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Nawrahta Minsaw

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This article is about the ruler of Lan Na. For the founder of Pagan Empire, seeAnawrahta.For other uses of Nawrahta, seeAnawrahta (disambiguation).
Nawrahta Minsaw
နော်ရထာ မင်းစော
King of Lan Na
Reign28 January 1579 – 1607/08
Coronation2 July 1579
PredecessorWisutthi Thewi
SuccessorThado Minsaw (Tu Laung)and
Minye Deibba
EmperorBayinnaung(1579–1581)
Nanda Bayin(1581–c. 1597)
Naresuan(c. 1602–1605)
Ekathotsarot(1605–1607/08)
Born1551/52
913ME
Toungoo
Toungoo Empire
Diedlate 1607/early 1608
969 ME
Chiang Mai
Lan Na
Burial
Wat Ku Tao
SpouseHsinbyushin Medaw
Issue
among others		Five sons and six daughters, including:[1][2]
Yodaya Mibaya
Thado Minsaw
Minye Deibba
Thado Kyaw
Names
Anawrahta Minsaw Min Tha Sit
HouseToungoo
FatherBayinnaung
MotherYaza Dewi
ReligionTheravada Buddhism
This article containsBurmese script.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofBurmese script.

Nawrahta Minsaw(Burmese:နော်ရထာ မင်းစော,pronounced[nɔ̀jətʰàmɪ́ɴsɔ́];formally,Anawrahta Minsaw;also known asNawrahta SawandTharrawaddy Min;1551/52–1607/08) wasking of Lan Nafrom 1579 to 1607/08, and the firstBurmese-born vassal king ofLan Na.[3]He was also an accomplished poet.[4]

Appointed to the Lan Na throne by his father KingBayinnaungofBurma,Nawrahta dutifully contributed to his half-brother KingNanda'sdebilitating war effort against Siam(1584–95). He declared independence in 1597 after having defeated a 1595–96 invasion byLan Xangon his own.[5]From 1599 onward, he was forced to deal with a Lan Xang backed rebellion inNan,and aSiam-backed rebellion inChiang RaiandChiang Saen.He defeated the Chiang Rai rebellion in 1601–02 but was eventually forced to submit to Siam soon after. He defeated an invasion by Lan Xang in 1602–03, regaining Nan in the process. He ruled all of Lan Na, as a Siamese vassal, until his death.[6]

Early life[edit]

The future ruler of Lan Na was bornMinTha Sit(မင်းသားစစ်,[mɪ́ɴðásɪʔ]or[mɪ́ɴθásɪʔ]) in 1551/52.[7]His parents were KingBayinnaungofToungooandHtwe Hla,then a minor queen. His mother was descended from theAvaroyal line, and was a niece of KingNarapati II(r. 1501–1527) of Ava. He had two younger full siblings:Yaza Datu KalayaandThiri Thudhamma Yaza.[8]The three children grew up at theKanbawzathadi PalaceinPegu,and they officially became part of the most senior royalty in March 1563 when their mother was elevated to the king's third (and last) principal queen with the style ofYaza Dewi.[9]

Educated at the palace, the prince grew to love literature and poetry.[4]He was married to his first cousinHsinbyushin Medaw,daughter of his uncleThado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome,by Bayinnaung himself on 27 February 1574.[10]Sit found a kindred spirit in his bride, who also loved literature and poetry and had studied poetry under the great poetNawaday.[11]The couple moved toTharrawaddy(Thayawadi), a small town in present-dayBago Region,where Sit had been made governor.[12]

Governor of Tharrawaddy[edit]

