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Germanic SS

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Germanic SS
The Germanic SS were foreign branches of theAllgemeine SS.

Headquarters of theSchalburg CorpsinCopenhagen,Denmark,c.1943.
Agency overview
FormedSeptember 1940
Dissolved8 May 1945
JurisdictionGermanyandGerman-occupied Europe
HeadquartersSS-Hauptamt
Employees~35,000 c.1943
Minister responsible
Parent agencySchutzstaffel

TheGermanic SS(German:Germanische SS) was the collective name given toparamilitaryandpolitical organisationsestablished in parts ofGerman-occupied Europebetween 1939 and 1945 under the auspices of theSchutzstaffel(SS). The units were modeled on theAllgemeine SSinNazi Germanyand established inBelgium,Denmark,theNetherlands,andNorway—population groups who were considered to be especially "racially suitable" by theNazis.They typically served as local security police augmenting German units of theGestapo,Sicherheitsdienst(SD), and other departments of the GermanReich Security Main Office(RSHA), rendering them culpable for their participation in Nazi atrocities.

Establishment[edit]

The Nazi idea behind co-opting additional Germanic people into the SS stems to a certain extent from theVölkischbelief that the original Aryan-Germanic homeland rested in Scandinavia and that, in a racial-ideological sense, people from there or the neighbouring northern European regions were a human reservoir of Nordic/Germanic blood.[1]Conquest of Western Europe gave the Germans, and especially the SS, access to these "potential recruits" who were considered part of the wider "Germanic family".[2]Four of these conquered nations were ripe with Germanic peoples according to Nazi estimations (Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Flanders).Heinrich Himmlerreferred to people from these lands in terms of their Germanic suitability as, "blutsmässig unerhört wertvolle Kräfte"(" by blood exceptionally valuable assets ").[3]Accordingly, some of them were recruited into the SS and enjoyed the highest privileges as did foreign workers from these regions, to include unrestrained sexual contact with German women.[4]Eager to expand their reach, Nazis like Chief of theSS Main Office,Gottlob Bergerconsidered the Germanic SS as foundational for a burgeoning German Empire.[5]

Himmler's vision for a Germanic SS started with grouping the Netherlands,Belgian,andFrench Flanderstogether into a western-Germanic state calledBurgundia,which would be policed by the SS as a security buffer for Germany. In 1940, the first manifestation of the Germanic SS appeared in Flanders as theAllgemeene SS Vlaanderento be joined two-months later by the DutchNederlandsche SS,and in May 1941 the NorwegianNorges SSwas formed. The final nation to contribute to the Germanic SS was Denmark, whoseGermansk Korpset(later called the Schalburg Corps) came into being in April 1943.[6]For the SS, they did not think of their compatriots in terms of national borders but in terms of Germanic racial makeup, known conceptually to them asDeutschtum,a greater idea which transcended traditional political boundaries.[7]While the SS leadership foresaw an imperialistic and semi-autonomous relationship for the Nordic or Germanic countries like Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway as co-bearers of a greater Germanic empire, Hitler refused to grant them the same degree of independence despite ongoing pressure from ranking members of the SS.[8]

Duties and participation in atrocities[edit]

Vidkun Quislinginspects the Germanske SS Norge on the Palace Square inOslo,Norway

The purpose of the Germanic SS was to enforceNazi racial doctrine,especiallyanti-Semiticideas. They typically served as local security police augmenting German units of the Gestapo,Sicherheitsdienst(SD), and other main departments of theReich Security Main Office(Reichssicherheitshauptamt,RSHA). Their principal responsibilities during wartime were to root-out partisans, subversive organizations, and any group opposed to Nazi ideas. In other cases, these foreign units of the SS were employed by major German firms to distribute propaganda for the Nazi cause among their compatriots and to police and control workers.[9]In addition, the inclusion of other Germanic peoples was part of the Nazi attempt to collectively Germanize Europe, and for them, Germanization entailed the creation of an empire ruled by Germanic people at the expense of other races.[10]

One of the most notorious groups was in theNetherlands,where the Germanic SS was employed to round-upJews.Of the 140,000 Jews that had lived in the Netherlands prior to 1940, around 24,000 survived the war by hiding.[11]Despite their relatively small numbers, a total of 512 Jews from Oslo were hunted down by the Norwegian Police and theGermanske SS Norge(Norwegian General SS); once caught, they were deported to Auschwitz. More Jews were rounded-up elsewhere, but the total number of Norwegian Jews captured never reached a thousand throughout the course of the war.[12]Similar measures were planned by the SS against Danish Jews, who totaled about 6,500, but most of them managed to go into hiding or escape to Sweden before the senior German representative in Denmark, SS-GeneralWerner Best,could marshal the SS forces at his disposal and complete his planned raids and deportations.[13][14]

Organizations[edit]

The following countries raised active Germanic SS detachments:

