Near-close near-front rounded vowel
| Near-close near-front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʏ | |||
| IPA Number | 320 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʏ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+028F | ||
| X-SAMPA | Y | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| IPA:Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend:unrounded•rounded |
Thenear-close front rounded vowel,ornear-high front rounded vowel,[1]is a type ofvowelsound, used in somespokenlanguages.
The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, asmall capitalversion of the Latin lettery,and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isY.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Associationdefines[ʏ]as amid-centralized(loweredandcentralized) close front rounded vowel (transcribed[y̽]or[ÿ˕]), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ isnear-close near-front rounded vowel.[2]However, acoustic analysis of cardinal vowels as produced byDaniel JonesandJohn C. Wellshas shown that basicallyallcardinal front rounded vowels (so not just[y]but also[ø,œ,ɶ]) are near-front (orfront-central) in their articulation, so[ʏ]may be just a lowered cardinal[y]([y˕]), a vowel that is intermediate between cardinal[y]and cardinal[ø].[3]In many languages that contrast close, near-close and close-mid front rounded vowels, there is no appreciable difference in backness between them.[4][5][6][7]In some transcriptions, the vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩[8]or ⟨ø⟩.[9]When that is the case, this article transcribes it with the symbols ⟨y˕⟩ (a lowered ⟨y⟩) and ⟨ø̝⟩ (a raised ⟨ø⟩), respectively. ⟨ʏ⟩ implies too weak a rounding in some cases (specifically in the case of the vowels that are described astensein Germanic languages, which are typically transcribed with ⟨øː⟩), which would have to be specified as ⟨ʏ̹⟩.
In some languages, however, ⟨ʏ⟩ is used to transcribe a vowel that is as low as close-mid but still fits the definition of a lowered and centralized (or just lowered) cardinal[y].It occurs inGerman Standard Germanas well as some dialects of English (such asEstuary),[10][11][12]and it can be transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ̞⟩ (a lowered ⟨ʏ⟩) in narrow transcription. For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), seeclose-mid front rounded vowel.
In most languages, the rounded vowel is pronounced withcompressedlips (in anexolabialmanner). However, in a few cases, the lips are protruded (in anendolabialmanner), such as inSwedish,which contrasts the two types of rounding.
Transcription[edit]
The near-close front rounded vowel is transcribed with ⟨y⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ in world's languages. However, when the Latin ⟨y⟩ or ⟨ø⟩ are used for this vowel, ⟨ʏ⟩ may still be used for phonological reasons for a vowel that islowerthan near-close, potentially leading to confusion. This is the case in several Germanic language varieties, as well as in some transcriptions ofShanghainese.
In the following table, the difference between compressed and protruded vowels is ignored, except in the case of Swedish. Short vowels transcribed with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ʏ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩ in broad transcription are assumed to have a weak rounding in most cases.
| Symbol | Phonetic values in various language varieties | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Dzongkha | Frisian languages | German | Limburgish | Shanghainese | Swedish | ||||||
| Fering | Saterland | Northern Standard | Hamont-Achel | Maastricht | Weert | Central Standard | ||||||
| ⟨y⟩ | [y]~[ʏ]~[ʉ] | — | — | [y] | [y] | [ʉ̞] | [ʉ] | [y] | — | same as⟨ʏ⟩ | ||
| ⟨yː⟩ | [yː]~[ʏː]~[ʉː] | [yː]~[ʏː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [yː] | [ʉː] | [yː] | — | [y̫ː] | ||
| ⟨ʉ⟩ | same as⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʉ̞ᵝ] | ||
| ⟨ʉː⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ʏᵝː]~[yᵝː] | ||
| ⟨ʏ⟩ | [ɵ] | — | [ʉ̞] | [ø] | [ø̜] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ɵ] | [ø] | [ø̫]~[ʏ̫]~[y̫] | ||
| ⟨ø⟩ | same as⟨øː⟩ | — | — | — | [ø̹] | same as⟨øː⟩ | same as⟨øː⟩ | same as⟨øː⟩ | [ʏ] | same as⟨œ⟩ | ||
| ⟨øː⟩ | [øʏ]~[øː]~[ɵː] | [øː]~[œː] | [ʉ̞ː] | [ʏː] | [ø̹ː] | [ɵː] | [ɵː]~[ɵʊ̈] | [øə] | — | [ø̫ː] | ||
| ⟨ɵ⟩ | same as⟨ʏ⟩ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [ɵ̞ᵝ] | ||
| ⟨œ⟩ | same as⟨ʏ⟩ | — | [ɵ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ] | [œ̝] | [œ̝] | — | [œ̫˔] | ||
| ⟨œː⟩ | [œː] | — | — | [øː] | [œː] | [œː] | [ɞː] | [œ̝ː] | — | — | ||
Near-close front compressed vowel[edit]
Thenear-close front compressed vowelis typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicateddiacriticfor compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɪ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous[ɪ]and labial compression) or ⟨ɪᵝ⟩ ([ɪ]modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʏ͍⟩ as anad hocsymbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Theclose-mid front compressed vowelcan be transcribed ⟨ɪ̞͡β̞⟩, ⟨ɪ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ʏ͍˕⟩.
