Nanchang
Nanchang
Nam Xương thị | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top:New Fourth ArmyHeadquarter,Star of Nanchang,Bayi Square,Nanchang sunrise,Pavilion of Prince Teng. | |
| Nickname(s): Hongcheng (Hồng thànhlit. Grand City[citation needed]), Hongdu (Hồng đềulit. Grand Metropolis[citation needed]), Yuzhang (Dự chương) | |
 | |
 Location of Nanchang City jurisdiction in Jiangxi | |
  Nanchang Location in eastern China  Nanchang Nanchang (China) | |
| Coordinates (Nanchang municipal government):28°40′59″N115°51′29″E/ 28.683°N 115.858°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Jiangxi |
| County-level divisions | 6districts,3counties |
| Municipal seat | Honggutan District |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| • Body | Nanchang Municipal People's Congress |
| •CCP Secretary | Wu Xiaojun |
| •CongressChairman | Wu Weizhu |
| •Mayor | Ge Guangming |
| •CPPCCChairman | Liu Jiafu |
| Area | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 7,194 km2(2,778 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 686 km2(265 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 4,588 km2(1,771 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 37 m (122 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 6,255,007 |
| • Density | 870/km2(2,300/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 3,929,660 |
| • Urban density | 5,700/km2(15,000/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 5,382,162 |
| • Metro density | 1,200/km2(3,000/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | CN¥400.0 billion US$64.2 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 75,879 US$ 12,183 |
| Time zone | UTC+8(CST) |
| Postal code | 330000 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-JX-01 |
| Licence plate prefixes | Cống A,Cống M |
| City Flower | Chinese Rose |
| City Tree | Camphor Laurel |
| Website | nc |
| Nanchang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 "Nanchang" in Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | Nam Xương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Southern Prosperity" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nanchang[a]is the capital ofJiangxi Province,China.Located in the north-central part of the province and in the hinterland ofPoyang LakePlain, it is bounded on the west by theJiuling Mountains,and on the east byPoyang Lake.Because of its strategic location connecting the prosperousEastandSouthChina, it has become a major railway hub in Southern China in recent decades.
As theNanchang Uprisingin 1927 is distinctively recognized by the rulingCommunist Partyas "firing the first gunshot against the evilNationalists",[4]the current government has therefore named the city since 1949 "the City of Heroes", "the place where thePeople's Liberation Armywas born ", and the most widely known" place where the military banner of the People's Liberation Army was first raised ". Nanchang is also a major city, appearing among the top 150cities in the world by scientific research outputs,as tracked by theNature Index[5]and home toNanchang University.
History[edit]
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2013) |
The territories encompassing modern-day Jiangxi Province—including Nanchang—was first incorporated into China during theQin dynasty,when it was conquered from theBaiyuepeoples and organized as Jiu gian g Commandery (Chinese:Cửu Giang quận).[6]In 201 BC, during theHan dynasty,the city was given the Chinese name Nanchang and became the administrative seat of Yuzhang Commandery (Dự chương quận), and was governed byGuan Ying,one ofEmperor Gaozu of Han's generals.[6]The name Nanchang means "southern flourishing", derived from a motto of developing what is now southern China that is traditionally attributed to Emperor Gaozu himself.[6]
In AD 589, during theSui dynasty,thiscommanderywas changed into a prefecture named Hongzhou (Hồng Châu), and after 763 it became the provincial center ofJiangxi,which was then beginning the rapid growth that by the 12th century made it the most populousprovince in China.
In 653 theTengwang Pavilionwas constructed, and in 675Wang Bowrote the classic "Tengwang Ge Xu",a poetic introductory masterpiece celebrating the building, making the building, the city, and the author himself known to literate Chinese-speaking population ever since.[7]The Pavilion has been destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout history.[8]Its present form was reconstructed in the 1980s after being destroyed in 1929 during theChinese Civil War.[9]
In 959, under theSouthern Tangregime, Nanchang was made superior prefecture and the southern capital. After the conquest by theSongregime in 981 it was reverted to the name Hongzhou. In 1164 it was renamed Long xing prefecture, which name it retained until 1368. During the Yuan dynasty it was the capital ofJiangxi Province,an area that includedGuangdongas well. At the end of theYuan(Mongol) period (1279–1368), it became a battleground betweenZhu Yuanzhang,the founder of theMing dynasty(1368–1644), and the rival local warlord,Chen Youliang.At the beginning of the 16th century it was the power base from whichZhu Chenhao,the Prince of Ning, launched a rebellion againstthe emperor.
