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Names of the Holocaust

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Names of the Holocaustvary based on context. "The Holocaust"is the name commonly applied in English since the mid-1940s to the systematic extermination of six millionJewsbyNazi GermanyduringWorld War II.

The term is sometimes used in a broader sense to include theNazi Party's systematic murder of millions of people in other groups they determined were "Untermenschen"or" subhuman ", which included, besides the Jews,Slavs,the former having allegedly infected the latter, but alsoUkrainians,Poles,Russians,Serbs,Czechs,theRomani people,Balts(especiallyLithuanians),people with disabilities,gay men,andpolitical and religious opponents.[1]

InHebrew,Shoah(שואה), meaning "a catastrophe, a ruin" became the standard term for theHolocaust[1](seeYom HaShoah).

Names

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The Holocaust

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The word "holocaust" originally derived from theKoine Greekwordholokauston,meaning "a completely (holos) burnt (kaustos) sacrificial offering, "or" a burnt sacrifice offered to a god. "InHellenistic religion,gods of the earth andunderworldreceived dark animals, which were offered by night and burnt in full. The word holocaust was later adopted in Greek translations of theTorahto refer to theolah,[2]standard communal and individual sacrificial burnt offerings that Jews were required[3]to make in the times of theTemple in Jerusalem.In itsLatinform,holocaustum,the term was first used with specific reference toa massacre of Jewish peopleby the chroniclersRoger of Howden[4]andRichard of DevizesinEnglandin the 1190s.[5]

The earliest use of the wordholocaustto denote a massacre recorded by theOxford English Dictionarydates from 1833 when the journalistLeitch Ritchie,describing the wars ofLouis VII of France,wrote figuratively that he "once made a holocaust of thirteen hundred persons in a church"[6]where they had gone to seek refuge when the town ofVitry-le-Françoiswas burned by Louis' troops in 1142. The English poetJohn Miltonhad used the word as a poetic description of the self-immolation of aphoenixin his 1671 poemSamson Agonistes.[7][8][9]

In the late 19th century,holocaustwas used in 1895 by theAmericannewspaperThe New York Timesto describe theOttoman massacre of Armenian Christians.[10]In the early twentieth century, possibly the first to use the term was journalist Melville Chater in 1925, to describe theburning and sacking of Smyrna in 1922in the context of theTurkish genocide against Anatolian Christians.[11][12]Winston Churchill(in 1929[11][13]) and other contemporary writers used it before World War II to describe theArmenian genocideof World War I.[14]The Armenian Genocide is referenced in the title of a 1922 poem "The Holocaust" (published as a booklet) and the 1923 book "The Smyrna Holocaust" deals with arson and massacre of Armenians.[15]Before theSecond World War,the possibility of another war was referred to as "another holocaust" (that is, a repeat of theFirst World War). With reference to the events of the war, writers in English from 1945 used the term in relation to events such as the fire-bombing ofDresdenorHiroshima,orthe effects of a nuclear war,although from the 1950s onwards, it was increasingly used in English to refer to the Nazi genocide of the European Jews (or Judeocide).

By the late 1950s, documents translated from Hebrew sometimes used the word "Holocaust" to translate "Shoah" as the Nazi Judeocide. This use can be found as early as May 23, 1943 inThe New York Times,on page E6, in an article by Julian Meltzer, referring to feelings in the British mandate of Palestine about Jewish immigration of refugees from "the Nazi holocaust."[16]

One significant early use was in a 1958 recollection byLeslie Hardman,the first Jewish British Army Chaplain to enterBergen-Belsen concentration campin April 1945, where he ministered to survivors and supervised the burial of about 20,000 victims,

Towards me came what seemed to be the remnants of a holocaust – a staggering mass of blackened skin and bones, held together somehow with filthy rags. 'My God, the dead walk', I cried aloud, but I did not recognise my voice... [peering] at the double star, the emblem of Jewry on my tunic - one poor creature touched and then stroked the badge of my faith, and finding that it was real murmured, 'Rabbiner, Rabbiner'.[17]

By the late 1960s, the term was starting to be used in this sense without qualification.Nora Levin's 1968 bookThe Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945explains the meaning in its subtitle, but uses the unmoderated phrase "The Holocaust". An article called "Moral Trauma and the Holocaust" was published in theNew York Timeson February 12, 1968.[18]However, it was not until the late 1970s that the Nazi genocide became the generally accepted conventional meaning of the word, when used unqualified and with a capital letter, a usage that also spread to other languages for the same period.[19]The 1978 television miniseries titled "Holocaust"and starringMeryl Streepis often cited as the principal contributor to establishing the current usage in the wider culture.[20]"Holocaust" was selected as theAssociation for the German Language'sWord of the Yearin 1979, reflecting increased public consciousness of the term.