Now known asTharrawaddy Min(သာယာဝတီမင်း,[θàjàwədìmɪ́ɴ];"Lord of Tharrawaddy" ), the prince made his mark in a 1576–1577 military campaign that would push him to the forefront of the most powerful princes at the Pegu court. On 26 November 1576,[note 1]the prince received a seemingly futile assignment to lead a search operation of a fugitive chief ofMogaungin the northernKachin Hills.[note 2]For the first eight months, the campaign was on track to be yet another futile operation. His army (16,000 troops, 1300 horses, 130 elephants), made up of conscripts from Upper Burma and Shan States, had fruitlessly combed the remote northern hills at the foot of the Himalayas.[13]But he did not give up even when the rainy season of 1577 came. His persistence paid off. One of his battalions finally caught the top commanders of the fugitive chief, and the captured men gave up the location where the chief was hiding. The prince brought the fugitive chief before the king on 30 September 1577.[note 3]

The success of the operation won the young prince plaudits of the king. He was given an upgraded title ofAnawrahta Minsaw(အနော်ရထာ မင်းစော). From then on, he would be known by abridged versions of the title: either asNawrahta MinsaworNawrahta Saw.[note 4]

King of Lan Na[edit]

Accession and early reign[edit]

Wat Phra That Doi Suthep,Chiang Mai

His star continued to rise. On 28 January 1579,[note 5]he was appointed the next viceroy ofLan Nato succeed Queen Visuddhadevi, who had died a month earlier.[14][15]The appointment certainly was a significant matter. The king regarded Lan Na as the most important of all his vassal states,[16]and selected Nawrahta from a list of candidates after careful deliberation with his court.[17]The king impressed upon Nawrahta the importance of the appointment, highlighting that Lan Na was larger than Ava, Toungoo, and Prome; that it was strategically located among mainland Burma, theShan states,Siam,Lan XangandAnnam;that it had a large population and plenty of natural resources; and that he was to obeyNanda,the heir-apparent.[17]

Nawrahta Minsaw and Hsinbyushin Medaw ascended to the Lan Na throne atChiang Maion 2 July 1579.[18]Although he was the first Burmese-born ruler on the Chiang Mai throne, he did not face any serious issues governing theTai Yuan-speaking former sovereign kingdom. The royal couple, at least according to reporting in the chronicleZinme Yazawin,was accepted by the local populace.[note 6]

Military assistance to Nanda[edit]

The initial tranquility however was to give way to increasingly more turbulent times after King Bayinnaung's death in October 1581. Nawrahta pledged loyalty to the new king. Nawrahta like other vassal rulers, who governed what used to be sovereign states as recently as only a few decades ago, adopted a "wait-and-see attitude" with Nanda, an experienced military commander in his own right.[19][20]

Sanda (1582–1583)[edit]

In the following years, he would be repeatedly asked to contribute to Nanda's manic efforts to maintain the extremely overextended empire intact. The first major assignment came in September 1582.[21]Two small northernmost Shan states (in present-dayDehongandBaoshanprefectures in Yunnan, China) never sent obligatory tribute to the new king. Nanda ordered Nawrahta and Thado Dhamma Yaza II to lead a two-pronged invasion. The combined army of 16000 men, 1600 horses and 100 elephants spent five months at Sanda before finally taking the town. The two commanders brought the rebel chief before the king on 9 April 1583.[22][note 7]

Ava (1584)[edit]

But the calm was temporary. About three months later, ViceroyThado Minsaw of Avasent secret embassies to Prome, Toungoo and Chiang Mai to raise simultaneous rebellions. Nawrahta like the viceroys of Toungoo and Prome sided with Nanda and secretly forwarded the news to Nanda.[23][24]In March 1584, as ordered by Nanda, Nawrahta marched with an army from Lan Na to Ava. But his army did not see any combat as Nanda defeated Thado Minsaw in single combat on 24 April 1584.[25]

Siam (1584–1595)[edit]

The peace was shorter still. Nine days later on 3 May 1584, Siam revolted. In the next nine years, Nanda would launchfive disastrous campaignsagainst the "proud kingdom" of Siam, which had been preparing for the eventual showdown with Pegu since Bayinnaung's death.[26]

Though he never went on campaign himself, Nawrahta dutifully contributed manpower to the war effort.

