737,492
  • White/Asian: 727,197 and
  • White/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander: 125,628.[55]

The stigma of a mixed-race heritage, associated with racial discrimination among numerous racial groups, has decreased significantly in the United States. People of mixed-race heritage can identify themselves now in the U.S. Census by any combination of races, whereas before Americans were required to select from only one category. For example, in 2010, they were offered choices of one or more racial categories from the following list:[56]

Barack Obama,the first mixed-racePresident of the United States

The US has a growing mixed-race identity movement, reflective of a desire by people to claim their full identities.Interracial marriage,most notably between whites and blacks, was historically deemed immoral and illegal in most states in the 18th, 19th and first half of the 20th century because of its long association of blacks with the slave caste.Californiaand theWestern United Stateshad similar laws to prohibit European-Asian marriages, which was associated with discrimination against Chinese and Japanese on the West Coast. Many states eventually repealed such laws and a 1967 decision by the US Supreme Court (Loving v. Virginia) overturned all remaining USanti-miscegenation laws.

The United States is one of the most racially diverse countries in the world. Americans are mostly mixed ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities culturally distinct in their former countries.Assimilationandintegrationtook place, unevenly at different periods of history, depending on the American region. The "Americanization" of foreign ethnic groups and the inter-racial diversity of millions of Americans has been a fundamental part of its history, especially on frontiers where different groups of people came together.[57]

On January 20, 2009,Barack Obamawas sworn in as America's first mixed-race president,[58]as he is the son of aEuropean Americanmother and aLuofather fromKenya.He acknowledges both parents. His officialWhite Housebiography describes him asAfrican American.[59]In Hawai'i, the U.S. state in which he was born, he would be called "hapa",which is theHawaiianword for "mixed race".[60]

Oceania

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See also:Euronesian

Fiji

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Fijihas long been a multi-ethnic country, with a vast majority of people being mixed race even if they do not self-identify in that manner. The indigenous Fi gian s are of mixed Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry, resulting from years of migration of islanders from various places mi xing with each other. Fiji Islanders from the Lau group have intermarried withTongansand other Polynesians over the years. The overwhelming majority of the rest of the indigenous Fi gian s, though, can be genetically traced to having mixed Polynesian/Melanesian ancestry.

The Indo-Fi gian population is also a hodge-podge of South Asian immigrants (called Girmits in Fiji), who came as indentured labourers beginning in 1879. While a few of these labourers managed to bring wives, many of them either took or were given wives once they arrived in Fiji. The Girmits, who are classified as simply "Indians" to this day, came from many parts of the Indian subcontinent of present-dayIndia,Pakistanand to a lesser degreeBangladeshandMyanmar.It is easy to recognize the Indian mixtures present in Fiji and see obvious traces of Southern and Northern Indians and other groups who have been categorised together. More of this phenomenon would have likely happened if the religious groups represented (primarily Hindu, Muslim andSikh) had not resisted to some degree marriage between religious groups, which tended to be from more similar parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Over the years, particularly in thesugar cane-growing regions of WesternViti Levuand parts ofVanua Levu,Indo-Fi gian s and Indigenous Fi gian s have mixed. Others have Chinese/Fi gian ancestry, Indo-Fi gian /Samoanor Rotuman ancestry and European/Fi gian ancestry (often called "part Fi gian s" ). The latter are often descendants of shipwrecked sailors and settlers who came during the colonial period. Migration from a dozen or more different Pacific countries (Tuvalu,Solomon Islands,Vanuatu,Samoa andWallis and Futunabeing the most prevalent) have added to the various ethnicities and intermarriages.

Latin America and the Caribbean

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Main articles:Race and ethnicity in Latin AmericaandCasta
See also:Mestizo,Pardo,Zambo,Mulatto,andDougla people
Bob Marleywhose mother is of African descent and whose father is of European ancestry
JamaicandancehallartistSean Paul's mother is ofEnglishandChinese Jamaicandescent; his paternal grandmother wasAfro-Caribbeanand his paternal grandfather was aSephardic JewfromPortugal.[61]

"Mestizo"is the common word for mixed-race people inLatin America,especially people withNative AmericanandSpanishor other European ancestry. Mestizos make up a large portion of Latin Americans, comprising a majority in many countries.

In Latin America, racial mixture was officially acknowledged from colonial times. There was official nomenclature for every conceivable mixture present in the various countries. Initially, this classification was used as a type of caste system, where rights and privileges were accorded depending on one's official racial classification. Official caste distinctions were abolished in many countries of theSpanish-speakingAmericasas they became independent of Spain. Several terms have remained in common usage.