Country or region Name Description
Denmark Germansk Korpset,renamed theSS-Schalburgkorps The Germanic Corps (Germansk Korpset) was established in April 1943 and renamed theSS-Schalburgkorps[a]shortly afterwards. It was formed under the leadership ofK.B. Martinsenwho had recently returned to Denmark from the Eastern Front after the disbandment of theFree Corps Denmark(Freikorps Danmark) which he had latterly commanded as part of the Waffen-SS.[18]It was divided into two parts. "Group I" acted as a uniformed paramilitary force, while "Group II" consisted of civilian sympathisers expected to fund the entity.[19]The latter was transformed into a political party known as theDanish People's Defence(Dansk Folke Værn) which drew a number of existing factions of the Danish extreme-right away from the mainNational Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark(Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti,or DNSAP).[20]According to historian Martin Gutmann, this professional paramilitary group was "meant to replace the interned Danish army."[21]By the winter of 1943, Martinsen had built up the unit to some 1,000 men commanded by two-dozen Danish Waffen-SS officers.[22]Under plans devised by Himmler, Best, and Martinsen, theSS-Schalburgkorpswas used to crush Danish resistance. It participated in the murder of opposition figures—including the Danish playwright,Kaj Munk—and bombed buildings with suspected links toDanish resistance.[23]
Flanders(Belgium) Algemeene SS Vlaanderen,
renamed theGermaansche SS in Vlaanderenin October 1942 		The General SS Flanders (Algemeene Schutscharen Vlaanderen,orAlg. SS-Vl.) was originally founded in November 1940 and was one of the first collaborationist formations to become part of theGermanische SSin October 1942.[19]It was created as a political militia under the leadership of the radicalflamingantsRené LagrouandWard Hermans.[19]It included a reserve unit known as the Flanders Corps (Vlaanderen-Korps) and a short-lived youth movement called the Youth Front (Jeugdfront).[24]Lagrou was killed on the Eastern Front while serving with theFlemish Legionin the Waffen-SS and Hermans emigrated to Germany to work in Nazi radio propaganda, meaning that leadership of the formation passed toJozef De Langhe[nl],Raf Van Hulse[nl],and laterJef François.[24]From 1943, it became associated with the radical political factionDeVlagwhich sought to supplant the larger and more conservativeFlemish National League(Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond,VNV) as the principal collaborationist group in Flanders.[25]Unofficially, Himmler wanted to use the organization to penetrate occupied Belgium, which was under the control of amilitary administrationrun by theGerman Armyrather than theNazi Partyor SS.[26]It was also used to staff the anti-Jewish units of the Germansecurity serviceswith auxiliary staff and provided guards for the prison camp atFort Breendonk.[27]It also published a newspaper entitledDe SS Man.The group claimed only 3,499 members in January 1944 and more than half were serving in some capacity on the Eastern Front and the historian David Littlejohn estimates the number of its active members in Belgium at fewer than 400 by this point.[25]Under the leadership ofStormbanleiderRobert Verbelen[nl],DeVlag and the SS-Vlaanderen collaborated in the killings of civilians and public figures in notional reprisals for attacks committed by theBelgian Resistance.According to historian Jan Craeybeckx, "their 1944 raid in theHagelandnearLeuvenleft a trail of death and destruction "and" countless people were deported to concentration camps ", notably from the small village ofMeensel-Kiezegemwhich was attacked in August 1944.[28]Alexandre Galopin,the incumbent governor of theSociété Générale,was assassinated on Verbelen's orders in February 1944. As the Allies entered Belgium in September 1944, many of the perpetrators and collaborators fled to Germany.[28]
Netherlands Nederlandsche SS,
renamed theGermaansche SS in Nederlandin November 1942.[b] 		The Dutch SS (Nederlandsche SS) was formed in September 1940 under the auspices ofHenk Feldmeijerwithin the main collaborationist partyNational Socialist Movement in the Netherlands(Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging in Nederland,NSB). Feldmeijer was a longstanding member of the party's radicalVölkischfaction and envisaged the force as a kind of political police unit rather than a strictly military one.[30]Its base was established atAvegoor,nearArnhem.[30]The Dutch SS was increasingly subordinated to the SS which weakened its ties to the NSB. It became part of the Germanic SS in November 1942 and was renamed.[30]It slowly gravitated away from the NSB's Dutch nationalism towards the idea of integrating the Netherlands in a Greater Germany. It published a newspaper entitledStormand served an important role in facilitating recruitment for Dutch Waffen SS units on the Eastern Front. In principle, there were six regiments (standaarden) based inGroningen,Arnhem,Amsterdam,the Hague,EindhovenandNijmegen.[31]The movement claimed to have 6,127 members over the course of its existence but a large proportion at any given time were outside the Netherlands on the Eastern Front, meaning that all its units were likely to have been significantly understrength throughout its existence.[30]Feldmeijer, who himself enlisted for service on the Eastern Front, participated in the killing of Dutch civilians in retaliation for attacks by theresistancein September 1943.
Norway Norges SS,
renamed theGermanske SS Norgein July 1942 		The Norwegian SS (Norges SS) was established in May 1941 under the auspices ofJonas Lie,a career police officer who came from a notable family of writers who had recently returned to Norway after serving in the Balkans with theSS Nordland Regimentin the Waffen-SS.Sverre Riisnæswas Lie's second in command. Lie was inspired by the GermanReichskommissarJosef Terbovenand established the Norwegian SS without consultingVidkun Quislingeven though the formation remained notionally part of Quisling'sNational Union(Nasjonal Samling,or NS).[32]It was separate from the NS's ownHirdregimentsalthough initially used its uniforms and structure.Heinrich Himmlerpersonally attended the foundation ceremony for the Norwegian SS and continued to bestow favour of Lie, preventing Quisling from prohibiting the formation's establishment although he later forbade members of theHirdfrom participating.[33]The establishment of theNorwegian Legionfor its service on the Eastern Front in June 1941 led many members of the Norwegian SS to enlist and severely weakened it.[34]As part of the SS's attempt to weaken Quisling's power, the Norwegian SS was renamed in July 1942 and brought into the Germanic SS.[35]The organisation's membership reached a notional strength of 1,300 in 1944. A large part of the members were recruited from the police, and about 50 percent served in the Waffen SS on the Eastern Front.[36][37]It published a newspaper calledGermaneren.[38]Ultimately, it remained too small to represent a serious threat to Quisling's primacy in German-occupied Norway.[39]