Campaign Duration # of Lan Na regiments of the total Total strength ofRBA Notes
1st invasion of Siam 1584 none 11,000 Hastily planned invasion from Lower Burma
2nd invasion 1586 7 out of 19[27] 12,000 Invasion from Lan Na to northern Siam
3rd invasion 1586–1587 4 out of 24[28] 25,000 Two-pronged invasion from Lower Burma and Lan Na
4th invasion 1590–1591 3 out of 19[29] 20,000 Invasion from Lan Na to northern Siam
5th invasion 1592–1593 4 out of 29[30] 24,000 Two-pronged invasion from Lower Burma and Lan Na
1st Siamese invasion of Burma 1594–1595 unspecified[31] 8000 Sent troops to break the Siamese siege of Pegu

The declining share of Lan Na manpower may have been a sign of his increasing disillusionment with the war, and/or his increasing inability to control his own vassal states. At least to 1592–1593, his vassals inNan,PhraeandChiang Raiwere still loyal to Nawrahta. Indeed, the vassal rulers were the ones who went to the front.[note 8]After the 1592–1593 invasion, Nanda's position with the vassal rulers rapidly deteriorated, as did Nawrahta's position with his own vassals. When Nanda asked for help to break the Siamese siege of Pegu in December 1594, Nawrahta faced great difficulty in rounding up the troops. It was only in April 1595 that troops from Toungoo and Lan Na arrived and broke the siege.[32]

War with Lan Xang (1595–1596)[edit]

By then, the once mighty Toungoo Empire was in a free fall.Nokeo Koumane,the ruler of Lan Xang, revolted.[33]The rebellion was more of a problem for Chiang Mai than for Pegu. Whereas Nanda had all but given up defending the empire, Nawrahta had to deal with an aggressive Nokeo who had designs on Lan Na itself. Nokeo quickly gained the allegiance of the ruler of Nan, Cao Cetabut, who joined him in rebellion.[34]In response, Nawrahta marched to Nan where he was met by combined Lan Xang–Nan forces at the mouth of the Ngao River near the city of Nan. There, on 25 November 1595, Nawrahta defeated the enemy, driving back Cetabut and Nokeo to Lan Xang. Fortunately for Nawrahta, Nokeo died shortly after, and Lan Xang's threat to Lan Na's eastern frontier ended for the time being. Nawrahta appointed Pana Khaek as the new governor of Nan.[33][34]

Independent reign[edit]

Faced with his own problems, Nawrahta finally declared independence from Pegu in early 1597.[note 9]Although he was only one of two rulers formally declaring independence—Minye Thihathu II of Toungoowas the other—all other rulers essentially broke away as well.[5]The Toungoo Empire was no more.

For Nawrahta, being independent simply meant he could devote his scarce manpower toward defending Lan Na from Lan Xang's and Siam's designs. For the next several years, he would struggle mightily to keep Lan Na independent. Here, Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicles (theChiang Mai Chronicle,theNan Chronicle,and theLan Xang Chronicle), and the SiameseAyutthaya Chroniclegive widely divergent accounts.Ayutthayareports Lan Na being pulled into Siam's orbit while Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicles speak of Lan Xang–Nan alliance's campaigns in Lan Na and barely mention Siam's role.[33]TheBurmese chroniclessuggest that Lan Na was a vassal of Siam, certainly by 1604.[35]

Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicle accounts[edit]

Like Nokeo,Vorapita,the new Pegu-appointed regent of Lan Xang, also harbored designs on Lan Na. (Vorapita likeNyaungyanin Upper Burma never formally declared independence from Pegu but was de facto independent by 1597.) By late 1598, Vorapita had decided to renew the hostilities, and sent in an army led by Cetabut, not just to retake Nan but to sack Chiang Mai itself. By January 1599, the army had advanced to Chiang Mai and laid siege to the capital. To make matters worse, "the people of the south attacked Chiang Mai", which could mean Siamese forces invading Lan Na.[36]The Lan Xang army retreated from Chiang Mai on 11 July 1599but retained control of Nan.[37]