Features[edit]
- Itsvowel heightisnear-close,also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as aclose vowel(high vowel).
- Itsvowel backnessisfront,which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.Rounded front vowels are oftencentralized,which means that often they are in factnear-front.
- Itsroundednessis compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed. The prototypical[ʏ]has a weak compressed rounding, more like[œ]than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence[edit]
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion. Vowels transcribed with ⟨y˕⟩ and ⟨ø̝⟩ may have a stronger rounding than the prototypical value of ⟨ʏ⟩.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | Gheg | yll | [ʏɫ] | 'star' | |
| Bashkir | дүрт/dürt | 'four' | |||
| Bavarian | Northern[13] | vill | [v̥ʏl] | 'much' | Allophone of/i/before/l/.[13] |
| Buwal[14] | [ɗɛ́ɗʏ̄wɛ̄k] | 'bitter' | Palatalized allophone of/ə/when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[14] | ||
| Chinese | Shanghainese[15] | Gan/koe | [kø̝˩] | 'liver' | Realization of/ø/in open syllables and/ʏ/in closed syllables. Near-close[ø̝]in the former case, close-mid[ʏ̞]in the latter.[15] |
| Danish | Standard[16] | købe | [ˈkʰø̝ːpə] | 'buy' | Also described as close-mid[øː].[17]SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[18] | nu | [ny˕] | 'now' | Also transcribed as close front[y][19][20]and, in the Standard Northern accent, as close central[ʉ].[21]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. SeeDutch phonology |
| English | Estuary[22][23] | foot | [fʏʔt] | 'foot' | Possible realization of/ʊ/and/uː/.In the former case, the height varies between near-close[ʏ]and close-mid[ʏ̞].[22][24] |
| Multicultural London[25] | Possible realization of/ʊ/.[25] | ||||
| Rural whiteSouthern American[26] | [fʏt̚] | Can be central[ʊ̈]instead.[26] | |||
| West Country[27] | [fʏt] | Possible realization of/ʊ/and/uː/.[27] | |||
| New Zealand[28][29] | nurse | [nʏːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of/ɵː/(and also/ʉː/).[28][29][30]SeeNew Zealand English phonology | |
| Ulster[31] | mule | [mjʏl] | 'mule' | Short allophone of/u/;occurs only after/j/.[31]SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Multicultural London | food | 'food' | |||
| Faroese[32] | krúss | [kɹʏsː] | 'mug' | SeeFaroese phonology | |
| French | Parisian[33] | tu | [t̪y˕] | 'you' | Also described as close[y];[34][35]typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. SeeFrench phonology |
| Quebec[36] | lune | [lʏn] | 'moon' | Allophone of/y/inclosed syllables.[36]SeeQuebec French phonology | |
| German | Standard[10][11] | schützen | [ˈʃʏ̞t͡sn̩] | 'protect' | Close-mid; it may be as high as[y]for some speakers.[10][11]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Some speakers[37] | schwimmen | [ʃvʏmː] | 'to swim' | Allophone of/ɪ/before labial consonants. Used by some speakers in Northern and Central Germany.[37]SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | üt | 'hit' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. SeeHungarian phonology | ||
| Icelandic[38] | vinur | [ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ] | 'friend' | Close-mid;[38]also described as central[ɵ].[39]SeeIcelandic phonology | |
| Kazakh | жүр/jür | [ʑʏr] | 'go' | ||
| Kurdish | dwênê | [dʏneː] | 'yesterday' | Allophone of /weː/ before consonant. | |
| Low German[40] | lütt/lut | [lʏt] | 'little' | ||
| Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏtː] | 'new' | The example word is fromUrban East Norwegian,in which the vowel varies between compressed[ʏ]and protruded[ʏ̫].[42]Its height has been variously described as near-close[ʏ][41]and close[y].[43]SeeNorwegian phonology. | |
| Saterland Frisian[7] | röögje | [ˈʀø̝ːɡjə] | 'to rain' | Phonetic realization of/øː/and/ʏ/.Near-close[ø̝ː]in the former case, close-mid[ʏ̞]in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to/œː/([øː]).[7] | |