The term became increasingly widespread as a synonym for "genocide"in the last decades of the 20th century to refer to mass murders in the form" X holocaust "(e.g." Rwandan holocaust "). Examples areRwanda,UkraineunderStalin,and the actions of theKhmer RougeinCambodia.

Objections to the usage of "Holocaust" for Nazi extermination of Jews

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Some people find the use of "holocaust" for the WWII-period Nazi extermination of Jews unacceptable, on account of the theological and historical nature of the word "holocaust".[21]The American historianWalter Laqueur(whose parents were murdered in the Holocaust) has argued that the term "Holocaust" is a "singularly inappropriate" term for the genocide of the Jews as it implies a "burnt offering" to God.[22]Laqueur wrote, "It was not the intention of the Nazis to make a sacrifice of this kind and the position of the Jews was not that of a ritual victim".[22]The British historianGeoff Eleywrote in a 1982 essay entitled "Holocaust History" that he thought the term Holocaust implies "a certain mystification, an insistence on the uniquely Jewish character of the experience".[22]

Use of the term for non-Jewish victims of the Nazis

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Pie chart of Holocaust deaths by ethnic and social group
Rough approximation of Holocaust deaths according to a broad definition that includes non-Jews, such as Romani, Slavs, Soviet POWs and political opponents (click image for more details)

While the termsShoahandFinal Solutionalways refer to the fate of theJewsduring theNazi rule,the termHolocaustis sometimes used in a wider sense to describe othergenocidesof the Nazi and other regimes.

TheColumbia Encyclopediadefines"Holocaust"as "name given to the period of persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany".[23]TheCompact Oxford English Dictionary[24]andMicrosoft Encarta[25]give similar definitions. TheEncyclopædia Britannicadefines "Holocaust" as "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II",[26]although the article goes on to say, "The Nazis also singled out the Roma (Gypsies). They were the only other group that the Nazis systematically killed in gas chambers alongside the Jews."[26]

Scholars are divided on whether the term Holocaust should be applied to all victims of Nazi mass murder, with some using it synonymously withShoahor "Final Solution of the Jewish Question",and others includingthe killing of Romani people,imprisonment and execution of homosexual men,execution of the disabled,execution of the Poles,theexecution of Soviet prisoners of war,murder of political opponents, and thepersecution of Jehovah's Witnesses.[27]

Czechoslovak–Israeli historianYehuda Bauer,stated: "Let us be clear:… Shoah, Churban, Judeocide, whatever we call it, is the name we give to the attempted planned total physical annihilation of the Jewish people, and its partial perpetration with the murder of most of the Jews of Europe."[28]He also contends that the Holocaust should include only Jews because it was the intent of the Nazis to exterminate all Jews, while the other groups were not to be totally annihilated.[29] Inclusion of non-Jewish victims of the Nazis in the Holocaust is objected to by many persons including, and by organizations such asYad Vashem,an Israeli state institution in Jerusalem established in 1953 to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust.[30]They say that the word was originally meant to describe the extermination of the Jews, and that the Jewish Holocaust was a crime on such a scale, and of such totality and specificity, as the culmination of the long history of Europeanantisemitism,that it should not be subsumed into a general category with the other crimes of the Nazis.[30]

However,Nobel laureateand Jewish Holocaust survivorElie Wieselconsidered non-Jewish victims to be Holocaust victims, declaring to President Jimmy Carter, "Not all the victims of the Holocaust were Jews, but all Jews were victims," when he asked his support for anational Holocaust museumin Washington.[31]