Problems continued to mount for Nawrahta. In 1601/02,[note 10]Ram Decho,ruler ofChiang Saen,revolted and his rebellion spread to much of Lan Na. He even attacked Lan Xang's vassal Nan but was driven back.[38]Now, Lan Xang forces went on a major counterattack, taking Ram Decho's territories. Ram Decho is not heard from again in the chronicles.[39]By then, Nawrahta's territory was down to central and northwestern Lan Na (Chiang Mai,PhayaoandFang).[38]In the following dry season, combined Lan Xang–Nan forces attacked Chiang Mai for a final push. But Chiang Mai's defenses once again held, and drove back the invaders.[38][40]Chiang Mai forces had regained Nan by 16 May 1603. They also caught Cetabut who was executed on 3 June 1603.[40]Four months after the failed invasion, the Vientiane court forced Vorapita to abdicate in favor of his sonVoravongsa.The new king did not renew the war.[41]

Siamese chronicle account[edit]

TheAyutthaya Chroniclepaints a completely different picture. In early 1599,[note 11]Nawrahta was under siege by Lan Xang–Nan forces, and requested military help from Siam. KingNaresuansent an army led by Prince Surasi. The Siamese army marched past Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai and Chiang Saen where they installed Ram Decho, a Chiang Mai native, as the ruler there. Ram Decho emerged as the main rival to Nawrahta.[36]

For the next three years, Nawrahta tried desperately and ultimately unsuccessfully to stay out of Ayutthaya's increasing grip on Lan Na. When Naresuan asked Nawrahta to contribute manpower to the Siamese king's 1600 invasion of Lower Burma, Nawrahta sent his eldest sonThado Minsaw (Tu Laung)instead of joining the campaign himself. Perhaps encouraged by Naresuan's failed invasion, Nawrahta attacked Siamese-backed ruler of Chiang Saen and Chiang Rai Ram Decho c. 1601/02,[note 12]In response, Naresuan sent his brotherEkathotsarotto Lan Na to sort things out there.[36]

Nawrahta drove out Ram Decho from Chiang Rai. Upon his return to Chiang Mai, he heard that Ekathotsarot was waiting atLamphun,immediately south of Chiang Mai, receiving submissions by the vassal rulers of Chiang Mai, including the ruler of Nan. Nawrahta held out for a long time, wavering back and forth. He sent Tu Laung to submit but then called him back after his chief queen died. Meanwhile, Siamese officials were running out of patience, and advised their king at Ayutthaya to abandon Nawrahta and leave him to his own devices against Lan Xang and minor states of Lan Na. Naresuan ordered another mission to persuade Nawrahta, and it was successful. Nawrahta finally traveled to Lamphun and submitted. For his part, Ekathotsarot ordered all the vassal rulers of Lan Na to obey Nawrahta as the rightful king of Lan Na.[39]

Burmese chronicle account[edit]

The main Burmese chroniclesMaha YazawinandHmannan Yazawinboth agree withAyutthaya'saccount that Lan Na was a vassal of Siam. The Burmese chronicles say that in the dry season of 1604–1605, Naresuan was in Lan Na, preparing to invade the Shan states.[35][42]Moreover, the chronicles mention that Nawrahta's eldest daughter was married to the Siamese king, and that the eldest son Tu Laung, heir-apparent of Lan Na, was married to a Siamese princess and lived in Ayutthaya.[43][44]These were hallmarks of what vassal rulers of the era would have done. Furthermore, the chronicles indicate that Naresuan's successor Ekathotsarot continued to be the overlord of Lan Na at least to Nawrahta's death in 1607/08 when Ekathotsarot unsuccessfully tried to place his nominee Tu Laung on the throne.[43][44]

Summary[edit]