During theYuan Dynasty,it might have been the centre of porcelain trade[10]
During the reign of theWanli Emperorof the Ming dynasty, it housed relatives of the emperor who had been exiled because they were potential claimants of the imperial throne, members of the imperial family constituting about one quarter of the city's population; as a result of this,Matteo Riccicame here when trying to gain entry to Beijing.[11]
In the 1850s it suffered considerably as a result of theTaiping Rebellion(1850–64), and its importance as a commercial centre declined as the overland routes toCantonwere replaced by coastalsteamshipservices in the latter half of the 19th century. Nanchang has, however, remained the undisputed regional metropolis of Jiangxi.
On August 1, 1927, Nanchang was the site of one of a series of insurrections organized by thecommunists.TheNanchang Uprising,led by pro-communistKuomintangofficers underSovietdirection, succeeded in holding the city for only a few days, and provided a core of troops and a method of organization from which thePeople's Liberation Army(PLA) later developed.
In 1939, theBattle of Nanchang,a ferocious battle between the ChineseNational Revolutionary Armyand theImperial JapanArmyin theSecond Sino-Japanese Wartook place.[12][13][14]
By 1949 Nanchang was still essentially an old-style administrative and commercial city, with little industry apart fromfood processing;it had a population of about 275,000. Nanchang first acquired arailconnection in 1915, only connecting to the port city ofJiu gian gby the Yangtze. Several other rail links have since been opened. AfterWorld War IIa line was completed toLinchuanandGongqiin theRu River Valleyto the south-southeast.
Since 1949 Nanchang has been extensively industrialized. It is now a large-scale producer ofcottontextilesandcotton yarn.Paper makingis also a major industry, as is food processing (especially ricemilling).Heavy industrybegan to gain prominence in the mid-1950s. A large thermal-power plant was installed and usescoalbrought by rail fromFengchengto the south. Amachineryindustry also grew up, at first mainly concentrating on the production ofagricultural equipmentanddiesel engines.Nanchang then became a minor centre of theautomotive industryin China, producing trucks and tractors and also accessories such as tires. An iron-smeltingplant helping to supply local industry was installed in the later 1950s. There is also a largechemical industry,producing agricultural chemicals and insecticides as well as pharmaceuticals.
Geography[edit]
![[icon]](/translate/en.wikipedia.org?u=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg&t=vi){kind=small} | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(May 2013) |
Nanchang is located in inland southeastern China, 130 km (81 mi) south of theYangtze Riverand is situated on the right bank of theGan Riverjust below its confluence with the Jin River and some 40 km (25 mi) southwest of its discharge intoPoyang Lake.
Climate[edit]
Nanchang has ahumid subtropical climate(KöppenCfa) with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and cool with occasional frosts; it begins somewhat sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and more overcast. Spring begins especially gloomy, and from April to June, each month has more than 220 mm (8.7 in) of rainfall. Summer is long and humid, with amongst the highest temperatures of any Chinese provincial capital, and with the sun shining close to 60 percent of the time in July and August, is the sunniest time of year. Autumn is warm to mild with the lowest rainfall levels of the year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 5.9 °C (42.6 °F) in January to 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). Annual precipitation stands at around 1,704 mm (67 in); with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27 percent in March to 56 percent in August, the city receives 1,809 hours of sunshine annually in average. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −9.7 °C (15 °F) on 29 December 1991 to 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 23 July 1961.[15]
| Climate data for Nanchang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
26.1 (79.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
24.6 (76.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.9 (53.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.2 (54.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.2 (84.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