British historianMichael Burleighand German historian Wolfgang Wippermann maintain that although all Jews were victims, the Holocaust transcended the confines of the Jewish community – other people shared the tragic fate of victimhood.[32]Hungarian former Minister for Roma AffairsLászló Telekiapplies the termHolocaustto both the murder ofJewsandRomani peoplesby theNazis.[33]InThe Columbia Guide to the Holocaust,American historians Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia use the term to include Jews, Romani and the disabled.[34]American historian Dennis Reinhartz has claimed that Gypsies were the main victims of genocide in Croatia and Serbia during the Second World War, and has called this "the Balkan Holocaust 1941-1945".[35]

Final Solution

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Main article:Final Solution
See also:Jewish question

The "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German:Endlösung der Judenfrage) was the Nazis' own term, recorded in the minutes of the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, and translated into English for the Nuremberg Trials in 1945.[36]Before the word "Holocaust" became normative this phrase was also used by writers in English. For example, inWilliam Shirer'sThe Rise and Fall of the Third Reich,the genocide is described as "The Final Solution" (in quotation marks; the word "Holocaust" is not mentioned).[37]In both English and German, "Final Solution" has been widely used as an alternative to "Holocaust".[38]Whereas the term "Holocaust" is now often used to include all casualties of the Nazi death camps and murder squads, the "Final Solution" refers exclusively to "the attempt to annihilate the Jewish people," as defined at the site of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. For a time after World War II, German historians also used the termVölkermord( "genocide" ), or in full,der Völkermord an den Juden( "the genocide of the Jewish people" ), while the prevalent term in Germany today is eitherHolocaustor increasinglyShoah.

Shoah

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The biblical wordShoah(שואה), also spelledShoaandSho'ah,meaning "calamity" inHebrew(and also used to refer to "destruction" since theMiddle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the 20th-centuryHolocaustas early as the early 1940s.[2]In recent literature it is specifically prefixed withHa( "The" in Hebrew) when referring to Nazi mass-murders, for the same reason that "holocaust" becomes "TheHolocaust ". It may be spelledHa-ShoahorHaShoah,as inYom HaShoah,the annual Jewish "Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day".

Shoahhad earlier been used in the context of the Nazis as a translation of "catastrophe". For example, in 1934, whenChaim Weizmanntold theZionist Action Committeethat Hitler's rise to power was "an unforeseen catastrophe, comparable to anotherworld war"(‹See Tfd›German:"unvorhergesehene Katastrophe, etwa ein neuer Weltkrieg"), the Hebrew press translatedKatastropheasShoah.[39]In the spring of 1942, the Jerusalem historian BenZion Dinur (Dinaburg) usedShoahin a book published by the United Aid Committee for the Jews in Poland to describe the extermination of Europe's Jews, calling it a "catastrophe" that symbolized the unique situation of the Jewish people.[40][41]The wordShoahwas chosen inIsraelto describe the Holocaust, the term institutionalized by theKnesseton April 12, 1951, when it establishedYom Ha-Shoah Ve Mered Ha-Getaot,the national day of remembrance. In the 1950s,Yad Vashem,the Israel "Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority" was routinely translating this into English as "the Disaster". At that time,holocaustwas often used to mean the conflagration of much of humanity in a nuclear war.[42]Since then, Yad Vashem has changed its practice; the word "Holocaust", usually now capitalized, has come to refer principally to the genocide of the European Jews.[39][43]The Israeli historianSaul Friedländerwrote in 1987 of "the growing centrality of theShoahfor Jewish communities in the Diaspora "and that" TheShoahis almost becoming a symbol of identification, for better or for worse, whether because of the weakening of the bond of religion or because of the lesser salience of Zionism and Israel as an identification element ".[22]The British historianRichard J. Evanswrote in 1989 that the term Holocaust was unsuitable, and should not be used.[22]

Khurban and destruction

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Khurbn eyrope(חורבן אײראָפּע) "Destruction of Europe", is the term for the Holocaust inYiddish.The term uses the wordkhurbn(colloquially spelled "churban" ), a loanword:Hebrew:חֻרְבָּןḥurbān"destruction".Ḥurbānandkhurbnare used in Hebrew and Yiddish to describe the destruction ofSolomon's Templeand thedestruction of the Second Temple.Max Kaufmann's early (1947) history of the genocide in Latvia was calledKhurbn Letland,that is,The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia.[44]Published later,Raul Hilberg's most important work wasThe Destruction of the European Jews.[45]

Porajmos

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Main article:Romani Holocaust

ThePorajmos(alsoPorrajmos) literally "Devouring", orSamudaripen( "Mass killing" ) is a term adopted by theRomanihistorianIan Hancockto describe attempts by the Nazis to exterminate most of the Romani peoples ofEurope.The phenomenon has been little studied.