Although various chronicle accounts differ greatly and have many contradictions among them,[note 13]they all agree that Nawrahta's independent reign of Lan Na was at peace for at most two years between 1597 and 1599. From 1599 onward, he had to deal with two major foreign-backed rebellions in Nan (by Lan Xang) and in Chiang Rai/Chiang Saen (by Siam). He twice survived Lan Xang's sieges of Chiang Mai (1599 and 1602–1603). Despite his best efforts to stay independent, according to Siamese and Burmese chronicles, he became a vassal of Siam.Ayutthayadoes not give an actual date as to when the submission took place—only that it happened some time after 1600/01.[39]Given that according toChiang Mai,Siam-backed Chiang Rai was still in active rebellion in 1601/02, Ekathotsarot's expedition likely took place around the same time, probably in the dry season of 1601–1602. Nawrahta avoided submission as long as he could but eventually gave in, probably c. 1602. This submission may have triggered Lan Xang's 1602–1603 invasion.[42]

Last years[edit]

By late 1603, Nawrahta had regained control of all of Lan Na, albeit as a vassal of Siam. Its eastern flank was now quiet as the new regime in Vientiane abandoned Lan Xang's designs on Lan Na. But just as one threat ended, a new potential threat arrived in the north. In November 1603,Nyaungyan,one of Nawrahta's many half brothers, invaded Mone, the Shan state immediately north of Lan Na, and had acquired the major Shan state and its tributary nearby minor states by March 1604.[45]Siam viewed this as a direct threat to Lan Na. Naresuan and the Siamese army arrived at Lan Na in the dry season of 1604–1605. But the invasion never took place as the Siamese king fell ill and died in April 1605.[35][42]

Nawrahta seemed to have paid tribute to Naresuan's successor Ekathotsarot.[42]The feared invasion from Burma did not come. In all, Lan Na during his last years from May 1603 onward seemed to have been relatively peaceful even if the specter of war was ever present.

Nawrahta Minsaw died in late 1607/early 1608, having ruled for 28 years.[note 14]His death was followed by a power struggle between his two eldest sons.[3]The eldest son Tu Laung was at Ayutthaya. While one faction of the court invited Tu Laung to take over the Chiang Mai throne, another faction proclaimed the middle sonMinye Deibbaas king in Chiang Mai. Tu Laung and his Siamese army laid siege to Chiang Mai.[46]Thirteen months after Nawrahta's death, in late 1608/early 1609,[47]Tu Laung died outside the city, and his Siamese army retreated.[46]Note that theChiang Mai Chronicleconsiders Tu Laung king for 13 months, even if he never set foot inside Chiang Mai as king.[47]

Poetry[edit]

Like his chief queen, Nawrahta was an accomplished poet. The chronicleZinme Yazawincontains some of their more famousyadupoems. According to the historianNi Ni Myint,yaduis "a poetic form in which three stanzas are linked by the rhyming of their last lines, theyaduhad its golden age in the 16th and early 17th century. The poem generally evokes a mood of wistful sadness through the contemplation of nature in the changing seasons or the yearning for a loved one temporarily separated. "[48]The following is a translation by Ni Ni Myint of one of his more famous poems about Hsinbyushin Medaw.[4]

None there be in the thousand lands
Though should I search
Let alone an equal I will find none
To match a strand of her hair
Fragrant asattarof jasmine
Sweet-voiced, pleasant of expression
Generous of thought, lovely of disposition
My heap of life
The warm nest of my sight

Family[edit]

Nawrahta Minsaw had one daughter and three sons by the chief queenHsinbyushin Medaw,[1]and five daughters and two sons by minor queens.[2]

His children by the chief queen were:[1]

Name Birth–death Notes
Khin Ma Hsin In Pyoe (From Original Hnamadaw égyin, Bayaga Monastery Archieve) also knows as Yodaya Mibaya 8 May 1578 – after 1615 Queen of KingNaresuanofAyutthaya(1596–1605)
Thado Minsaw (Tu Laung) June 1579 – 1608/09 Siamese-backed King of Lan Na (r. 1607/08–1608/09)
Minye Deibba 1580s – March 1614 King of Lan Na (r. 1607/08–1614)
Thado Kyaw 1580s – 21 December 1614 King of Lan Na (r. 1614)

His children by the junior queens were:[2]

