Nasal labial–velar approximant
| Nasal labial–velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| w̃ |
Thenasal labial–velar approximantis a type ofconsonantalsoundused in some languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨w̃⟩, that is, a w with atilde.The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol isw~.
The nasal approximants[ȷ̃]and[w̃]may also be callednasal glides.In some languages likePortuguese,they form a second element of nasal diphthongs.
Features[edit]
Features of thenasal labial–velar approximant:
- Itsmanner of articulationisapproximant,which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
- Itsplace of articulationislabial–velar,which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of thetongue(the dorsum) against thesoft palate(the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anasalconsonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaingang[1] | [w̃ĩ] | 'to see' | Possible word-initial realization of/w/before a nasal vowel.[2] | ||
| Polish | są | [sɔũ̯] | 'they are' | SeePolish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects[3][4] | são | [sɐ̃w̃] | 'saint', 'they are' | Allophone of/w/afternasal vowels.SeePortuguese phonology |
| Some dialects[5] | muamba | [ˈmw̃ɐ̃bɐ] | 'smuggling', 'jobbery', 'stash' |
Non-syllabic allophone of/u/betweennasalsounds. | |
| Marathi | संशय | [sə̃w̃ʃəe̯] | 'doubt' | Anuswara (ṁ) preceding र (r), व (v), श (ś), ष (ṣ), स (s), ह (h) or ज्ञ (jñ/dnya) is rendered as 'w̃'. | |
| Seri | cmiique | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | Allophone of/m/ | |
| Shipibo[6] | banwan[7] | [βɐ̃ˈw̃ɐ̃] | 'parrot' | Allophone of/w/after nasal vowels.[6] | |
| Uwa | táw̃aya | [ˈtaw̃aja] | 'yellow' | ||
| Yoruba | wọ́n | [w̃ɔ̃́n] | 'they' | Allophone of /w/ before nasal vowels. | |
See also[edit]
- Palatal nasal
- Nasal palatal approximant
- Labiodental nasal,which may be an approximant in the one language in which it is phonemic
- Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes[edit]
- ^Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
- ^Jolkesky (2009:681)
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:127)
- ^Bisol (2005:179)
- ^Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
- ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
- ^"Shipibo language, Alpha bet and pronunciation".omniglot.Retrieved2019-11-27.
References[edit]
- Bisol, Leda (2005),Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro(in Portuguese), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul: EDIPUCRS,ISBN85-7430-529-4
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009),"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble",Anais do SETA,3,Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31(2): 281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