Translation variants

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Even though most countries adopted translations or transliterations of the term "Holocaust" or "Shoah" (e.g.Spanish:Holocausto;‹See Tfd›Russian:ХолокостKholokost;Czech:Šoa;etc.), there are instances in which certain populations, frequently those populations which were affected by the Holocaust itself, have adopted 'unique' names which denote the event. InPolish,for instance, the Holocaust is frequently referred to asZagłada Żydów,[46][47]or "Destruction of the Jews", althoughHolokaustis used in more general contexts. In Sweden, the Holocaust is most commonly calledFörintelsen( "the annihiliation" ), a term etymologically similar to the German wordVernichtung,used inHitler's prophecyfrom his30 January 1939 Reichstag speech.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R.The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust,Columbia University Press,2000, pp. 45-52.
  2. ^Olah(Leviticus 1:1-17) lit.: 'what goes up', ".. i.e goes up in smoke, because the entire animal, except for its hide, was burned on the altar. Other types of sacrifice were consumed in part by fire.. In English, olah has for centuries been translated 'burnt offering." The olah had a high degree of sanctity, and it was regarded as the 'standard' sacrifice... In contrast, sacrifices made by the Greeks to the Olympian gods were always shared by the worshipers; only sacrifices made to the dread underground deities to ward off evil were presented as holocausts, i.e., completely burned. "W. Gunther Plaut,The Torah - A Modern Commentary;New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981 and R.K. Yerkes, Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religions and in Early Judaism; New York: Allenson, 1952, pp. 1-7.
  3. ^"(Amos 5:22-25. Cf. Jer. 7:22, 'When I freed your fathers from land of Egypt, I did not speak with them nor commanded them burnt offering or sacrifice'; see also I Sam. 15:22-23; Isa. 1:11-13; Hos. 6:6; Mic. 6:6-8.).. Jewish tradition understood these utterances to be directed not against sacrifices as such, but against the substitution of ritual for morality." ibidem. (Plaut); Leviticus, Part I, Laws of Sacrifice, Introduction, p.752.
  4. ^Simon Schama,A History of Britain,episode 3, 'Dynasty'; BBC DVD, 2000
  5. ^Bale, Anthony (2006).The Jew in the medieval book: English antisemitism, 1350-1500(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 27.ISBN9780521863544.Retrieved1 July2014.
  6. ^Ritchie, Leitch; Turner, J. M. W. (Joseph Mallord William) (1833).Wanderings by the Loire.Getty Research Institute (1st ed.). London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman; Paris: Rittner and Goupil. p. 104.
  7. ^"Samson Agonistes: Text".dartmouth.edu.Retrieved2017-02-17.
  8. ^"Like that self-begotten bird / In the Arabian woods embost,... at QuoteTab".QuoteTab.
  9. ^TheOxford English Dictionary,Clarendon Press, 2nd ed. Oxford 1989, vol. VII p. 315 sect c.'complete destruction, esp. of a large number of persons; a great slaughter or massacre' citing examples from 1883 onwards.
  10. ^page 1 ofCrowe, David M.(2008).The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.ISBN978-0-8133-4325-9.
  11. ^abTatz, Colin (August 14, 2003).With Intent to Destroy: Reflecting on Genocide.Verso.ISBN9781859845509– via Google Books.
  12. ^M. Chater, "History's Greatest Trek",National Geographic,1925, 533-583. In Panayiotis Diamadis,,"Aegean Eucalypts", MODERN GREEK STUDIES, Vol. 13, 2005, published by the Modern Greek Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand, p. 88
  13. ^"As for the Turkish atrocities... helpless Armenians, men, women, and children together, whole districts blotted out in one administrative holocaust – these were beyond human redress." (Winston Churchill,The World in Crisis, volume 4: The Aftermath,New York, 1929, p. 158).
  14. ^"Are We Still Comfortable With The Term Holocaust?".HuffPost.January 27, 2012.
  15. ^Petrie J., "The secular word Holocaust: scholarly myths, history, and 20th century meanings",Journal of Genocide Research,Volume 2, Number 1, 1 March 2000, pp. 31-63(33)
  16. ^"PALESTINE ZIONISTS FIND OUTLOOK DARK; They See Little Hope Now for the Thousands of Refugees Barred From Holy Land DISAPPOINTED AT BERMUDA".The New York Times.Retrieved2023-11-13.
  17. ^Hardman, Leslie and Cecily Goodman 'The Survivors: the story of the Belsen Remnant' London: Vallentine, Mitchell,(1958)