| Scots[44] | buit | [bʏt] | 'boot' | May be central[ʉ]instead.[44] | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ut | [ʏːt̪] | 'out' | Often realized as a sequence[ʏβ̞]or[ʏβ][46][47](hear the word:). The height has been variously described as near-close[ʏː][5][45]and close[yː].[48]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉː⟩; it is central[ʉː]in other dialects. SeeSwedish phonology |
| Turkish[49] | atasözü | [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞z̪ʏ] | 'proverb' | Allophone of/y/described variously as "word-final"[49]and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[50]SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Turkmen[51] | Türkmençe | [tʏɾkmøntʃø] | 'Turkmen' | ||
| Wymysorys[52] | büwa | [ˈbʏvä] | 'boys' | ||
Near-close front protruded vowel[edit]
| Near-close front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̫ | |
| ʏʷ | |
| ɪʷ |
Catford notes[full citation needed]that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such asScandinavian languages,have protruded front vowels. One of them,Swedish,even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels as well as height and duration.[53]
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, the old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as anad hocsymbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.
Theclose-mid front protruded vowelcan be transcribed ⟨ʏ̫˕⟩, ⟨ʏ̞ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̞ʷ⟩.
For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (or ⟨y⟩), seeclose-mid front protruded vowel.
Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed near-close front vowel[ʏ]and the unrounded near-close front vowel[ɪ].
Features[edit]
- Itsvowel heightisnear-close,also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as aclose vowel(high vowel).
- Itsvowel backnessisfront,which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.Rounded front vowels are oftencentralized,which means that often they are in factnear-front.
- Itsroundednessis protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed. The prototypical[ʏ]has a weak rounding (though it is compressed, rather than protruded), more like[œ]than the neighboring cardinal vowels.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[41] | nytt | [nʏ̫tː] | 'new' | The example word is fromUrban East Norwegian,in which the vowel varies between protruded[ʏ̫]and compressed[ʏ].[42]Its height has been variously described as near-close[ʏ][41]and close[y].[43]SeeNorwegian phonology. | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[5][45] | ylle | 'wool' | The height has been variously described as close-mid[ʏ̫˕],[5]near-close[ʏ̫][45]and close[y̫].[54]SeeSwedish phonology | |
References[edit]
- ^While theInternational Phonetic Associationprefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height,many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^International Phonetic Association (1999),pp. 13, 171, 180.
- ^Geoff Lindsey(2013)The vowel space,Speech Talk
- ^abSzende (1994),p. 92.
- ^abcdeEngstrand (1999),p. 140.
- ^Lodge (2009),p. 87.
- ^abcPeters (2017),p.?.
- ^For example, byCollins & Mees (2013:225) andSzende (1994:92).
- ^For example byChen & Gussenhoven (2015:328);Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited inBasbøll (2005:48) andPeters (2017:?).
- ^abcHall (2003),pp. 93–94, 107.
- ^abcDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),pp. 34, 64.
- ^Altendorf & Watt (2004),pp. 188, 191.
- ^abRowley (1990),p. 422.
- ^abViljoen (2013),p. 50.
- ^abChen & Gussenhoven (2015),p. 328.
- ^Basbøll & Wagner (1985:40), cited inBasbøll (2005:48).
- ^Basbøll (2005),p. 46.
- ^Collins & Mees (2003),p. 132.
- ^Verhoeven (2005),p. 245.
- ^Gussenhoven (2007),p. 30.
- ^Gussenhoven (1992),p. 47.
- ^abPrzedlacka (2001),pp. 42–43.
- ^Altendorf & Watt (2004),pp. 188, 190–191.
- ^Altendorf & Watt (2004),pp. 188, 190.
- ^abCruttenden (2014),p. 91.
- ^abThomas (2004),pp. 303, 308.
- ^abAltendorf & Watt (2004),p. 200.
- ^abBauer et al. (2007),p. 98.