# Name Mother Brief
1. Min Hari Sao Nang Pong Htipthe daughter ofThao Hkam PanGov.of Lam Hpone orLamphun Son, Gov. of Pinya in 1615 with the title of Min Hla Nawrahta in the reign ofAnaukpetlun
2. Khin Mwe Mi Sao Nang Pong Htipthe daughter ofThao Hkam PanGov.of Lam Hpone orLamphun Daughter
3. Min A-Lat Khine Ma Hnet Hla the daughter of Min Thiha ofYamethin Daughter
4. Min A-Htwe Wana Hseng Chan,the daughter ofHkun Hkam Kyawthesaophaof Monggyit Daughter, married to Binnya Nandameit Gov. ofTharrawaddy
5. Min A-Nge Pawng Suda,the daughter of Sao Chiang Lue Gov. of Pya orPhrae Daughter
6. Shin Me-Kwa Me Bwarthe daughter ofThao Singh Hkamthesaophaof Mongyom (Mongroum) Daughter, Queen of KingKeo KoumaneofLan Xang
7. Shin Sa Subin Bwathe daughter ofHso Kaa HpathesaophaofMogaung Son, with the titleHkun Lo Hseng Hanthesaophaof Möng Khaung (present inAmphoe Chiang Dao) andMong Hpayakonward

In popular culture[edit]