An underground Nazi organization also existed in Switzerland, known as theGermanische SS Schweiz.It had very few members and was considered merely a splinter Nazi group by Swiss authorities.[40]

Germanic battalions[edit]

Danish members of the Schalburg Corps, filmed in 1944

Separately from the Germanic SS, a number of so-called Germanic Battalions (Germanische Sturmbanne) were established in September 1942 as part of theAllgemeine SSfrom among Flemish, Dutch, Norwegian, and Swiss expatriates andvolunteer workersin Germany. A Danish unit inBerlinwas disbanded in January 1943 amid a lack of personnel. In total, the total number of members was only 2,179 in March 1944.[41]

Postwar[edit]

After the war, many Germanic SS members were tried by their respective countries for treason. Independent war crimes trials outside the jurisdiction of theNuremberg Trialswere conducted in several European countries, such as in theNetherlands,NorwayandDenmark,leading to several death sentences; an example being the commander of the Schalburg Corps, K.B. Martinsen.[42][c]In Norway, Lie committed suicide.[44]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Informational notes

  1. ^Christian Schalburg had originally commanded Danish volunteers to the Nazi cause as part of theFree Corps Denmark,[15]but was killed in 1942.[16]Schalburg had been an instructional officer in the Danish infantry before joining the Waffen-SS. Both he and his wife became close friends of the Danish royal family, especially the Danish prince,Gustav.[17]
  2. ^Not only was there aNederlandscheSS branch, Dutch historian Evertjan van Roekel also reports that there were between 22,000 and 25,000 men from the Netherlands who volunteered for service in the Waffen-SS, constituting the largest contingent amid "all the occupied countries of Western Europe."[29]
  3. ^In total, forty-six Danes were executed by Danish courts, Martinsen andFlemming Helweg-Larsenamong them.[43]

Citations

  1. ^Puschner 2013,pp. 26–27.
  2. ^Weale 2012,p. 265.
  3. ^Frijtag Drabbe Künzel 2013,p. 93.
  4. ^Hilberg 1992,p. 209.
  5. ^Höhne 2001,p. 500.
  6. ^McNab 2013,p. 105.
  7. ^Mineau 2011,p. 45.
  8. ^Höhne 2001,pp. 500–501.
  9. ^McNab 2013,pp. 105–106.
  10. ^Frijtag Drabbe Künzel 2013,pp. 83–84.
  11. ^Bauer 1982,pp. 240–243.
  12. ^Weale 2012,p. 387.
  13. ^Bloxham 2009,pp. 241–243.
  14. ^Weale 2012,pp. 387–388.
  15. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 142.
  16. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 8.
  17. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 65.
  18. ^Gutmann 2017,pp. 142, 187.
  19. ^abcLittlejohn 1972,p. 73.
  20. ^Littlejohn 1972,pp. 72–3.
  21. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 143.
  22. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 188.
  23. ^Gutmann 2017,pp. 188–189.
  24. ^abLittlejohn 1972,p. 155.
  25. ^abLittlejohn 1972,p. 156.
  26. ^Bosworth 2009,p. 483.
  27. ^Mikhman 1998,p. 212.
  28. ^abCraeybeckx 2009,p. 205.
  29. ^Roekel 2018,p. 216.
  30. ^abcdLittlejohn 1972,p. 98.
  31. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 100.
  32. ^Littlejohn 1972,pp. 29–30.
  33. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 30, 41.
  34. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 32.
  35. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 39.
  36. ^Sørensen 1995,p. 133–134.
  37. ^Emberland & Kott 2012,pp. 341–349.
  38. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 40.
  39. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 41.
  40. ^Fink 1985,pp. 72–75.
  41. ^Littlejohn 1972,pp. 74–5.
  42. ^Gutmann 2017,pp. 196–202.
  43. ^Gutmann 2017,p. 198.
  44. ^Littlejohn 1972,p. 47.

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