18.5 (65.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.4 (36.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 83.6 (3.29) |
95.3 (3.75) |
191.5 (7.54) |
213.0 (8.39) |
218.4 (8.60) |
341.6 (13.45) |
176.3 (6.94) |
120.0 (4.72) |
65.3 (2.57) |
49.8 (1.96) |
92.4 (3.64) |
56.3 (2.22) |
1,703.5 (67.07) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.9 | 12.8 | 17.3 | 16.5 | 15.6 | 16.1 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 145 |
| Average snowy days | 3.0 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 6.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 74 | 75 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 81 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 68 | 72 | 70 | 74 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 87.1 | 90.0 | 101.1 | 132.7 | 155.5 | 145.3 | 237.5 | 227.5 | 191.0 | 175.3 | 138.1 | 127.8 | 1,808.9 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 27 | 28 | 27 | 34 | 37 | 35 | 56 | 56 | 52 | 50 | 43 | 40 | 40 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[16][17][18] | |||||||||||||
As of the2020 Chinese census,Nanchang had a population of 6,255,007, of which 5,382,162 lived in built-up (urbanized) area consisting of 6 urban districts plus Nanchang County largely being urbanized.[19]37 ethnic groups were counted amongst its prefecture divisions while 99.2% areHan chinese.The sex ratio in Nanchang is approximately 109 males to 100 females. The aged group (above 60) counts for 14.97% of the entire population.[20]
Administration[edit]
| Map | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Division code[21] | English | Chinese | Pinyin | Area in km2[22] | Seat | Postal code | Subdivisions[23] | ||||
| Subdistricts | Towns | Townships | Residential communities | Villages | |||||||
| 360100 | Nanchang | Nam Xương thị | Nánchāng Shì | 7194[24] | Honggutan District | 330000 | 32 | 49 | 31 | 625 | 1161 |
| 360102 | Donghu District | Đông hồ khu | Dōnghú Qū | 30 | Gongyuan Subdistrict(Công viên đường phố) | 330000 | 9 | 159 | 21 | ||
| 360103 | Xihu District | Tây Hồ khu | Xīhú Qū | 43 | Chaoyangzhou Subdistrict(Ánh sáng mặt trời châu đường phố) | 330000 | 10 | 1 | 136 | 13 | |
| 360104 | Qingyunpu District | Thanh vân phổ khu | Qīngyúnpǔ Qū | 40 | Sanjiadian Subdistrict(Tam gia cửa hàng đường phố) | 330000 | 5 | 1 | 63 | 12 | |
| 360111 | Qingshanhu District | Thanh sơn hồ khu | Qīngshānhú Qū | 250 | Jingdong(Kinh đông trấn) | 330000 | 3 | 6 | 116 | 101 | |
| 360112 | Xin gian District | Tân kiến khu | Xīnjiàn Qū | 2160 | Changleng(Trường lăng trấn) | 330100 | 10 | 9 | 39 | 300 | |
| 360113 | Honggutan District | Hồng cốc than khu | Hónggǔtān Qū | Shajing Subdistrict(Sa giếng đường phố) | 330100 | 2 | 1 | ||||
| 360121 | Nanchang County | Nam Xương huyện | Nánchāng Xiàn | 1811 | Liantang(Liên đường trấn) | 330200 | 11 | 7 | 47 | 311 | |
| 360123 | Anyi County | An nghĩa huyện | Ānyì Xiàn | 660 | Longjin(Long tân trấn) | 330500 | 7 | 3 | 16 | 105 | |
| 360124 | Jinxian County | Tiến hiền huyện | Jìnxián Xiàn | 1946 | Minhe(Dân cùng trấn) | 331700 | 9 | 2 | 37 | 263 | |
- Honggutan New District(Hồng cốc than khu mới) is an economic management area and not a formal administrative division.
Economy[edit]
Nanchang is a regional hub for agricultural production inJiangxiprovince with its grain yield being 16.146 million tons in 2000. Products such as rice and oranges are economic staples. TheFord Motor Companyhas a plant in Nanchang, assembling theFord Transitvanas part of theJiangling Motorjoint venture.[25]Much of its industry revolves around aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, metallurgy, electro-mechanics, textile, chemical engineering,traditional Chinese medicine,pharmaceuticalsand others.[26]Nanchang has a rapid economic development and ranks 15th among the fastest growing 20 cities in the world. It is one of the cities with the most potential for development in China and the world in the future.
In 2017, the city's gross regional product (GDP) was 500.319 billion yuan(US$80.03 billion ), an increase of 9.0% over the previous year. The primary industry's added value was 19.213 billion yuan, an increase of 4.0%; the secondary industry's added value was 266.61 billion yuan, an increase of 8.4%; The added value of the three industries was 214.496 billion yuan, an increase of 10.2%. The per capita GDP of 81,598 yuan was converted to 12,285 US dollars according to the average annual exchange rate, and the total fiscal revenue for the year was 78.282 billion yuan, an increase of 14.3% over the previous year.