Race and racial mixture have played a significant role in the politics of many Latin American countries. In most countries, for exampleMexico,Puerto Rico,Dominican RepublicandPanama,a majority of the population can be described as biracial or mixed race (depending on the country). InMexico,over 80% of the population ismestizoin some degree or another.[62]

The Mexican philosopher and educatorJosé Vasconcelosauthored an essay on the subject, "La Raza Cósmica",celebrating racial mixture.Venezuelanex-presidentHugo Chávez,of Spanish, indigenous and African ancestry, made positive references to the mixed-race ancestry of most Latin Americans from time to time.

Colonialism throughout theWest Indieshas created diverse populations on many islands, including people of mixed race identities. Of note is the mixture ofWest African communities,most brought to the region as slaves andEast Indiansettlers, most of whom came as indentured labor after the abolition of slavery.Trinidad and Tobago,GuyanaandSurinameclaim the highest populations of such mixtures, known locally asdouglas.In addition to such mixtures, many inhabitants of the West Indies can also have any combination ofAmerindian,Latino,European,Chinese,ArabandJewishheritage.

Brazil

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Main articles:Pardo BraziliansandMixed-race Brazilian
Adriana Limais ofPortuguese,[63]Afro-Brazilian,Native Brazilian,Swiss,West IndianandJapaneseancestry, which classifies her as aPardo Brazilian.[64]

According to the 2010 official census, 43.13% ofBraziliansidentified themselves aspardoskin color.[65]That option is normally marked bypeople that consider themselves mixed race(mestiço). TheMixed Race Dayor Mestizo Day (Dia do Mestiço), on 27 June, is official event in States of Amazonas, Roraima e Paraíba and a holiday in two cities. The termpardois formally used in the official census but is not used by the population. In Brazilian society, most people who are mixed race call themselvesmoreno:light-morenoor dark-moreno.Those terms are not considered offensive and focus more on skin color than on ethnicity (it is considered more like other human characteristics such as being short or tall).

The most common mixed-race groups are between European and African (mulatto) and Amerindian and European (cabocloormameluco). But there are also African and Amerindian (cafuzo) and East Asian (mostly Japanese) and European/other (ainokoor more recently,hāfu). All groups are more or less found throughout the whole country. Brazilian mixed-race people with three origins, Amerindian, European and African, make up the majority. It is said today[who?]that 89% or more of the "Pardo" population in Brazil has at least one Amerindian ancestor; mostbrancosor White Brazilians have some Amerindian or African ancestry too despite nearly half of the country's population self-labeling as "Caucasian" in the censuses.[citation needed]In Brazil, mixed-race people commonly claim to have no Amerindian ancestry, but studies have found[who?]that if a mixed-race Brazilian can trace their ancestry back to nearly eight to nine generations, they will have at least one Amerindian ancestor from their maternal side of the family.

Since mixed-race relations in Brazilian society have occurred for many generations, some people find it difficult to trace their own ethnic ancestry. Today a majority of mixed-race Brazilians do not really know their ethnic ancestry. Their unique features make them Brazilian-looking in skin color, lips and nose shape or hair texture, but they are aware only that their ancestors were probably Portuguese, African or Amerindian. Also, a very large number of other Europeans (counted in the millions) contributed to the Brazilian racial make-up, Japanese (the largest Japanese population outside Japan), Italian (the largest Italian population outside Italy), Lebanese (the largest population of Lebanese outside Lebanon), Germans, Poles and Russians. A high percentage of Brazilians is also of Jewish descent, perhaps hundreds of thousands, mostly found in the northeast of the country who cannot be sure of their ancestry as they descend from the so-called "Crypto-Jews" (Jews who practiced Judaism in secret but outwardly pretended to be Catholics), also called Marranos or New Christians, often considered Portuguese. According to some sources, one third of families arrived from Portugal during colonization were of Jewish origin.[citation needed]

There is a high level of integration between all groups but also a great social and economic difference between European descendants (more common in upper and middle classes) and African, Amerindian and mixed-race descendants (more common in lower classes), which is calledBrazilian apartheid.

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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Sources

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  • "Multiracial Children".American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. October 1999.Retrieved14 July2008.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toMultiracial people.
  • The Multiracial Activist,an online activist publication registered with the Library of Congress, focused on multiracial individuals and interracial families since 1997
  • ProjectRACE,an organization leading the movement for a multiracial classification
Advocacy groups
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_people&oldid=1238063973"