N-I (rocket)
Function | Carrier rocket |
---|---|
Manufacturer | McDonnell Douglas(design) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries(production) |
Country of origin | United States (design) Japan (production) |
Size | |
Height | 34 metres (112 ft)[1] |
Diameter | 2.44 metres (8.0 ft) |
Mass | 131,330 kilograms (289,530 lb)[1] |
Stages | 2 or 3 |
Capacity | |
Payload toLEO | |
Mass | 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb)[1] |
Payload toGTO | |
Mass | 360 kilograms (790 lb)[1] |
Associated rockets | |
Family | Delta |
Launch history | |
Status | Retired |
Launch sites | LA-N,Tanegashima |
Total launches | 7 |
Success(es) | 6 |
Partial failure(s) | 1 |
First flight | 9 September 1975 |
Last flight | 3 September 1982 |
Boosters –Castor 2 | |
No. boosters | 3[2] |
Powered by | 1TX-354-3 |
Maximum thrust | 258.9 kilonewtons (58,200 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 262 sec |
Burn time | 37 seconds |
Propellant | Solid |
First stage –Thor-ELT | |
Powered by | 1MB-3-3 |
Maximum thrust | 866.7 kilonewtons (194,800 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 290 sec |
Burn time | 270 seconds |
Propellant | RP-1/LOX |
Second stage | |
Powered by | 1LE-3 |
Maximum thrust | 52.9 kilonewtons (11,900 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 290 sec |
Burn time | 246 seconds |
Propellant | NTO/A-50 |
Third stage (optional) –Star-37N | |
Powered by | 1solid |
Maximum thrust | 45 kilonewtons (10,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 290 sec |
Burn time | 42 seconds |
Propellant | Solid |
TheN-IorN-1was a derivative of the AmericanThor-Deltarocket, produced under license in Japan. The N stood for "Nippon" (Japan). It used aLong Tank Thorfirst stage, aMitsubishi Heavy Industries-designedLE-3engine on the second stage,[3][4][5]and threeCastorSRMs.[2][6]Seven were launched between 1975 and 1982, before it was replaced by theN-II.Six of the seven launches were successful, however on the fifth flight, there was recontact between the satellite and the third stage, which caused the satellite to fail.
On 29 February 1976, the second N-I conducted the only orbital launch, as of 17 February 2024, to occur on aleap day.[7]
Launch history[edit]
Flight No. | Date / time (UTC) | Launch site | Payload[8] | Payload mass | Orbit | Launch outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1(F) | 9 September 1975 05:30[9] |
Tanegashima | Engineering Test Satellite I "KIKU-1" (ETS-I) | 82.5kg[10] | LEO | Success |
2(F) | 29 February 1976 03:30[9] |
Tanegashima | Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME" (ISS) | 139kg[11] | LEO | Success |
3(F) | 23 February 1977 08:50[9] |
Tanegashima | Engineering Test Satellite II "KIKU-2" (ETS-II) | 130kg[12] | GTO | Success |
3rd stage used | ||||||
4(F) | 16 February 1978 04:00[9] |
Tanegashima | Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME-2" (ISS-b) | 141kg[11] | LEO | Success |
5(F) | 6 February 1979 08:46[9] |
Tanegashima | Experimental Communications Satellites "Ayame" (ECS) | 130kg[13] | GTO | Partial failure |
3rd stage used; Recontact between satellite and upper stage. | ||||||
6(F) | 22 February 1980 08:35[9] |
Tanegashima | Experimental Communications Satellites "Ayame-2" (ECS-b) | 130kg[13] | GTO | Success |
3rd stage used; Satellite failed shortly after separation. | ||||||
9(F) | 3 September 1982 05:00[9] |
Tanegashima | Engineering Test Satellite III "KIKU-4" (ETS-III) | 385kg[14] | LEO | Success |
Payload Descriptions[edit]
Engineering Test Satellite I "KIKU-1" (ETS-1)[edit]
ETS-1 was the first satellite launched by theNASDA.It had the objective of acquiring information on N-series launch vehicles, orbit injection, and tracking and control.[10]It ceased operations on 28 April 1982.
Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME" (ISS)[edit]
UME was Japan's first Ionosphere Sounding Satellite.[11]It was used to monitor radio waves in the ionosphere and forecast conditions for shortwave communications. A power supply issue caused Ume to stop functioning one month after launch.[15]
Engineering Test Satellite II "KIKU-2" (ETS-2)[edit]
KIKU-2 was NASDA's first satellite launched to GEO.[12]It was intended to gather data on geostationary satellite launch, tracking, control, orbit maintenance, and attitude control as well as carrying out experiments on communications equipment. KIKU-2 ceased operations on 10 December 1990, leaving GEO.
Ionosphere Sounding Satellite "UME-2" (ISS-b)[edit]
UME-2 had similar goals to the original UME satellite, but was much more successful in carrying them out. While it was originally intended to gather data for only a year and a half, UME-2 ceased operations on 23 February 1983.
Experimental Communications Satellites "Ayame/Ayame-2" (ECS/ECS-b)[edit]
Both ECS satellites were unsuccessful in completing their mission. During the first ECS launch, the third stage rocket collided with the satellite shortly after separation. During the ECS-2 launch, the satellite stopped transmitting shortly after separation. The satellites had the intention of conducting millimeter wave experiments. The JAXA website states that "we learned some valuable lessons on satellite separation technology and apogee engine from this experience".[13]
About Engineering Test Satellite III "KIKU-4" (ETS-III)[edit]
KIKU-4 was developed to acquire data on designing earth observation satellites with high power requirements.[14]KIKU-4 completed testing of three-axis attitude control, deployable solar panels, movable heat control, and ion engine operation. On 8 April 1985, the satellite ran out of fuel and ceased operation.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abcdeWade, Mark."Delta".Encyclopedia Astronautica.Archived fromthe originalon 17 August 2013.Retrieved3 September2008.
- ^ab"JAXA Digital Archives".Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived fromthe originalon 9 September 2009.Retrieved1 October2009.
- ^"N-Iロケット khai phát の bộ み".Yukihiko Takenaka, NASDA.Retrieved10 February2011.
- ^"Tam lăng trọng công Nagoya hướng dẫn đẩy mạnh システム chế tác sở sự nghiệp sở giới thiệu duyên cách".Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Archived fromthe originalon 4 July 2011.Retrieved10 February2011.
- ^"Đệ 1 bộ sáng tạo tính phong かな khoa học kỹ thuật を cầu めて chương 2 tự chủ kỹ thuật khai phát へ の triển khai đệ 3 tiết dẫn đường ・ cơ bàn khoa học kỹ thuật giới hạn における tự chủ kỹ thuật khai phát の triển khai 2. Vũ trụ khai phát".Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2008.Retrieved10 February2011.
- ^Krebs, Gunter."N-1".Gunter's Space Page.Retrieved31 August2008.
- ^Pearlman, Robert (29 February 2016)."Space Station Command Change Is One Giant Leap (Day) for Space History".Space.Retrieved2 November2017.
- ^"JAXA | N-I Launch Vehicle".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^abcdefgMcDowell, Jonathan."Thor".Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database.Jonathan's Space Report.Archived fromthe originalon 1 August 2020.Retrieved31 August2008.
- ^ab"JAXA | Engineering Test Satellite I" KIKU-1 "(ETS-I)".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^abc"JAXA | Ionosphere Sounding Satellite" UME "(ISS)".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^ab"JAXA | Engineering Test Satellite II" KIKU-2 "(ETS-II)".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^abc"JAXA | Experimental Communications Satellites" Ayame "(ECS)".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^ab"JAXA | Engineering Test Satellite III" KIKU-4 "(ETS-III)".JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.Retrieved18 February2024.
- ^"ISS a, b (Ume 1, 2)".Gunter's Space Page.Retrieved18 February2024.