The GDP of Nanchang in 2008 was 166 billion Yuan (US$24.3 billion ). The GDP per capita was 36,105 Yuan (US$5,285). The total value of imports and exports was 3.4 billion US dollars. The total financial revenue was 23 billion Yuan.[27]
Industrial zones[edit]
National level development zones[28]
- Nanchang Export Processing Zone
Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone is located in Nanchang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, it was approved by the State Council on May 8, 2006, and passed the national acceptance inspection on Sep 7th, 2007. It has a planning area of 1 km2and now has built 0.31 km2.It enjoys simple and convenient customs clearances, and special preferential policies both for Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone and NCHDZ.[29]
- Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone (NCHDZ for short hereafter) is the only national grade high-tech zoned in Jiangxi, it was established in Mar. 1991. The zone covers an area of 231 km2(89 sq mi), in which 32 km2(12 sq mi) have been completed. NCHDZ possesses unique nature condition and sound industry foundation of accepting electronics industry. NCHDZ has brought 25 percent industrial added value and 50 percent industrial benefit and tax to Nanchang city by using only 0.4 percent land area.[30]
- Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone[31]
Provincial level development zones[28]
- Jiangxi Shanghai Economic and Technological Development Zone
- Nanchang Yingxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone
Special economic district[28]
- Honggutan New DistrictGanJiang New District
Transportation[edit]
Nanchang has an advantageous geographic location and convenient transportation. It is praised as the “three rivers and five lakes, and the control of the finer and better lakes”[citation needed].It relies on high-speed railways and aviation hubs to connect three important economic circles (Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Inter-provincial traffic corridors in Haixi District). Nanchang is one of the country's comprehensive transportation hubs and one of the most important integrated transportation hubs in Jiangxi.
Rail[edit]
The Nanchang is an important rail hub for southeastern China. TheBeijing–Kowloon (Jingjiu) Railway,Shanghai–Kunming railway(formerlyZhe gian g–Jiangxi or Zhegan Railway),Xiangtang–Putian railwayandNanchang–Jiu gian g intercity railwayconverge in Nanchang. Nanchang's Bureau of Railways operates much of the railway network in Jiangxi and neighbouringFu gianprovince. TheNanchang railway stationand theNanchang West railway stationare the primary passenger rail stations of the city. Nanchang is connected toHangzhou,ChangshaandShanghaivia CRH (China Railway High-speed) service.
Air[edit]
Nanchang Changbei International Airport(KHN) built in 1996 is the main international airport. It is situated in Lehua Town, 26 kilometres north of the CDB area. Changbei International Airport is the only one in Jiangxi Province which has an international air route. The airport is connected to major mainland cities such as Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Haikou, Shanghai and Beijing.[32]There is a military/civilian airport near Liantang, Nanchang County.
Nanchang Changbei International Airport is the largest airport in Jiangxi Province. In 2014, Nanchang Changbei Airport opened up to 10 international destinations. The airport handled 7.25 million passengers in 2014, an increase of 6.3%. Among them, the Nanchang aviation port exceeded 280,000 passengers, an increase of nearly 40%, becoming the airport's traffic volume. The important force of growth, and will continue to maintain rapid development. On December 6, 2017, the annual passenger throughput of Nanchang Airport exceeded 10 million passengers, making it the nation's 31st “million-grade airport”. In 2017, passenger throughput reached 10.93 million, a year-on-year increase of 39.0%, a net increase of passenger throughput of 3.07 million passengers; flights took off and 89,000 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 35.2%; and cargo and mail throughput of 52,000 tons, an increase of 3.3%. In order to cooperate with the construction of the Beijing-Kowloon high-speed railway and Nanchang North Station airport complex transportation hub, large-scale expansion and upgrades are being carried out recently.
Road[edit]
The road transport infrastructure in Nanchang is extensive. A number of national highways cross through the city. They are the National roads No.105 from Beijing to Zhuhai, No.320 from Shanghai to Kunming, and No.316 from Fuzhou to Lanzhou. The major transport companies that operate in Nanchang are the Chang'an Transport Company Limited, the Nanchang Long-distance Bus Station, and the Xufang Bus Station. National Highway G70 crosses through Nanchang. Nanchang also built its round-city highway G70_01 opening in 2007.
The Nanchang Long-distance Bus Station serves long-distance routes to Nanjing, Shenzhen, Hefei and other cities outside Jiangxi Province. The Xufang Bus Station operates routes to cities, towns and counties within Jiangxi Province.[32]
Metro[edit]
Nanchang Rail Transitis the first rail transportation system in Jiangxi Province, the world's leading MRT system, the second batch of rail transit cities in China. It will connect Nanchang's main downtown area and each satellite city, the Nanchang Metro has been in service since 26th Dec 2015. Nanchang is the 25th city in mainland China to put into operation. The planning of Nanchang rail transit project started in 1999 and was officially started in 2009. The first phase of the No. 1 and No. 2 lines was 50,996 kilometers (the first line is the underground line). Line 1 was officially opened and operated at the end of 2015, and Line 2 of the “First Section” began trial operation on August 19, 2017.