  18. ^page 37, by Eliot Fremont-Smith
  19. ^Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France,Jewish Quarterly Review,Volume 96, Number 2, Spring 2006, pp. 304-306
  20. ^Garaudy, Roger, "The Mythical Foundations of Israeli Policy",Studies Forum International,London 1997, p.133
  21. ^"It is the rejection of even the hint of such sacrificial thinking that prompts some Jews to refuse to refer to the events of the Shoah as a 'holocaust', the burnt offering with smoke wafting up to heaven". James Carroll, Constantine's Sword - The Church and the Jews; Boston: First Mariner Books, 2001. "Do Not Christianize Auschwitz and Shoah!"Władysław T. Bartoszewski,The Convent at Auschwitz; New York: George Braziller, 1991.
  22. ^abcdeEvans, Richard.In Hitler's Shadow,New York: Pantheon, 1989 page 142.
  23. ^"Homework Help and Textbook Solutions | bartleby".Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2009.
  24. ^"The Holocaust",Compact Oxford English Dictionary:"(the Holocaust) the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in World War II."
  25. ^"Holocaust"Archived2009-10-28 at theWayback Machine,Encarta:"Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939–1945). The leadership of Germany's Nazi Party ordered the extermination of 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (see National Socialism). Jews often refer to the Holocaust as Shoah (from the Hebrew word for" catastrophe "or" total destruction ")."
  26. ^ab"Holocaust,"Encyclopædia Britannica,2009:"the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis called this" the final solution to the Jewish question... "
  27. ^*Weissman, Gary.Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Attempts to Experience the Holocaust,Cornell University Press,2004,ISBN0-8014-4253-2,p. 94: "Kren illustrates his point with his reference to theKommissararbefehl.'Should the (strikingly unreported) systematic mass starvation of Soviet prisoners of war be included in the Holocaust?' he asks. Many scholars would answer no, maintaining that 'the Holocaust' should refer strictly to those events involving the systematic killing of the Jews'. "
    • "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion",Yad Vashem:"The Holocaust, as presented in this resource center, is defined as the sum total of all anti-Jewish actions carried out by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945: from stripping the German Jews of their legal and economic status in the 1930s, to segregating and starving Jews in the various occupied countries, to the murder of close to six million Jews in Europe. The Holocaust is part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and murder of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazis."
    • Niewyk, Donald L.The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust,Columbia University Press,2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition. The Nazis also killed millions of people belonging to other groups: Gypsies, the physically and mentally handicapped, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals."
    • Paulsson, Steve."A View of the Holocaust",BBC: "The Holocaust was the Nazis' assault on the Jews between 1933 and 1945. It culminated in what the Nazis called the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe', in which six million Jews were murdered. The Jews were not the only victims of Nazism. It is estimated that as many as 15 million civilians were killed by this murderous and racist regime, including millions of Slavs and 'asiatics', 200,000 Gypsies and members of various other groups. Thousands of people, including Germans of African descent, were forcibly sterilised."
    • "The Holocaust",Auschwitz.dk:"The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II. In 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be military occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. 1.5 million children under the age of 12 were murdered. This figure includes more than 1.2 million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of handicapped children."