- ^abMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^Bauer & Warren (2004),p. 582.
- ^abJilka, Matthias."Irish English and Ulster English"(PDF).Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 April 2014.
- ^Peterson (2000),cited inÁrnason (2011:76)
- ^Collins & Mees (2013),p. 225.
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 73.
- ^Lodge (2009),p. 84.
- ^abWalker (1984),pp. 51–60.
- ^abDudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 65.
- ^abÁrnason (2011),p. 60.
- ^Einarsson (1945:10), cited inGussmann (2011:73)
- ^Prehn (2012),p. 157.
- ^abcdVanvik (1979),pp. 13, 20.
- ^abKristoffersen (2000),pp. 15–16.
- ^abKvifte & Gude-Husken (2005),p. 2.
- ^abStuart-Smith (2004),p. 54.
- ^abcdBolander (2001),p. 55.
- ^Engstrand (1999),p. 141.
- ^Riad (2014),p. 28.
- ^Riad (2014),pp. 27–28.
- ^abGöksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 11.
- ^Zimmer & Organ (1999),p. 155.
- ^Hoey (2013),p. 6.
- ^Jarosław Weckwerth."The pure vowels (monophthongs) of Wilamowicean – spectral characteristics"(PDF).pp. 1–2, 5.
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996),p.?.
- ^Dahlstedt (1967),p. 16.
Sources[edit]
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English,vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196,ISBN3-11-017532-0
- Árnason, Kristján (2011),The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-922931-4
- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
- Basbøll, Hans;Wagner, Johannes (1985),Kontrastive Phonologie des Deutschen und Dänischen,Max Niemeyer Verlag,ISBN978-3-484-30160-3
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English,vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602,ISBN3-11-017532-0
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),"New Zealand English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37(1): 97–102,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Bolander, Maria (2001),Funktionell svensk grammatik(1st ed.), Liber AB,ISBN9789147050543
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015),"Shanghai Chinese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45(3): 321–327,doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003],Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students(3rd ed.), Routledge,ISBN978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014),Gimson's Pronunciation of English(8th ed.), Routledge,ISBN9781444183092
- Dahlstedt, Karl-Hampus (1967),Svårigheter i svenskans uttal,Modersmålslärarnas förening
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch(in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,ISBN978-3-411-04067-4
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945),Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary.,Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press,ISBN978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet.,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142,ISBN0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar,Routledge,ISBN978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007),Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands?(PDF)(in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University,archived(PDF)from the original on 25 March 2017
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011)."Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic"(PDF).Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia.12:71–90.ISBN978-83-232-2296-5.
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992],Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English(2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press,ISBN0-7190-6689-1
- Hoey, Elliott (2013),Grammatical sketch of Turkmen,Santa Barbara: University of California
- International Phonetic Association (1999),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-65236-7
- Kristoffersen, Gjert(2000),The Phonology of Norwegian,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-823765-5
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997],Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache(3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag,ISBN3-926972-54-8
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- Lodge, Ken (2009),A Critical Introduction to Phonetics,Continuum International Publishing Group,ISBN978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, Robert; Cox, Felicity; Harrington, Jonathan (2009),An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology,Macquarie University
- Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,49(2): 223–230,doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226,S2CID232348873
- Peterson, Hjalmar P. (2000), "Mátingar af sjálvljóðum í føruyskum",Málting,28:37–43
- Prehn, Maike (2012).Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon(PDF)(PhD). Amsterdam: LOT.ISBN978-94-6093-077-5.
- Przedlacka, Joanna (2001),"Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings"(PDF),Studia Anglica Posnaniensia,36:35–50
- Riad, Tomas (2014),The Phonology of Swedish,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-954357-1
- Rietveld, Antonius C.M.; van Heuven, Vincent J. (2009) [First published 1997],Algemene Fonetiek(in Dutch) (3rd ed.), Bussum: Uitgeverij Coutinho,ISBN978-90-469-0163-2
- Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.),The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey,Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437,ISBN0-415-00308-3
- Stuart-Smith, Jane (2004), "Scottish English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English,vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 47–67,ISBN3-11-017532-0
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,24(2): 91–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090,S2CID242632087
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English,vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324,ISBN3-11-017532-0
- Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk,Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35(2): 243–247,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013),A grammatical description of the Buwal language,Melbourne: La Trobe University
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999),"Turkish"(PDF),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158,ISBN0-521-65236-7,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-07-25,retrieved2015-11-21