Water[edit]
Nanchang is situated on the Gan River, the Fu River, Elephant Lake, Qingshan Lake, and Aixi Lake. Hence the water routes for Nanchang are critically important for the economy, trade and shipping. Nanchang Port is the biggest port on the Gan River. Passengers can take Nanchang Port and travel by boat to the Jinggang Shan and Tengwang Pavilion. There are passenger ships that also visit Poyang Lake, Stone Bell Hill, Poyang Lake Bird Protection Area, Dagu Hill and other attractions.
Landmarks[edit]
- Tengwang Pavilion,a towering pavilion dating to 653, on the east bank of the Gan River and is one of "the Four Great Towers of China"
- Poyang Lake,the largest fresh water lake in China, it is also called "the Migrator Birds Paradise".
- Star of Nanchang,which was the world's tallestFerris wheelfrom 2006 to 2008, inHonggutan District[33]
- Qiushui Square, established on 28 January 2004 with the largest music fountain group with music in Asia.[citation needed]
- Jiangxi Provincial MuseumandBada ShanrenExhibition Hall
- People's Park,the largest park in downtown Nanchang[34]
- Bayi Square and Memorial, at the center of Nanchang, commemorates the founding of thePeople's Liberation Armyduring theNanchang Uprisingof 1 August (Ba Yi in Mandarin) in 1927, which led to the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Education[edit]
Colleges and universities (note that institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed):
- Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics(Giang Tây kinh tế tài chính đại học)
- Nanchang University(Nam Xương đại học)
- Jiangxi Normal University(Giang Tây đại học sư phạm)
- Nanchang Hangkong University(Nam Xương hàng không đại học)
- Jiangxi Agricultural University(Giang Tây nông nghiệp đại học)
- East China Jiaotong University(Hoa Đông giao thông đại học)
- East China University of Technology,Nanchang Campus (Đông Hoa đại học Công Nghệ)
- Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Giang Tây trung y học viện)
- Nanchang Institute of Technology(Nam Xương công trình học viện)
- Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University(Giang Tây khoa học kỹ thuật sư phạm học viện)
- Jiangxi Manufacturing and Vocational College(Giang Tây chế tạo chức nghiệp kỹ thuật học viện)
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Giang Tây trung y dược đại học)
High schools:
- Affiliated Middle School of Jiangxi Normal University(Giang Tây đại học sư phạm phụ thuộc trung học)
- Nanchang No.2 Middle School(Nam Xương thị đệ nhị trung học)
- Nanchang No.1 Middle School(Nam Xương thị đệ nhất trung học)
- Nanchang No.3 Middle School(Nam Xương thị đệ tam trung học)
- Nanchang No.10 Middle School(Nam Xương thị đệ thập trung học)
International schools:
- Nanchang International School(Nam Xương quốc tế trường học)
Sport[edit]
Nanchang is the site ofJiangxi International Women's Tennis Open.[35]
Friendship cities[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^UK:/nænˈtʃæŋ/,US:/nɑːnˈtʃɒŋ/;[3]Chinese:Nam Xương;pinyin:Nánchāng
References[edit]
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- ^Giang Tây tỉnh thống kê cục, quốc gia thống kê cục Giang Tây điều tra tổng đội (August 2016).《 Giang Tây thống kê niêm giám －2016》.Trung Quốc thống kê nhà xuất bản.ISBN978-7-5037-7809-4.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-05-11.Retrieved2017-06-05.
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- ^Schwartz, Benjamin,Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao,Harper & Row (New York: 1951), p. 93.
- ^"Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index".nature.Retrieved2022-11-27.
- ^abcTrung Quốc cổ kim địa danh đại từ điển[Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern]. Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House.2006. p. 2080.ISBN9787532617432.
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- ^Wang: 1.
- ^Wang: 31.
- ^"Wang Dayuan - Singapore History".eresources.nlb.gov.sg.Retrieved2021-04-01.
- ^Mary Laven, Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East,ISBN0-571-22517-9,2011, p. 103
- ^Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai,History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945),2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. pp. 293-300 Map. 14-15
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