Nawrahta is notably portrayed by veteran actorChalit Fuengaromin the Thai film hexalogyThe Legend of King Naresuan,which also depicts the campaigns that he launched against Siam at the behest of his brother, Nanda Bayin.[49][50]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Maha Yazawin(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 59) givesSaturday,5th wa xing of Nadaw 938 ME, which translates toMonday,26 November 1576.Hmannan Yazawin(Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 40) drops the Saturday but retains 5th wa xing of Nadaw 938 ME.
  2. ^The track record of Toungoo armies searching for a small band of rebels in remote hill regions was extremely poor. See futile search operations that decimated the ranks of the searchers in: (1) Lan Xang (1565, 1569–1570) per (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 285–292) and (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 328–331); Mohnyin and Mogaung (1571–1572) per (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 336–338).
  3. ^(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2003: 62) & (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 43):Tuesday,3rd waning of Thadingyut 939 ME, which translates toMonday,30 September 1577.
  4. ^See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 65–67) for interchanging use of Nawrahta Minsaw and Nawrahta Saw when he was first referred to as such in the chronicles. See the obituary section of King Bayinnaung (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 77) for the prince's formal title of Anawrahta Minsaw.
  5. ^Date given as 2nd wa xing of Tabaung 940 ME.Hmannan(Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 48) gives Wednesday, 5th wa xing of Tabaung 940 ME but 5th wa xing is a typographical error as it translates toSaturday,31 January 1579. The date is probably 2nd wa xing of Tabaung 940 ME (28 January 1579), which was a Wednesday.
  6. ^(Ni Ni Myint 2004: 20): According to survivingyadupoems by Hsinbyushin Medaw inZinme,his chief queen regularly went on pilgrimages to the famous Buddhist shrines of Lan Na, in particularPhra Kaew(which at the time housed theEmerald Buddha),Phra Singh,andPhra Suthep.She also used her pilgrimages as opportunities to see the Lan Na countryside, and to be outside the walled city of Chiang Mai.
  7. ^(Ni Ni Myint 2004: 16–17): Hsinbyushiin Medaw wrote her most famousyadupoem, called "Victory Land of Golden Yun" while awaiting Nawrahta's return from the Sanda campaign.
  8. ^See the commander lists of the five campaigns in (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 84–93).
  9. ^Chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 97) only sayMinye Thihathu II of Toungooand Nawrahta of Lan Na revolted in 958 ME (1596/97). But they most likely declared independence in early 1597. Per (Than Tun Vol. 2 1985: 11),Nyaungyandeclared that Ava would be his new capital on 19 April 1597 without Nanda permission, effectively declaring independence. Nyaungyan most probably declared it soon after the other two's announcement.
  10. ^(Fernquest 2005: 52): 963 ME = 9 April 1601 to 8 April 1602
  11. ^(Fernquest 2005: 50): TheAyutthaya Chroniclesays the army was sent in 960 ME (9 April 1598 to 9 April 1599). TheNan Chronicle(Ratchasomphan 1994: 68) gives a more specific date, that the siege of Chiang Mai began in January 1599.
  12. ^(Fernquest 2005: 52): TheAyutthaya Chronicledoes not explicitly say when Ekathotsarot's expedition took place but it appeared to have been after 962 ME (9 April 1600 to 8 April 1601).
  13. ^(Fernquest 2005: 47): The prevailing Thai history narrative, as reconstructed and interpreted by PrinceDamrong,followsAyutthaya'sversion only.
  14. ^The Chiang Mai Chronicle(Wyatt 1998: 125) says he died in 969 ME (10 April 1607 to 8 April 1608). Since he ascended to the Lan Na throne on 3 July 1579, he likely died after June 1607.Chiang Maialso says that his two successors ruled for 13 months and 5 years respectively. According to the Burmese chronicles (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 152), Thado Kyaw came to power c. March 1614. It means the latest time Nawrahta died would have been around February 1608.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcHmannan Vol. 3 2003: 177–178
  2. ^abcHmannan Vol. 3 2003: 181
  3. ^abWyatt 2003: 104–105, 310
  4. ^abcNi Ni Myint 2004: 21–22
  5. ^abMaha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 97
  6. ^Fernquest 2005: 47–57
  7. ^Zinme 2003: 69
  8. ^Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 68
  9. ^Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 344
  10. ^(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 37):Wednesday,7th wa xing of Tabaung 935 ME =Saturday,27 February 1574
  11. ^Ni Ni Myint 2004: 16–17
  12. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 62
  13. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 59–62
  14. ^Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 48
  15. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 64–65
  16. ^Harvey 1925: 171
  17. ^abMaha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 65–66
  18. ^(Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 67):Thursday,10th wa xing of 2nd Waso 941 ME = 2 July 1579
  19. ^Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2012: 137
  20. ^Harvey 1925: 181
  21. ^(Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 78): Thadingyut 944 ME = 21 August 1582 to 19 September 1582 NS)
  22. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 78
  23. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 79
  24. ^Htin Aung 1967: 129
  25. ^(Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 80): Tuesday, 1st waning of Kason 946 ME = 24 April 1584
  26. ^Lieberman 2003: 155–156
  27. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 84
  28. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 86
  29. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 90
  30. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 93
  31. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95
  32. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 95–96
  33. ^abcFernquest 2005: 47
  34. ^abRatchasomphan 1994: 67
  35. ^abcMaha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 128
  36. ^abcFernquest 2005: 50–51
  37. ^Ratchasomphan 1994: 68
  38. ^abcFernquest 2005: 48
  39. ^abcFernquest 2005: 52
  40. ^abRatchasomphan 1994: 69
  41. ^Simms and Simms 2001: 92
  42. ^abcdFernquest 2005: 53
  43. ^abMaha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 152–153
  44. ^abHmannan Vol. 3 2003: 177
  45. ^Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 118–119
  46. ^abMaha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 153
  47. ^abWyatt 1998: 125
  48. ^Ni Ni Myint 2004: 16
  49. ^"ภ.ไทย เรื่อง" ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช ภาค ๓ ยุทธนาวี ".drama.ch7(in Thai). Bangkok: BBTV Channel 7. 2011.Retrieved2017-12-19.
  50. ^tyler (2011-03-29)."ใครเป็นใครใน ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช ภาค3 ยุทธนาวี".movie.mthai(in Thai). Bangkok: MThai.Retrieved2017-12-19.

Bibliography[edit]

Nawrahta Minsaw
Born:1551/52Died:1607/08
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Lan Na
28 January 1579 – 1607/08 		Succeeded by
Royal titles
Preceded by Governor of Tharrawaddy
27 February 1574 – 28 January 1579 		Succeeded by
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