    • "Holocaust—Definition",Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: "HOLOCAUST (Heb., sho'ah). In the 1950s the term came to be applied primarily to the destruction of the Jews of Europe under the Nazi regime, and it is also employed in describing the annihilation of other groups of people in World War II. The mass extermination of Jews has become the archetype of genocide, and the terms sho'ah and" holocaust "have become linked to the attempt by the Nazi German state to destroy European Jewry during World War II... One of the first to use the term in the historical perspective was the Jerusalem historian BenZion Dinur (Dinaburg), who, in the spring of 1942, stated that the Holocaust was a" catastrophe "that symbolized the unique situation of the Jewish people among the nations of the world."
    • Also see the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies list of definitions: "Holocaust: A term for the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945."
    • The 33rd Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches defines the Holocaust as "the Nazi attempt to annihilate European Jewry", cited in Hancock, Ian."Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview"Archived2013-11-13 at theWayback Machine,Stone, Dan. (ed.)The Historiography of the Holocaust.Palgrave-Macmillan, New York 2004, pp. 383–396.
    • Bauer, Yehuda.Rethinking the Holocaust.New Haven:Yale University Press.2001, p.10.
    • Dawidowicz, Lucy.The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945.Bantam, 1986, p.xxxvii: "'The Holocaust' is the term that Jews themselves have chosen to describe their fate during World War II."
  28. ^"Bauer, Yehuda. 1998." A Past That Will Not Go Away. "In The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, edited by Michael Berenbaum, Abraham J. Peck, and United States Holocaust Museum, 12–22. Indiana University Press".
  29. ^Yehuda BauerA History of the Holocaust.F. Watts, 1982ISBN0-531-09862-1p.331;chapter 1
  30. ^abMichael BerenbaumBerenbaum, Michael.A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis,New York: New York University Press, 1990, pp. 21–35
  31. ^"Misconceptions".Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center.Retrieved4 June2019.
  32. ^Michael Burleighand Wolfgang Wippermann.The Racial State:Germany 1933–1945ISBN0-521-39802-9Cambridge University Press 1991. This work favors a more expansive definition of the Holocaust, pointing out that Nazi Germany had a racist ideology by no means limited to anti-Semitism.
  33. ^"Holocaust and the United Nations Discussion Paper Series, László Teleki".Un.org. 2007-01-23.Retrieved2010-07-31.
  34. ^The Columbia guide to the Holocaustby Donald L. Niewyk,Francis R. Nicosia,page 52, Columbia University Press, 2000
  35. ^Chapter 6 in the bookThe Gypsies of Eastern Europe,pp.81-92, ME Sharpe, London, 1991
  36. ^"The Minutes from the Wannsee Conference".HolocaustResearchProject.org.United States National Archives. January 20, 1942.Retrieved19 March2017.
  37. ^Shirer, W.,The Rise and Fall of the Third ReichNew York: 1960, Simon and Schuster, pp. 963-979
  38. ^A useful analysis of the terms can be found inBartov, Omer."Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretation of National Socialism", in Berenbaum, Michael & Peck, Abraham J. (eds.),The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined,Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1998, pp. 75–98.
  39. ^abSetbon, Jessica."Who Beat My Father? Issues of Terminology and Translation in Teaching the Holocaust",workshop from a May 2006 conference; see Yad Vashem website.Yadvashem.org
  40. ^Holocaust,Yad Vashem
  41. ^"Holocaust—Definition",Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,Vol. II, MacMillan.
  42. ^Petrie, Jon. "The Secular Word 'HOLOCAUST': Scholarly Myths, History, and Twentieth Century Meanings",Journal of Genocide ResearchVol 2, no. 1 (2000): 31–63.
  43. ^""The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion",Yad Vashem.Retrieved June 8, 2005.ArchivedJune 5, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  44. ^Kaufmann, Max,Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands(The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line asChurbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of LatviaArchived2011-02-07 at theWayback Machine
  45. ^Hilberg, Raul,The Destruction of the European Jews(3rd edition) Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 2003.ISBN0-300-09557-0
  46. ^Zagłada Żydów polskich w czasie ii wojny światowejWarszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2007, p. 16.ISBN83-89078-87-2.
  47. ^HolocaustEncyklopedia PWN [online] [accessed 2021-02-14]
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